Gold-containing drugs are pharmaceuticals that contain gold. Sometimes these species are referred to as "gold salts". "Chrysotherapy" and "aurotherapy" are the applications of gold compounds to medicine.[1] Research on the medicinal effects of gold began in 1935,[2] primarily to reduce inflammation and to slow disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The use of gold compounds has decreased since the 1980s because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action. Most chemical compounds of gold, including some of the drugs discussed below, are not salts, but are examples of metal thiolate complexes.
Investigation of medical applications of gold began at the end of the 19th century, when gold cyanide demonstrated efficacy in treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.[3]
Indications
The use of injected gold compound is indicated for rheumatoid arthritis.[4] Its uses have diminished with the advent of newer compounds such as methotrexate and because of numerous side effects.[4] The efficacy of orally administered gold is more limited than injecting the gold compounds.[5]
Mechanism in arthritis
The mechanism by which gold drugs affect arthritis is unknown.[5]
Administration
Gold-containing drugs for rheumatoid arthritis are administered by intramuscular injection but can also be administered orally (although the efficacy is low). Regular urine tests to check for protein, indicating kidney damage, and blood tests are required.
Efficacy
A 1997 review (Suarez-Almazor ME, et al)[6] reports that treatment with intramuscular gold (parenteral gold) reduces disease activity and joint inflammation. Gold-containing drugs taken by mouth are less effective than by injection. Three to six months are often required before gold treatment noticeably improves symptoms.
Side effects
Chrysiasis
A noticeable side-effect of gold-based therapy is skin discoloration, in shades of mauve to a purplish dark grey when exposed to sunlight. Skin discoloration occurs when gold salts are taken on a regular basis over a long period of time.[7] Excessive intake of gold salts while undergoing chrysotherapy results – through complex redox processes – in the saturation by relatively stable gold compounds of skin tissue and organs (as well as teeth and ocular tissue in extreme cases) in a condition known as chrysiasis. This condition is similar to argyria, which is caused by exposure to silver salts and colloidal silver. Chrysiasis can ultimately lead to acute kidney injury (such as tubular necrosis, nephrosis, glomerulitis),[8] severe heart conditions, and hematologic complications (leukopenia, anemia).[9][10][11] While some effects can be healed with moderate success, the skin discoloration is considered permanent.
Other side effects
Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. Approximately 35% of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects. Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds.[5]
^Forestier J (May 1935). "Rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with gold salts - results of six years experience". J Lab Clin Med. 20 (8): 827–840.
^Foye WO, Lemke TL, Williams DA (1 September 2007). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 989–. ISBN978-0-7817-6879-5. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ ab"Rheumatoid Arthritis". University of Washington Medicine.
^ abcBingham C (2012). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment". Johns Hopkins Medical.
^Clark P, Tugwell P, Bennet K, Bombardier C, Shea B, Wells G, Suarez-Almazor ME (2000). "Injectable gold for rheumatoid arthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1997 (2): CD000520. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000520. PMC7045741. PMID 10796386.
^Ahmed SV, Sajjan R (2009). "Chrysiasis: a gold "curse"!". BMJ Case Reports. 2009: bcr0720080417. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2008.0417. PMC3029422. PMID 21686820.
^Beck RK (2002). "Auranofin and Aurothioglucose side effects & overdose". Drug Reference for EMS Providers. pp. 164–165.
^"Auranofin complete list of warnings, precautions and reactions". Drugs.com.
^"Aurothioglucose Suspension adverse effects". Health Digest.
^. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. adverse effects including allergy to gold, tolerance to gold decreasing with age, skin and renal complications.
External links
"Gold salts for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". BCHealthGuide.org
"Gold salts information". DiseasesDatabase.com
" Sheds light on how medicinal metal function against rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases." Harvard University Gazette (2006)
"Aurothioglucose is a gold salt used in treating inflammatory arthritis". MedicineNet.com
" Gold treatment includes different forms of gold salts used to treat arthritis." Washington.edu University of Washington (December 30, 2004)
February 15, 2023
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Gold containing drugs are pharmaceuticals that contain gold Sometimes these species are referred to as gold salts Chrysotherapy and aurotherapy are the applications of gold compounds to medicine 1 Research on the medicinal effects of gold began in 1935 2 primarily to reduce inflammation and to slow disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis The use of gold compounds has decreased since the 1980s because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements limited efficacy and very slow onset of action Most chemical compounds of gold including some of the drugs discussed below are not salts but are examples of metal thiolate complexes Sodium aurothiomalate Auranofin Contents 1 Use in rheumatoid arthritis 1 1 Indications 1 2 Mechanism in arthritis 1 3 Administration 1 4 Efficacy 2 Side effects 2 1 Chrysiasis 2 2 Other side effects 3 Types 4 References 5 External linksUse in rheumatoid arthritis EditInvestigation of medical applications of gold began at the end of the 19th century when gold cyanide demonstrated efficacy in treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro 3 Indications Edit The use of injected gold compound is indicated for rheumatoid arthritis 4 Its uses have diminished with the advent of newer compounds such as methotrexate and because of numerous side effects 4 The efficacy of orally administered gold is more limited than injecting the gold compounds 5 Mechanism in arthritis Edit The mechanism by which gold drugs affect arthritis is unknown 5 Administration Edit Gold containing drugs for rheumatoid arthritis are administered by intramuscular injection but can also be administered orally although the efficacy is low Regular urine tests to check for protein indicating kidney damage and blood tests are required Efficacy Edit A 1997 review Suarez Almazor ME et al 6 reports that treatment with intramuscular gold parenteral gold reduces disease activity and joint inflammation Gold containing drugs taken by mouth are less effective than by injection Three to six months are often required before gold treatment noticeably improves symptoms Side effects EditChrysiasis Edit A noticeable side effect of gold based therapy is skin discoloration in shades of mauve to a purplish dark grey when exposed to sunlight Skin discoloration occurs when gold salts are taken on a regular basis over a long period of time 7 Excessive intake of gold salts while undergoing chrysotherapy results through complex redox processes in the saturation by relatively stable gold compounds of skin tissue and organs as well as teeth and ocular tissue in extreme cases in a condition known as chrysiasis This condition is similar to argyria which is caused by exposure to silver salts and colloidal silver Chrysiasis can ultimately lead to acute kidney injury such as tubular necrosis nephrosis glomerulitis 8 severe heart conditions and hematologic complications leukopenia anemia 9 10 11 While some effects can be healed with moderate success the skin discoloration is considered permanent Other side effects Edit Other side effects of gold containing drugs include kidney damage itching rash and ulcerations of the mouth tongue and pharynx Approximately 35 of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds 5 Types EditDisodium aurothiomalate Sodium aurothiosulfate Gold sodium thiosulfate Sodium aurothiomalate Gold sodium thiomalate UK Auranofin UK amp US Aurothioglucose Gold thioglucose US References Edit Shaw CF September 1999 Gold based therapeutic agents Chemical Reviews 99 9 2589 600 doi 10 1021 cr980431o PMID 11749494 Forestier J May 1935 Rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with gold salts results of six years experience J Lab Clin Med 20 8 827 840 Foye WO Lemke TL Williams DA 1 September 2007 Foye s principles of medicinal chemistry Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins pp 989 ISBN 978 0 7817 6879 5 Retrieved 14 November 2010 a b Rheumatoid Arthritis University of Washington Medicine a b c Bingham C 2012 Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Johns Hopkins Medical Clark P Tugwell P Bennet K Bombardier C Shea B Wells G Suarez Almazor ME 2000 Injectable gold for rheumatoid arthritis The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1997 2 CD000520 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD000520 PMC 7045741 PMID 10796386 Ahmed SV Sajjan R 2009 Chrysiasis a gold curse BMJ Case Reports 2009 bcr0720080417 doi 10 1136 bcr 07 2008 0417 PMC 3029422 PMID 21686820 Beck RK 2002 Auranofin and Aurothioglucose side effects amp overdose Drug Reference for EMS Providers pp 164 165 Auranofin complete list of warnings precautions and reactions Drugs com Aurothioglucose Suspension adverse effects Health Digest Gold sodium thiomalate gold Archived from the original on 28 September 2014 adverse effects including allergy to gold tolerance to gold decreasing with age skin and renal complications External links Edit Gold salts for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis BCHealthGuide org Gold salts information DiseasesDatabase com HMS researchers find how gold fights arthritis Sheds light on how medicinal metal function against rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases Harvard University Gazette 2006 Aurothioglucose is a gold salt used in treating inflammatory arthritis MedicineNet com About gold treatment What is it Gold treatment includes different forms of gold salts used to treat arthritis Washington edu University of Washington December 30 2004 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gold containing drugs amp oldid 1136368303, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
