The Government of Somaliland (JSL) (Somali: Dowladda Somaliland or Xukuumada Somaliland, Arabic: حكومة صوماليلاند, romanized: Hukumat Sumaliland) is the central government of Somaliland. The Government of Somaliland consists of legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each of which functions independently from the others. The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Somaliland, adopted in 2001. It is a unitary state.[1][2] The seat of the government is located in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland.
Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Somaliland in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland[5]Signatures on the 1991 Somaliland Independence resolution
The first government was formed in 1960, and it was a government that signed with United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the formal independence of Somaliland from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on May 26, 1960, headed by Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, the first Prime Minister of Somaliland and the second president of Somaliland. However second the government was established after the civil wars in Somalia escalated. The Grand Conference of the Northern People was held in Burao and was composed of the leaders of the Somali National Movement and representatives of all clans inhabiting north-western Somalia and decided that for the secession of Somalia to restore the sovereign state in Somaliland on 18 May 1991.[6][7][8]
The executive branch comprises the President as head of state and government, the Vice-President and the Council of Ministers. The president, together with the vice-president, is elected by the people no more than twice for a term of office of five years. He appoints and dismisses the ministers, whereby these decisions must also be approved by parliament.[citation needed]
Although the ministers should primarily be selected on the basis of their qualifications, the previous presidents have each appointed ministers based on their clan membership in order to secure the support of the corresponding clans. The number of ministers has risen from 19 in 1993 to over 23.[9]
The CabinetEdit
As of 1 December 2019[ref], the cabinet consists of:[10]
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a five-year term, as was the case for the first time in the 2005 elections and the last was 2021. The seats are distributed by administrative region as shown in the table below:
In the institution of the house of elders, the traditional councils of elders of the clans are integrated into a modern state system. This council primarily has an advisory function and special responsibility for laws relating to security, religion and culture.[11] Its members are determined by the clans and have a six-year term of office.[citation needed] The question of whether they should also be determined by popular elections in the future is the subject of political debate.[citation needed]
To run for a seat in the House of Representatives, a citizen must be Muslim, at least 35 years old, have at least attended secondary school, have no criminal record within the last five years, and be able to perform the duties of the office. State employees can only start if they withdraw from their employment with the state. The same requirements apply to the House of Elders, with the exception that the minimum age is 45 years and a good knowledge of religion and traditions is required.[citation needed]
The judicial system includes the district and regional courts as the courts of first instance, the appellate courts in each region and, as the highest instance, the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court in Hargeisa. In August 2006, Somaliland had a total of 33 courts with 87 judges. .[12]
The sources of law are Somali customary law (heer or Xeer), Islamic law (Shari’a) and modern (British) law. In many cases, these contradict each other considerably. The corporal punishment for certain crimes provided for in the Shari'a is not applied, since such cases are dealt with under customary law with compensation payments[13] and the constitution forbids corporal punishment.[14]
The Regions and Districts Act of 2002 formalized the administrative structure with six regions and 23 districts in which local elections for the district councils would take place. The districts were classified according to area, population and density, economy and production in grades from A to D, with A being the highest and D being the lowest. A districts have district councils with 21 members, B districts 17, C districts 13 and D districts nine, the capital Hargeysa has a parish council with 25 members. The district councils are directly elected by the district electorate - for the first time in the local elections in 2002 - and in turn determine the mayor. The 23 districts with elected district councils have police and judicial structures in place, and tax revenue is passed on to central government, which in turn provides the districts with funds to pay civil servants, including teachers and health workers. Most districts are largely financially dependent on the central government for lack of their own resources.
The regions are governed by regional councils made up of the elected mayors. These are headed by governors who are appointed by the central government.[15]
Somaliland is officially divided into Six regions (plural gobollada; singular gobol), which in turn are subdivided into districts. The regions are as follows:
All citizens over the age of 16 have the right to vote, with the exception of prison inmates. For local and parliamentary elections, proportional representation applies; the election of both the president and vice-president is based on majority voting.[16][17]
^"Somaliland: The Horn of Africa's Breakaway State". Council on Foreign Relations.
^Bradbury, Mark; Adan Yusuf Abokor; Haroon Ahmed Yusuf (2003). "Somaliland: Choosing Politics over Violence". Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 455–478. doi:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659778. JSTOR 4006988. S2CID 153611035 – via JSTOR.
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This article is about the collective executive of Somaliland For the entire governing system of Somaliland see Politics of Somaliland Not to be confused with Government of Somalia The Government of Somaliland JSL Somali Dowladda Somaliland or Xukuumada Somaliland Arabic حكومة صوماليلاند romanized Hukumat Sumaliland is the central government of Somaliland The Government of Somaliland consists of legislative executive and judicial branches each of which functions independently from the others The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Somaliland adopted in 2001 It is a unitary state 1 2 The seat of the government is located in Hargeisa the capital of Somaliland Government of SomalilandXukumada somalilandGovernment logoFormation18 May 1991 32 years ago 1991 05 18 Founding documentSomaliland ConstitutionJurisdictionRepublic of SomalilandWebsitewww wbr govsomaliland wbr orgLegislative branchLegislatureParliamentMeeting placeParliament BuildingExecutive branchLeaderPresidentHeadquartersPresidential PalaceMain organCabinetJudicial branchCourtSupreme CourtSeatHargeisaAlthough Somaliland has its own currency armed forces police passport visa and history of its independence as State of Somaliland from the British no country recognizes it 3 4 Contents 1 Establishment 2 Executive branch 2 1 The Cabinet 3 Legislative branch 4 Judicial branch 5 Regional and local administration 6 Suffrage 7 See also 8 External links 9 ReferencesEstablishment EditMain articles State of Somaliland Somaliland War of Independence Somaliland Declaration of Independence and Somali Civil War nbsp Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Somaliland in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland 5 nbsp Signatures on the 1991 Somaliland Independence resolutionThe first government was formed in 1960 and it was a government that signed with United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the formal independence of Somaliland from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on May 26 1960 headed by Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal the first Prime Minister of Somaliland and the second president of Somaliland However second the government was established after the civil wars in Somalia escalated The Grand Conference of the Northern People was held in Burao and was composed of the leaders of the Somali National Movement and representatives of all clans inhabiting north western Somalia and decided that for the secession of Somalia to restore the sovereign state in Somaliland on 18 May 1991 6 7 8 Executive branch EditMain articles List of Presidents of Somaliland and List of Vice President of Somaliland Main office holders Office Status Name Party Since TillPresident Muse Bihi Abdi Kulmyie 13 December 2017Vice President Abdirahman Saylici Kulmyie 27 July 2010The executive branch comprises the President as head of state and government the Vice President and the Council of Ministers The president together with the vice president is elected by the people no more than twice for a term of office of five years He appoints and dismisses the ministers whereby these decisions must also be approved by parliament citation needed Although the ministers should primarily be selected on the basis of their qualifications the previous presidents have each appointed ministers based on their clan membership in order to secure the support of the corresponding clans The number of ministers has risen from 19 in 1993 to over 23 9 The Cabinet Edit As of 1 December 2019 ref the cabinet consists of 10 No Office Minister Since1 Ministry of Agricultural Development Ahmed Mumin Seed December 20172 Ministry of Commerce Industries and Tourism Mohamoud Hassan Saad December 20193 Ministry of Defence Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye March 20194 Ministry of Education and Science Ahmed Mohamed Diriye December 20195 Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs Mustafe Mohamoud Ali January 20216 Ministry of Energy amp Minerals Jama Mohamoud Egal December 20177 Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs Khalil Abdillahi Ahmed July 20108 Ministry of Environment and Rural Development Shukri Haji Ismail June 20139 Ministry of Finance Development Dr Saad Ali Shire November 201810 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Essa Kayd September 202111 Ministry of Health Development Omar Ali Abdillahi April 201912 Ministry of Information Guidance and Culture Saleban Yusuf Ali December 201913 Ministry of Interior Mohamed Kahin Ahmed December 201714 Ministry of Investment Promotion Mohamed Ahmed Mohamoud December 201715 Ministry of Justice Mustafe Mohamoud Ali December 201916 Ministry of Livestock amp Fisheries Development Said Sulub Mohamed December 201917 Ministry of Parliamentary Relations and Constitutional Affairs Mohamed Adan Elmi December 201718 Ministry of Planning and National Development Hassan Mohammed Ali December 201919 Ministry of Public Works Land and Housing Abdirashid Haji Duale December 201720 Ministry of Telecommunications and Technology Abdiweli Sheikh Abdillahi December 201921 Ministry of Transportation and Roads Development Abdillahi Abokor Osman December 201722 Ministry of Water Development Mohamed Muse Diriye December 201923 Ministry of Youth and Sports Abdirashid Haji Duale September 2021Legislative branch EditMain article Parliament of Somaliland Further information House of Representatives Somaliland and House of Elders Somaliland nbsp Seal of the Somaliland House of Representatives nbsp Seal of the House of Elders The parliament Somali Baarlamaanka consists of two chambers House of Elders Somali Golaha Guurtida or Guurti and the House of Representatives Somali Golaha Wakiilada both of which have 82 members The members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a five year term as was the case for the first time in the 2005 elections and the last was 2021 The seats are distributed by administrative region as shown in the table below Electoral region Seats01 Awdal 1302 Sahil 1003 Marodi Jeh 2004 Togdheer 1505 Sanaag 1206 Sool 12In the institution of the house of elders the traditional councils of elders of the clans are integrated into a modern state system This council primarily has an advisory function and special responsibility for laws relating to security religion and culture 11 Its members are determined by the clans and have a six year term of office citation needed The question of whether they should also be determined by popular elections in the future is the subject of political debate citation needed To run for a seat in the House of Representatives a citizen must be Muslim at least 35 years old have at least attended secondary school have no criminal record within the last five years and be able to perform the duties of the office State employees can only start if they withdraw from their employment with the state The same requirements apply to the House of Elders with the exception that the minimum age is 45 years and a good knowledge of religion and traditions is required citation needed Judicial branch EditMain article Judiciary of Somaliland The judicial system includes the district and regional courts as the courts of first instance the appellate courts in each region and as the highest instance the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court in Hargeisa In August 2006 Somaliland had a total of 33 courts with 87 judges 12 The sources of law are Somali customary law heer or Xeer Islamic law Shari a and modern British law In many cases these contradict each other considerably The corporal punishment for certain crimes provided for in the Shari a is not applied since such cases are dealt with under customary law with compensation payments 13 and the constitution forbids corporal punishment 14 Regional and local administration EditMain articles Regions of Somaliland and Districts of Somaliland The Regions and Districts Act of 2002 formalized the administrative structure with six regions and 23 districts in which local elections for the district councils would take place The districts were classified according to area population and density economy and production in grades from A to D with A being the highest and D being the lowest A districts have district councils with 21 members B districts 17 C districts 13 and D districts nine the capital Hargeysa has a parish council with 25 members The district councils are directly elected by the district electorate for the first time in the local elections in 2002 and in turn determine the mayor The 23 districts with elected district councils have police and judicial structures in place and tax revenue is passed on to central government which in turn provides the districts with funds to pay civil servants including teachers and health workers Most districts are largely financially dependent on the central government for lack of their own resources The regions are governed by regional councils made up of the elected mayors These are headed by governors who are appointed by the central government 15 Somaliland is officially divided into Six regions plural gobollada singular gobol which in turn are subdivided into districts The regions are as follows nbsp Awdal Marodi Jeh Togdheer Sanaag Sahil SoolSuffrage EditMain article Elections in Somaliland See also National Electoral Commission Somaliland All citizens over the age of 16 have the right to vote with the exception of prison inmates For local and parliamentary elections proportional representation applies the election of both the president and vice president is based on majority voting 16 17 See also EditSomaliland Politics of SomalilandExternal links EditGovernment of Somaliland www govsomaliland orgReferences Edit Somaliland Government The Somaliland Government Retrieved 28 July 2012 Why is the World Ignoring Somaliland Harvard Politics Retrieved 4 March 2020 When is a nation not a nation Somaliland s dream of independence the Guardian July 20 2018 British Somaliland historical region Somalia Encyclopedia Britannica http foto archivalware co uk data Library2 pdf 1960 TS0044 pdf bare URL PDF Somaliland The Horn of Africa s Breakaway State Council on Foreign Relations Bradbury Mark Adan Yusuf Abokor Haroon Ahmed Yusuf 2003 Somaliland Choosing Politics over Violence Review of African Political Economy 30 97 455 478 doi 10 1080 03056244 2003 9659778 JSTOR 4006988 S2CID 153611035 via JSTOR https media africaportal org documents P200 pdf bare URL PDF Bradbury 2008 S 222 Somaliland Cabinet Somaliland Official Government Website somalilandgov com Retrieved 2017 08 09 Q amp A Somaliland votes September 28 2005 via news bbc co uk Somaliland Judicial System www somalilandlaw com Lewis 2008 S 87 Constitution of Somaliland Art 24 Local Government Law Somaliland Presidential amp Local Elections Law www somalilandlaw com Representatives Election Law www somalilandlaw com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Government of Somaliland amp oldid 1159156226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
