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Grabaei

January 28, 2023

The Grabaei (also Kambaioi; Greek: Καμβαῖοι) were a minor Illyrian tribe who lived near Lake Skadar.[a] They were mentioned by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD).[5]

History

After Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis (358 BC), the Grabaei, under Grabos II, became the most powerful tribe in Illyria.[6] 7,000 Illyrians were killed by Philip II's army in a great victory, annexing the territory up to Lake Ohrid.[7] He then reduced the Grabaei, targeted another Illyrian king called Pleuratus (considered by some modern scholars an Ardiaean or Taulantian chieftain), defeated the Triballi (339 BC), and fought with Pleurias, king of the Autariatai (337 BC).[8]

After 9 AD, the remnants of Illyrian tribes moved to new coastal cities and larger and more capable civitates; the Grabaei (called Kambaioi) were among these, mentioned by Pliny the Elder.[9]

Kretschmer etymologically connected their name to Slavic grabǔ, "hornbeam", with a cognate in Epirote Greek gábros (γάβρος, "oak-wood").[10] Their name has been connected to Umbrian Krapuvi and Grabovie, gods of Iguvium.[10] Gabraeum (Gabraion[11]), a place in Epirus,[12] may be connected to the tribe.[13] The name of Illyrian king Grabos II suggests a connection with the tribe.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentioned them as one of the tribes that inhabited the area around Lake Skadar (within a region encompassing Rhizinium, Acruvium, Butua, Olcinium, and the river Drin upon Shkodër). Wilkes (1992) placed them near Lake Skadar.[1] Hammond (1994) placed them in the Skodra region.[2] Hubert Zehnacker placed them around the Drin.[3] Johann Hahn (1840) placed them between Drin and Acroceraunia.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b Wilkes 1992.
  2. ^ Hammond 1994, p. 427.
  3. ^ Zehnacker, Hubert (2004). Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: Livre III. Belles Lettres. p. 274. ISBN 978-2-251-01407-4.
  4. ^ Hahn 1854, p. 240.
  5. ^ Wilkes 1969, p. 166.
  6. ^ Hammond 1994, p. 438.
  7. ^ Hammond 1993, p. 106.
  8. ^ Hammond 1993, p. 107.
  9. ^ Wilkes 1969, p. 156.
  10. ^ a b "Balkan languages". Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1982. p. 871. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
  11. ^ Procopius : Caesariensis (1729). Procopii Caesariensis Opera: Prokopiou Kaisareos Ton kat'auton historion tetras altera. Procopii Caesariensis historiarum temporis sui tetras altera. p. 443.
  12. ^ Annales. impensis Ed. Weberi. 1838. p. 548.
  13. ^ Kos, M. Š. (1993). "Famous Kylikes in Illyris". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte: 247–251. Gabraeum may certainly be connected with the Dalmatian tribe Grabaei, probably named after the oak tree.

Bibliography

  • Hahn, Johann Georg von (1854). Albanesische Studien: Nebst einer Karte und andern artistischen Beilagen. F. Mauke. p. 240.
  • Hammond, N. G. L (1993). Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander. Hakkert. ISBN 9789025610500.
  • Hammond, N. G. L. (1994). "Illyrians and North-west Greeks". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC. Cambridge University Press: 422–443. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521233484.017. ISBN 9781139054331.
  • Wilkes, J. J. (1969). Dalmatia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674189508.
  • Wilkes, J. J. (1992). The Illyrians. Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN 06-3119-807-5.

January 28, 2023
grabaei, also, kambaioi, greek, Καμβαῖοι, were, minor, illyrian, tribe, lived, near, lake, skadar, they, were, mentioned, pliny, elder, contents, history, also, notes, references, bibliographyhistory, editafter, philip, macedon, defeated, bardylis, under, grab. The Grabaei also Kambaioi Greek Kambaῖoi were a minor Illyrian tribe who lived near Lake Skadar a They were mentioned by Pliny the Elder 23 79 AD 5 Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 BibliographyHistory EditAfter Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis 358 BC the Grabaei under Grabos II became the most powerful tribe in Illyria 6 7 000 Illyrians were killed by Philip II s army in a great victory annexing the territory up to Lake Ohrid 7 He then reduced the Grabaei targeted another Illyrian king called Pleuratus considered by some modern scholars an Ardiaean or Taulantian chieftain defeated the Triballi 339 BC and fought with Pleurias king of the Autariatai 337 BC 8 After 9 AD the remnants of Illyrian tribes moved to new coastal cities and larger and more capable civitates the Grabaei called Kambaioi were among these mentioned by Pliny the Elder 9 Kretschmer etymologically connected their name to Slavic grabǔ hornbeam with a cognate in Epirote Greek gabros gabros oak wood 10 Their name has been connected to Umbrian Krapuvi and Grabovie gods of Iguvium 10 Gabraeum Gabraion 11 a place in Epirus 12 may be connected to the tribe 13 The name of Illyrian king Grabos II suggests a connection with the tribe 1 See also EditList of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribesNotes Edit Pliny the Elder 23 79 AD mentioned them as one of the tribes that inhabited the area around Lake Skadar within a region encompassing Rhizinium Acruvium Butua Olcinium and the river Drin upon Shkoder Wilkes 1992 placed them near Lake Skadar 1 Hammond 1994 placed them in the Skodra region 2 Hubert Zehnacker placed them around the Drin 3 Johann Hahn 1840 placed them between Drin and Acroceraunia 4 References Edit a b Wilkes 1992 Hammond 1994 p 427 Zehnacker Hubert 2004 Pline l Ancien Histoire naturelle Livre III Belles Lettres p 274 ISBN 978 2 251 01407 4 Hahn 1854 p 240 Wilkes 1969 p 166 Hammond 1994 p 438 Hammond 1993 p 106 Hammond 1993 p 107 Wilkes 1969 p 156 a b Balkan languages Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge University Press 1982 p 871 ISBN 978 0 521 22496 3 Procopius Caesariensis 1729 Procopii Caesariensis Opera Prokopiou Kaisareos Ton kat auton historion tetras altera Procopii Caesariensis historiarum temporis sui tetras altera p 443 Annales impensis Ed Weberi 1838 p 548 Kos M S 1993 Famous Kylikes in Illyris Historia Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 247 251 Gabraeum may certainly be connected with the Dalmatian tribe Grabaei probably named after the oak tree Bibliography EditHahn Johann Georg von 1854 Albanesische Studien Nebst einer Karte und andern artistischen Beilagen F Mauke p 240 Hammond N G L 1993 Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander Hakkert ISBN 9789025610500 Hammond N G L 1994 Illyrians and North west Greeks The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6 The Fourth Century BC Cambridge University Press 422 443 doi 10 1017 CHOL9780521233484 017 ISBN 9781139054331 Wilkes J J 1969 Dalmatia Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674189508 Wilkes J J 1992 The Illyrians Blackwell p 121 ISBN 06 3119 807 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grabaei amp oldid 1108619718, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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