Gorgan (Persian: گرگان[ɡoɾˈɡɒːn](listen); also romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan), formerly Esterabad (استرآباد[ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd]; also romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterābād),[3] is the capital city of Golestan Province, Iran. It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the north east of Tehran, some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea. In the 2006 census; its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.[4]
There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe, in which there are remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe, and Sange Chaxmaq. The nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites. More than 50 are on the Gorgan Plain.[5]
Historic wall of Gorgan signs
According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace".[6] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[7]
"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".
Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the Tabaristan region.
Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar era.
Linguistic Map of Golestan province
Geography
The wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi).
Gorgan has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate". The effective factors behind such a climate are: Alborz mountain range, direction of the mountains, height of the area, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) and the annual rainfall is 601 millimetres (23.7 in).
^"Statistical Center of Iran > Home". www.amar.org.ir.
^Gorgan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3064853" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. from the original on 2011-11-11.
^Kourosh Roustaei (2017), Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea. academia.edu
^Arrian (1884). "Chapter XXV: March to Bactra.—Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes." . The Anabasis of Alexander. Vol. 3. Translated by E.J. Chinnock. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 191–193 .
^electricpulp.com. "GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
^Yar-Shater, Ehsan (2010). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 892. ISBN9780710090904.
^Brosset, Marie-Felicite (1858). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. France: imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences. pp. 468–472.
^"بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام، پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران" [Tribute to Dr. Iraj Etesam, a pioneer in Iranian architecture education]. Iran Building Information Network. 2013-04-24. from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
^. GOUMS. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
gorgan, other, places, with, same, name, disambiguation, astarabad, redirects, here, other, uses, astarabad, disambiguation, persian, گرگان, ɡoɾˈɡɒːn, listen, also, romanized, gorgān, gurgān, gurgan, formerly, esterabad, استرآباد, ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd, also, romaniz. For other places with the same name see Gorgan disambiguation Astarabad redirects here For other uses see Astarabad disambiguation Gorgan Persian گرگان ɡoɾˈɡɒːn listen also romanized as Gorgan Gurgan and Gurgan formerly Esterabad استرآباد ʔaesˌtaeɾɒːˈbɒːd also romanized as Astarabad Asterabad and Esterabad 3 is the capital city of Golestan Province Iran It lies approximately 400 km 250 mi to the north east of Tehran some 30 km 19 mi away from the Caspian Sea In the 2006 census its population was 269 226 in 73 702 families 4 Gorgan گرگانEsterabadCityGorgan Tower Gorgan Mosque Gorgan Palace RoundaboutGorganCoordinates 36 50 19 N 54 26 05 E 36 83861 N 54 43472 E 36 83861 54 43472 Coordinates 36 50 19 N 54 26 05 E 36 83861 N 54 43472 E 36 83861 54 43472CountryIranProvinceGolestanCountyGorganBakhshCentralGovernment MayorAbdolreza Dadboud 1 City Council ChairpersonFaezeh AbdollahiArea citation needed City1 700 km2 656 sq mi Elevation155 m 509 ft Population 2016 Census Urban350 676 2 Time zoneUTC 03 30 IRST ClimateCfaGorgan at GEOnet Names Server Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Notable people 3 1 Ancient 3 2 Modern 4 Education 5 Sports 6 Sister cities 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditMain article Hyrcania There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe in which there are remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe and Sange Chaxmaq The nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites More than 50 are on the Gorgan Plain 5 Historic wall of Gorgan signs According to the Greek historian Arrian Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the royal palace 6 The term means the yellow city and it was given to it from the great number of oranges lemons and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city 7 Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Cyrus the Great 559 530 BC its founder or his successor Cambyses 530 522 BC The Great Wall of Gorgan the second biggest defensive wall in the world was built in the Parthian and Sassanian periods At the time of the Sassanids Gurgan appeared as the name of a city province capital and province 8 Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 8th century In 1210 the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli 9 10 Old Gorgan was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century and the center of the region was moved to what was called Astarabad which is currently called Gorgan Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the Tabaristan region Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar era Linguistic Map of Golestan provinceGeography EditThe wide Dasht e Gorgan Plains of Gorgan are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37 00 37 30 north latitude and 54 00 54 30 east longitude covering an area of about 170 square kilometres 66 sq mi Some 150 km 93 mi east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran Climate Edit Gorgan has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Trewartha Cf with hot humid summers and cool wet winters In general Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as the moderate Caspian climate The effective factors behind such a climate are Alborz mountain range direction of the mountains height of the area neighborhood to the sea vegetation surface local winds altitude and weather fronts As a result of the above factors three different climates exist in the region plain moderate mountainous and semi arid Gorgan valley has a semi arid climate The average annual temperature is 17 8 C 64 0 F and the annual rainfall is 601 millimetres 23 7 in Climate data for GorganMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 29 84 32 4 90 3 35 95 39 102 43 109 45 113 44 111 44 111 41 6 106 9 39 102 36 97 29 2 84 6 45 113 Average high C F 12 4 54 3 13 1 55 6 15 3 59 5 21 2 70 2 26 9 80 4 30 9 87 6 32 6 90 7 32 7 90 9 29 9 85 8 24 8 76 6 18 8 65 8 14 3 57 7 22 7 72 9 Daily mean C F 7 9 46 2 8 5 47 3 10 7 51 3 16 0 60 8 21 2 70 2 25 4 77 7 27 7 81 9 27 8 82 0 24 8 76 6 19 4 66 9 13 9 57 0 9 8 49 6 17 8 64 0 Average low C F 3 4 38 1 3 8 38 8 6 1 43 0 10 7 51 3 15 5 59 9 19 9 67 8 22 8 73 0 22 9 73 2 19 6 67 3 13 9 57 0 8 9 48 0 5 2 41 4 12 7 54 9 Record low C F 10 14 6 21 3 2 26 2 0 32 2 8 37 0 10 50 15 59 13 55 9 48 3 37 2 28 7 19 10 14 Average precipitation mm inches 55 0 2 17 55 8 2 20 79 4 3 13 52 8 2 08 44 1 1 74 33 4 1 31 22 2 0 87 27 3 1 07 38 9 1 53 66 1 2 60 68 5 2 70 57 5 2 26 601 23 66 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 7 4 8 0 10 5 8 0 6 1 4 2 3 7 4 2 5 2 5 7 6 7 6 8 76 5Average relative humidity 73 73 74 72 67 64 65 68 69 70 73 74 70Mean monthly sunshine hours 135 3 128 1 132 3 164 6 207 6 220 4 221 9 220 5 196 3 196 4 151 1 132 8 2 107 3Source Synoptic Stations StatisticsNotable people EditSee also List of people from Gorgan Ancient Edit Picture showing Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi in pink clothes and Nader Shah Afshar on horseback Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani 11th century Persian poet and the composer of Vis and Ramin Abu Sa id al Darir al Jurjani 9th century astronomer and mathematician Al Masihi 10th century physician and teacher of Avicenna Abd al Qahir al Jurjani 11th century grammarian and literary theorist Zayn al Din al Jurjani 12th century royal physician Bahram al Da i 12th century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in Syria Fazlallah Astarabadi Naimi 14th century mystic and founder of Hurufism Rustam Gorgani 16th century physician Mir Fendereski philosopher poet and mysti Mir Damad 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi 18th century chief minister to Nader Shah Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi writer satirist and feminist Firishta historian Sardar Rafie Yanehsari Governor of AstarabadModern Edit Mohammad Reza Lotfi Iraj Etesam Iranian architect educator and author born in Gorgan 11 Nader Ebrahimi author poet director and researcher Hossein Khanzadi admiral in the Iranian Navy Mohammad Reza Lotfi traditional Persian musician Maryam Zandi photographerEducation Edit Mirdamad Cultural Institute MCI Golestan University Golestan University of Medical Sciences 12 Gorgan University Islamic Azad University of GorganSports EditShahrdari Gorgan competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League and Etka Gorgan F C competes in the Azadegan League Sister cities Edit Aktau Kazakhstan 13 Samsun Turkey 2006 See also EditGorgan International Airport al Jurjani Gorgan rud River GurganjReferences Edit شهردار گرگان معرفی شد اخبار استانها اخبار تسنیم Tasnim خبرگزاری تسنیم Tasnim Statistical Center of Iran gt Home www amar org ir Gorgan can be found at GEOnet Names Server at this link by opening the Advanced Search box entering 3064853 in the Unique Feature Id form and clicking on Search Database Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1385 2006 Excel Statistical Center of Iran Archived from the original on 2011 11 11 Kourosh Roustaei 2017 Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain south east of the Caspian Sea academia edu Arrian 1884 Chapter XXV March to Bactra Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes The Anabasis of Alexander Vol 3 Translated by E J Chinnock London Hodder and Stoughton p 191 193 electricpulp com GORGAN v Pre Islamic history Encyclopaedia Iranica Bivar A D H Gorgan Encyclopaedia Iranica online Yar Shater Ehsan 2010 Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume 2 Parts 5 8 Abingdon United Kingdom Routledge amp Kegan Paul p 892 ISBN 9780710090904 Brosset Marie Felicite 1858 Histoire de la Georgie depuis l Antiquite jusqu au XIXe siecle France imprimerie de l Academie Imperiale des sciences pp 468 472 بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران Tribute to Dr Iraj Etesam a pioneer in Iranian architecture education Iran Building Information Network 2013 04 24 Archived from the original on 2013 04 24 Retrieved 2021 04 10 Golestan University of Medical Sciences دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان Golestan University of Medical Sciences دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان GOUMS Archived from the original on 2021 03 21 Retrieved 2013 01 26 KZ Today Archived 2008 06 04 at the Wayback Machine September 11 2006External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorgan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gorgan amp oldid 1146583498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
