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Glossary of breathing apparatus terminology

April 15, 2024

A breathing apparatus or breathing set is equipment which allows a person to breathe in a hostile environment where breathing would otherwise be impossible, difficult, harmful, or hazardous, or assists a person to breathe. A respirator, medical ventilator, or resuscitator may also be considered to be breathing apparatus. Equipment that supplies or recycles breathing gas other than ambient air in a space used by several people is usually referred to as being part of a life-support system, and a life-support system for one person may include breathing apparatus, when the breathing gas is specifically supplied to the user rather than to the enclosure in which the user is the occupant.

In an atmosphere that may be oxygen-deficient, or toxic, an air supply can be carried on the back.

All terms are defined in the context of breathing apparatus, and may have other meanings in other contexts not mentioned here. There are also many terms which are specific to underwater breathing apparatus (UBA) that may be found in the Glossary of underwater diving terminology.

A edit

air-entrainment mask

See: venturi mask

air-filtering respirator
An air-filtering respirator is a breathing apparatus which removes particulates from the ambient air by passing it through a filter.
air-purifying respirator
An air-purifying respirator is a respirator which uses a filter, cartridge, or canister to remove specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying component.[1] Contaminants may be filtered, adsorbed, or chemically altered by catalysis. No distinction is made based on the mechanism of passing the air through the purifying component – it may be the lungs of the user or a mechanical device.
air supplied respirator
air-supply respirator
atmosphere-supplying respirator
A breathing apparatus that supplies the user with breathing gas from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere, such as supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).[1]
altitude-compensated constant flow
Supplemental oxygen delivery system that automatically compensates for altitude using a barometric pressure sensor.[2]
ambulatory oxygen equipment
Supplementary oxygen delivery equipment weighing less than 10 pounds, intended for daily use, and designed to be carried by the patient The supply should last from four to six hours at a flow rate of 2 litres per minute. Compare with portable oxygen equipment.[3]
anaesthetic machine
anesthesia machine
An anaesthetic machine is a medical device used to generate and precisely mix a flow of medical gases and inhalational anaesthetic agents of variable composition for the purpose of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia.[4]
anesthesia mask
anesthetic mask
anesthetic facemask
An anesthesia mask is an orinasal facemask with an inflated cuff seal used to deliver non-invasive ventilation (NIV) of oxygen, entenox and anesthetic gases and vapours. They are usually transparent, with a single port, and may have a detachable hook ring to attach straps.[5][6]
aviation grade oxygen
gaseous aviator’s breathing oxygen
High pressure oxygen of breathing grade with a lower allowable moisture content than medical oxygen.[7]
aviation supplemental oxygen
Aviation supplemental oxygen is oxygen provided to aircrew or passengers to reduce the risk of hypoxia at the reduced ambient pressures due to high cabin altitude.[2]

B edit

bag valve mask
A bag valve mask is a hand-operated device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not spontaneously breathing or not breathing sufficiently.
bilevel positive airway pressure
BiPAP
Breathing assist apparatus using a higher positive pressure on inspiration and lower positive pressure on expiration. Compare with continuous positive airway pressure
breathing apparatus
breathing set
A breathing apparatus is a set of equipment that facilitates breathing in a hostile environment or for a person unable to adequately breathe unaided.
breathing gas
A breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration. Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas, but other mixtures of gases, or pure oxygen, are also used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats Oxygen is the essential component for any breathing gas, at a partial pressure of between roughly 0.16 and 1.60 bar at the ambient pressure.[8][9][10]
breathing helmet
1.  A breathing helmet is a rigid respiratory user interface covering the head that also provides head protection against impact and penetration.[11] A diving helmet is possibly the most familiar example.
2.  In medical terminology, a breathing helmet is synonymous with a breathing hood, and need not have any rigid protective structure.[12]
breathing hood
A breathing hood is a type of respiratory interface that completely covers the head and neck, and optionally the shoulders or upper torso,[11] with a loose-fitting bag, which may have a neck seal or be relatively close fitting at the neck or shoulders. They are used in escape breathing apparatus of several kinds (escape hoods),[13] and as a route for supplementary oxygen (oxygen hoods). Breathing hoods with full length visors are commonly used with free-flow supplied air respirators for industrial work like in spray painting, boatbuilding, and woodworking workshops.[14] Atmosphere-supply hoods are often free-flow type, with a high enough flow rate to ensure that there is constant outflow at the lower edge to prevent contamination.
breathing mask
A breathing mask is a facepiece that covers the mouth and nose, and optionally other parts of the face or head, to constrain and direct the flow of breathing gas as part of a breathing apparatus.
bubble CPAP
Bubble CPAP is a non-invasive ventilation apparatus for newborns with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). It is one of the methods by which continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is delivered to a spontaneously breathing newborn to maintain lung volumes during expiration. With this method, blended and humidified air with supplemental oxygen is delivered via short binasal prongs or a nasal mask and pressure in the circuit is maintained by immersing the distal end of the expiratory tubing in water. The depth to which the tubing is immersed underwater limits the pressure generated in the airways of the infant by hydrostatic back-pressure.[15]
built-in breathing system
A built-in breathing system is a source of breathing gas installed in a confined space where an alternative to the ambient gas may be required for medical treatment, emergency use, or to minimise a hazard. They are found in diving chambers,[16]hyperbaric treatment chambers, and submarines.[17]

C edit

chemical oxygen
Lightweight and compact system for generating emergency oxygen supply by chemical reaction.[2]
closed circuit breathing apparatus
Closed circuit breathing apparatus is equipment to facilitate breathing which recycles exhaled supplied breathing gas by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to compensate for metabolic usage before returning the gas to the user for repeated inhalation. Also known as rebreather equipment.
continuous positive airway pressure mask
continuous positive airway pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a form of ventilation in which a level of pressure greater than ambient atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person. The application of positive pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse, or to reduce the work of breathing.[18]
counterlung
A counterlung on a rebreather is an airtight bag of strong flexible material that holds the volume of the exhaled gas until it is inhaled again. There may be a single counterlung, or one on each side of the scrubber, which allows a more even flow rate of gas through the scrubber, which can reduce work of breathing and improve scrubber efficiency by a more consistent dwell time.

D edit

dead space
Physiological dead space is the volume of ventilated gas that does not reach parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs.[19] Breathing apparatus usually add some mechanical dead space to increase the total dead space of the system of breathing apparatus and user.
demand valve
A demand valveis a flow control mechanism that detects a pressure drop on the downstream side and opens the valve to compensate for the pressure drop. In supplied gas breathing apparatus this provides the user with a breath of gas at approximately the pressure set and maintained within the facepiece. When the user stops inhaling, the downstream pressure increases until the demand valve closes to stop the flow. A type of downstream pressure controlled pressure regulator that is relatively insensitive to upstream pressure.
diameter index safety system
DISS
Diameter index safety system is a type of outlet valve that uses one of a set of connections specific to the gas used to prevent delivery of the wrong gas.
diluter-demand
Supplementary oxygen supply system which provides oxygen via a demand valve and dilutes it with ambient air to a suitable concentration.[2]
dust mask
A dust mask is a flexible paper filter held over the nose and mouth by elastic or rubber straps for personal comfort against non-toxic nuisance dusts. They are not intended to provide protection from toxic airborne hazards.[20][21]

E edit

electrical pulse-demand oxygen system
A pulse dose oxygen conserving device with electrical bolus release control.[2]
electronic delivery system
An electronic delivery system (EDS) is an electronically controlled system of supplemental oxygen delivery, which supplies a pulse dose (bolus) of oxygen at the start of inhalation to economise on oxygen use.,[22] See also electrical pulse demand oxygen system.
emergency escape breathing device
emergency evacuation breathing device
(EEBD) Emergency breathing apparatus intended to allow the user to escape from and enclosed space which is immediately dangerous to life or health. The endurance is generally no more than adequate for the purpose. Typically self-contained compressed air apparatus with 600 litres free air capacity. Required by amended SOLAS ch.II-2 and the IMO MSC/Circ.849 for all ships on international routes.[23][24]
escape hood

See smoke hood

Escape hoods are emergency breathing apparatus that entirely cover the head and provide a few minutes of autonomy to escape from a dangerous area.The main configurations are the smoke hood, which has a carbon monoxide and particulate filter, and the more general purpose escape hood which has an air purification cartridge that also removes other toxic gases from the ambient air. They are air purifying respiratory protective devices and can only be used if the ambient air contains enough oxygen.[13]
escape breathing apparatus
escape respirator
escape set
An escape set is a type of self contained breathing apparatus for use in emergencies, intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe. These are self contained ambient pressure systems, and include:
escape only respirator
A respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit.[25]

F edit

facemask
face mask

See:Face mask

1.  An item of personal protective equipment that primarily guards the airways from a contaminated local environment, by either delivering safe breathing gas or as a filter or supporting structure for filters to purify ambient air. It may also protect the eyes and facial skin.
2.  An item covering the mouth and nose for delivering supplemental oxygen or anesthetic gases.
3.  An item covering the mouth and nose intended to protect the local environment from contamination by the breath of the user.
facepiece
A facepiece is the interface between the user and the breathing apparatus. It is the part of a breathing apparatus that fits against the user's face and through which the breathing gas passes during inhalation and exhalation. It may be sealed around the perimeter to prevent leakage to or from the environment, or may include a port to combine gas supply from the environment with gas supplied from the breathing apparatus. Also referred to as a mask, breathing mask, or facemask. Compare with mouthpiece, helmet and hood.
face tent
A mask that covers the nose and mouth but does not seal around the edges, used to provide a controlled concentration of oxygen over the lower face and increase moisture for patients who have facial burns or a broken nose, or who are claustrophobic. Difficult to control the concentration of oxygen delivered.[26]
filtering facepiece respirator
A filtering facepiece respirator (FFP) is a disposable item of personal protective equipment in the form a facepiece produced from a whole piece of filtering material.[27]
fullface mask
full-face mask
full-face breathing mask
A full-face breathing mask is a respiratory user interface that covers the eyes, nose, and mouth.

G edit

gas extender
A gas extender is an apparatus for extending the endurance of a breathing gas supply, for example, by re-using some of the gas in a rebreather circuit.The term is relatively frequently applied to semi-closed rebreather systems, but is not used very often.[28][29][30] Compare with oxygen conserving device and demand pulse device

H edit

half-mask
A half mask is a facepiece covering the mouth and nose and extending over the chin.
hazardous materials
Hazardous materials are materials that pose a risk to health, safety, property or the environment by their presence.
hazmat environment
An environment which is immediately dangerous to life or health due to the presence of hazardous materials.
hazmat suit
A hazmat suit is personal protective equipment that consists of an impermeable whole-body garment worn as protection against hazardous materials. Such suits are often combined with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to provide breathable air.[31]
heated humidified high-flow therapy
Heated humidified high-flow therapy, also known as high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or high flow therapy (HFT), is a type of respiratory support that delivers a flow of medical breathing gas to a patient of up to 60 L/min and 100% oxygen through a large bore nasal cannula. originally used for neonates, it is also effective in some adults to treat hypoxemia and work of breathing issues. The key components are a gas blender, heated humidifier, heated circuit, and cannula.[32]
helium reclaim system
A helium reclaim system is the equipment used to recover exhaled helium based breathing gas from surface-supplied divers so that it can be recycled, as a cost saving mechanism.[33][34][35]
high flow nasal oxygen therapy
High flow nasal oxygen therapy is a system which uses a heated and humidified blend of air and oxygen delivered via a high flow nasal cannula (HFNC). It is a standard of care in some clinical situations for infants, children, and preterm neonates and is finding increasing use for adults.[36]
high flow oxygen device
A high flow oxygen device is a supplementary oxygen delivery system with relatively high flow rates of a consistent mixture. An example is the venturi mask.[36]
Hudson mask
A Hudson mask is a type of simple oxygen mask
humidifier
A humidifier is a device for conditioning breathing gas by adding water vapour.
hyperbaric
hyperbaric environment
An environment in which the ambient pressure is significantly higher than sea level atmospheric pressure.
hypobaric
hypobaric environment
An environment in which the ambient pressure is significantly lower than sea level atmospheric pressure.

I edit

iron lung
An iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator (NPV), a mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person's body, and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space, to effect ventilation.[37][38]

L edit

liquid oxygen system
Lightweight and compact oxygen supply system using a stored cryogenically liquefied oxygen source.[2]

M edit

mechanical filter
A mechanical filter (respirator) is a type of filter for air-purifying respirators that mechanically blocks particulates from reaching the wearer's nose and mouth.
medical grade oxygen
medical oxygen
The International Pharmacopoeia specifies that Medical oxygen produced by air liquefaction has a purity of at least 99.5% oxygen by volume. The World Health Organization (WHO) specifies that for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) plants, medical oxygen produced from ambient air has 93±3% oxygen, and for oxygen concentrators, 82% from room air (21%).[39]

N edit

N95 respirator
An N95 filtering facepiece respirator, commonly abbreviated N95 respirator,[40] is a particulate-filtering facepiece respirator that meets the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) N95 classification of air filtration, meaning that it filters at least 95% of airborne particles that have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.3 micrometers.[41]
nasal cannula
A nasal cannula is tubing used to deliver supplemental oxygen at levels from 1 to 6 L/min. It has two short prongs that fit into the nostrils for delivery, that are connected to a common tube, which is usually hooked over the ears.[42] See also reservoir cannula
nasal mask
A nasal mask is a user respiratory interface which covers the nose and seals against the upper lip, the sides of the nose, and the bridge of the nose.[43]
=nasal pillow mask
A nasal pillow mask is a respiratory user interface which seals on the rim of the nostrils. It is used in stable patients with sleep-disordered breathing.[43]
negative pressure breathing
1.  (medical) Ventilation in which the surface of the thorax is exposed to pressure below the ambient pressure during inspiration. Used as a method of artificial respiration (iron lung).[44]
2.  (diving) Breathing where the pressure of the breathing gas at the mouth is lower than the ambient pressure at the thorax. This can happen due to hydrostatic effects with back mounted counterlungs or badly adjusted cracking pressure on a demand regulator.
negative pressure ventilator
A negative pressure ventilator (NPV) is a type of mechanical ventilator that stimulates an ill person's breathing by periodically reducing the external air pressure on their body to expand the chest cavity.[45][46][47]
non-invasive ventilation
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the use of medical breathing support administered through a face mask, nasal mask, or a helmet. It is termed "non-invasive" because it is delivered without a need for tracheal intubation.[48]
non-rebreather mask
A non-rebreather mask (NRB) is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen to a spontaneously breathing person. An NRB allows the delivery of relatively high concentrations of oxygen while using a constant flow rate, with relatively low waste, by accumulating the oxygen flow during exhalation in a soft bag, to be inhaled at the start of the next breath, so a bolus of oxygen is taken into the deeper parts of the lungs where much of it reaches the alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
normobaric
normobaric environment
Having an ambient barometric pressure similar to the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level.[49][50]

O edit

on-board oxygen generating system
Aircraft system which passes engine compressor bleed air through an oxygen concentrator, heat exchanger and pressure regulator to provide oxygen enriched pressurised air for the aircrew.[2]
open circuit breathing apparatus
Open circuit breathing apparatus is breathing apparatus that does not recycle any of the breathing gas, and discharges it all to the surroundings.[51] Open circuit breathing apparatus may be further classified as continuous flow (or free-flow) or demand supplied.[52] Both constant flow and demand supply can also provide gas from two sources, one of them being the ambient atmosphere, in what is generally referred to as supplemental oxygen provision.[53]
oral mask
An oral mask is a respiratory user interface which fits inside the mouth between the teeth and lips, with a guide to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway. They are not often used.[43]
orinasal mask
oro-nasal mask
An orinasal mask, oro-nasal mask, or oral-nasal mask [54] is a breathing mask that covers the mouth and the nose only. It may be a complete independent item, as an oxygen mask, or on some anaesthetic apparatus, or it may be fitted as a component inside a fullface mask on underwater breathing apparatus, a gas mask or an industrial respirator to reduce the amount of dead space. It is usually designed for its lower edge to seal on the front of the lower jaw.
oxygen concentrator
An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the oxygen from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are used industrially, to provide supplemental oxygen at high altitudes, and as medical devices for oxygen therapy.[55]
oxygen conserving device
An oxygen conserving device is a mechanism that makes more efficient use of the available oxygen by a breathing apparatus. Several approaches to this problem have been used, with variable efficiency, complexity, reliability and weight tradeoffs. Often safety and reliability are more important than efficiency, and the overall risk must be considered.
oxygen hood
An oxygen hood is a plastic hood used for high flow oxygen therapy in infants. It surrounds the head and has an opening for the neck. A high flow rate is necessary to prevent carbon dioxide accumulation. Supplied gas must be warmed and humidified.[36]
oxygen mask
An oxygen mask is an interface between an oxygen delivery system and the human user. It provides a method to transfer oxygen breathing gas from a storage tank or other source to the lungs. Oxygen masks may cover only the nose and mouth (oral-nasal mask) or the entire face (full-face mask).
oxygen tent
An oxygen tent is a delivery method for supplemental oxygen. It consists of a canopy placed over the whole body or part of the body including the nose and mouth, into which an oxygen enriched gas supply is introduced, at a rate which will avoid excessive buildup of carbon dioxide.

P edit

partial rebreather mask
A partial rebreather mask is an orinasal mask used for oxygen therapy for people who are spontaneously breathing. It allows full flow from the reservoir bag during inhalation, but only allows exhaled gas from the anatomical dead space where no gas exchange has occurred to reenter the reservoir bag during exhalation, The rest of the exhaled gas is dumped to the ambient atmosphere. The gas admitted to the reservoir bag is rebreathed on the next inhalation along with fresh gas. It typically delivers 50 to 80% oxygen.[36]
pin index safety system
PISS
Pin index safety system is a medical gas high pressure connection standard using connectors with indexing pins specific to the gas to prevent supply of the wrong gas. Compare with low pressure diameter index safety system DISS.
pocket mask
pocket CPR mask
A pocket mask, pocket face mask or CPR mask, is a compact device used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest by providing a sealed connection to the respiratory tract that is isolated from direct contact with the recipient's exhalations by a filter or non-return valve.
portable gaseous oxygen system
Aircraft emergency oxygen system using a high pressure oxygen cylinder with regulator as supply.[2]
portable oxygen equipment
Supplementary oxygen provision equipment that is easily moved but not designed to be carried, and weighs more than about 10 pounds (4.5 kg).[3] Compare with ambulatory oxygen equipment
positive airway pressure
Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea, respiratory failure, in newborn infants (neonates), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths.
positive pressure breathing
1.  (diving) Breathing when pressure of the breathing gas at the mouth exceeds the ambient pressure at the thorax. Can be caused by use of a positive pressure mask, upright position, chest mounted rebreather counterlung, or supine position with a twin-hose regulator.
2.  (medical) Providing ventilation to a patient using positive pressure delivered by a ventilator or bag valve mask [56]
3.  (altitude) Providing oxygen pressurised above cabin pressure to a person in a partial-pressure suit at very high altitude.
positive pressure breathing apparatus
(occupational health and safety, diving) Breathing apparatus in which pressure of the supplied gas in the facepiece exceeds the ambient pressure at all times. Any leakage at the facepiece seal is outward and contamination from the environment is less likely.[1]
positive pressure personnel suit
A Positive pressure personnel suit (PPPS) is a type of personal protective equipment (PPE), an airtight type of hazmat suit, which is designed to maintain a positive internal pressure to prevent contamination of the wearer even if the suit is damaged.
powered air-purifying respirator
A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) is a type of respirator that consists of a headgear-and-fan assembly that passes ambient air through purifying units that remove contaminants and deliver clean air to the inside of the headgear covering the user's face or mouth and nose. Also known as positive-pressure masks, blower units, or just blowers.
pressure controlled ventilation
Mechanical ventilation in which breaths are provided at a set pressure and a set rate. Volume delivery may vary from breath to breath depending on lung compliance.[57]
pressure-demand system
Oxygen supply system that provides pure oxygen on demand at a pressure slightly above ambient, as is necessary for cabin altitudes above 34,000 feet. A type of positive pressure breathing system used with a pressure suit.[2]
pressure regulated volume control
Mechanical ventilation which is a combination of pressure and volume controlled ventilation. A preset tidal volume is delivered at a set rate at the lowest possible pressure.[57]
pressure support ventilation
Pressure controlled mechanical ventilation triggered by patient effort.[57]
protective breathing equipment
Protective breathing equipment is a term for breathing apparatus required for aircraft cabin crew in terms of 69 FR 40528.[58]
pulse dose oxygen conserving device
demand pulse device
Oxygen delivery device that senses the start of inhalation and provides a metered bolus, which if correctly matched to requirements, will be sufficient and effectively inhaled into the alveoli. Such systems can be pneumatically or electrically controlled.[59]
pulse oximeter
A pulse oximeter is a non-invasive device that monitors pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation level.[2]
push-pull system

See: Helium reclaim system

Q edit

quarter-mask

See: orinasal mask

R edit

rebreather
A rebreather is a closed circuit or semi-closed circuit breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's exhaled breath to permit the recycling of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a limited gas supply, consrve expensive gases, and for underwater use,reducing or eliminating the bubbles produced by an open circuit system. A rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user. The same technology on a vehicle or non-mobile installation is more likely to be referred to as a life-support system.
regulator
A pressure regulator (colloquially regulator), is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller and flow valve. Two baasic types may be distinguished: The pressure reduction regulator which mainatains a set pressure on the outlet side, and the back-pressure regulator which maintains a set pressure on the inlet side.[60][61] .
reservoir cannula
A reservoir cannula is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers in a bolus it at the beginning of the next inhalation, which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs, and little is wasted in dead space.[62]
respirator
1.  A respirator may refer to a breathing apparatus that purifies ambient atmosphere, making it fit to breathe.[63]
2.  See ventilator. Medical breathing apparatus that provides breaths to a person impaired in their ability to breathe.[63]
respiratory gas humidification
Respiratory gas humidification is the process of artificially conditioning respiratory gas for the patient during therapy, and involves humidification, warming, and occasionally filtration of the gas being delivered.
respiratory protection
respiratory protective equipment
Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is a type of personal protective equipment designed to protect the wearer from a variety of airborne hazards in the form of gas, fume, mist, dust or vapour over the long or short term. Respirators filter the ambient air to remove harmful materials and atmosphere supplying breathing apparatus provides clean breathing gas to the user.[64]
resuscitator
A resuscitator is apparatus using positive pressure to inflate the lungs of an unconscious person who is not breathing, in order to keep them oxygenated and alive.[citation needed] There are three basic types: a manual version (also known as a bag valve mask) consisting of a mask and a large hand-squeezed plastic bulb using ambient air, or with supplemental oxygen from a high-pressure tank. The second type is the expired air or breath powered resuscitator. The third type is an oxygen powered resuscitator. These are driven by pressurized gas delivered by a regulator, and can either be automatic or manually controlled.[65]

S edit

scrubber
A carbon dioxide scrubber is equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide from gas passed through it. In breathing apparatus it is a container packed with carbon dioxide absorbent material, mostly strong bases, through which the exhaled gas passes. The absorbent may be granular or in the form of a moulded cartridge.[66] Gas flow through the scrubber may be in one direction in a loop rebreather, or both ways in a pendulum rebreather.
self-contained breathing apparatus
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a type of atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the breathing gas source is carried by the user.[1]
self-contained self-rescue device
self-contained self-rescuer
A self-contained self-rescue device, SCSR, self-contained self-rescuer, or air pack is a small, lightweight belt or harness-worn portable apparatus for providing breathable gas when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gas. There are two forms of SCSR: respirators and rebreather oxygen sources. Compare with escape set and escape respirator
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
A scuba set is a type of self-contained breathing apparatus intended for use underwater.
semi-closed circuit
A semi-closed circuit rebreather, also sometimes called a gas extender, is a class of self contained breathing apparatus in which a single breathing gas mixture such as nitrox or trimix is injected into the loop at a constant rate to replenish oxygen consumed from the loop by the diver. Excess gas must be constantly vented from the loop in small volumes to make space for fresh, oxygen-rich gas. As oxygen and inert gas are continuously vented, semi-closed circuit is wasteful of both oxygen and inert components, but much less so than open circuit.[67]
simple face mask
A simple face mask (SFM) is a basic disposable mask, made of clear plastic, to provide oxygen therapy for spontaneously breathing patients who need a concentration of supplemental oxygen in the range of 40 to 60%. Simple face masks are low flow delivery systems.[26]
smoke hood
A smoke hood is an airtight bag with a transparent visor worn over the head and sealed at the neck. It has an air filter connected to the outside atmosphere with a mouthpiece to breathe through. Smoke hoods are emergency respirators intended to protect people escaping from fire from the effects of smoke inhalation.[68][69][70]
supplied-air respirator
A supplied-air respirator (SAR) or air-line respirator is a breathing apparatus used in places where the ambient air may not be safe to breathe. It uses an air hose to supply air from outside the danger zone to a facepiece.[71]
synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation
Ventilator mode to provide assisted ventilation for patients with some spontaneous breathing effort.[57]

U edit

User respiratory interface
A user respiratory interface is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus controls breathing gas flow to and from the user. Compare with facepiece.

V edit

ventilator
A ventilator is a medical breathing apparatus that provides breaths to a person impaired in their ability to breathe.[63]
venturi mask
A venturi mask, also known as an air-entrainment mask, is a medical device to deliver a known oxygen concentration to patients on controlled oxygen therapy.[72][73]
volume control ventilation
A preset tidal volume is delivered at a set rate by mechanical ventilator. Peak pressure can vary from breath to breath depending on lung compliance, and may be limited by an alarm setting.[57]
volume support ventilation
Ventilator support of patient initiated breathing based on a set volume delivery.[57]

W edit

work of breathing
the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules per litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules per min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.[74]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Aviation Supplemental Oxygen". www.cfinotebook.net. from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
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  7. ^ "Oxygen equipment: Use in general aviation operations" (PDF). www.faa.gov. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  8. ^ Brubakk, A.O.; Neuman, T.S. (2003). Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (5th Rev ed.). United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-7020-2571-6.
  9. ^ . United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  10. ^ Tech Diver. . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
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April 15, 2024
glossary, breathing, apparatus, terminology, breathing, apparatus, breathing, equipment, which, allows, person, breathe, hostile, environment, where, breathing, would, otherwise, impossible, difficult, harmful, hazardous, assists, person, breathe, respirator, . A breathing apparatus or breathing set is equipment which allows a person to breathe in a hostile environment where breathing would otherwise be impossible difficult harmful or hazardous or assists a person to breathe A respirator medical ventilator or resuscitator may also be considered to be breathing apparatus Equipment that supplies or recycles breathing gas other than ambient air in a space used by several people is usually referred to as being part of a life support system and a life support system for one person may include breathing apparatus when the breathing gas is specifically supplied to the user rather than to the enclosure in which the user is the occupant In an atmosphere that may be oxygen deficient or toxic an air supply can be carried on the back All terms are defined in the context of breathing apparatus and may have other meanings in other contexts not mentioned here There are also many terms which are specific to underwater breathing apparatus UBA that may be found in the Glossary of underwater diving terminology Contents 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6 F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10 L 11 M 12 N 13 O 14 P 15 Q 16 R 17 S 18 U 19 V 20 W 21 See also 22 ReferencesA editair entrainment mask See venturi mask air filtering respirator An air filtering respirator is a breathing apparatus which removes particulates from the ambient air by passing it through a filter air purifying respirator An air purifying respirator is a respirator which uses a filter cartridge or canister to remove specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air purifying component 1 Contaminants may be filtered adsorbed or chemically altered by catalysis No distinction is made based on the mechanism of passing the air through the purifying component it may be the lungs of the user or a mechanical device air supplied respirator air supply respirator atmosphere supplying respirator A breathing apparatus that supplies the user with breathing gas from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere such as supplied air respirators SARs and self contained breathing apparatus SCBA 1 altitude compensated constant flow Supplemental oxygen delivery system that automatically compensates for altitude using a barometric pressure sensor 2 ambulatory oxygen equipment Supplementary oxygen delivery equipment weighing less than 10 pounds intended for daily use and designed to be carried by the patient The supply should last from four to six hours at a flow rate of 2 litres per minute Compare with portable oxygen equipment 3 anaesthetic machine anesthesia machine An anaesthetic machine is a medical device used to generate and precisely mix a flow of medical gases and inhalational anaesthetic agents of variable composition for the purpose of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia 4 anesthesia mask anesthetic mask anesthetic facemask An anesthesia mask is an orinasal facemask with an inflated cuff seal used to deliver non invasive ventilation NIV of oxygen entenox and anesthetic gases and vapours They are usually transparent with a single port and may have a detachable hook ring to attach straps 5 6 aviation grade oxygen gaseous aviator s breathing oxygen High pressure oxygen of breathing grade with a lower allowable moisture content than medical oxygen 7 aviation supplemental oxygen Aviation supplemental oxygen is oxygen provided to aircrew or passengers to reduce the risk of hypoxia at the reduced ambient pressures due to high cabin altitude 2 B editbag valve mask A bag valve mask is a hand operated device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not spontaneously breathing or not breathing sufficiently bilevel positive airway pressure BiPAP Breathing assist apparatus using a higher positive pressure on inspiration and lower positive pressure on expiration Compare with continuous positive airway pressure breathing apparatus breathing set A breathing apparatus is a set of equipment that facilitates breathing in a hostile environment or for a person unable to adequately breathe unaided breathing gas A breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas but other mixtures of gases or pure oxygen are also used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats Oxygen is the essential component for any breathing gas at a partial pressure of between roughly 0 16 and 1 60 bar at the ambient pressure 8 9 10 breathing helmet 1 A breathing helmet is a rigid respiratory user interface covering the head that also provides head protection against impact and penetration 11 A diving helmet is possibly the most familiar example 2 In medical terminology a breathing helmet is synonymous with a breathing hood and need not have any rigid protective structure 12 breathing hood A breathing hood is a type of respiratory interface that completely covers the head and neck and optionally the shoulders or upper torso 11 with a loose fitting bag which may have a neck seal or be relatively close fitting at the neck or shoulders They are used in escape breathing apparatus of several kinds escape hoods 13 and as a route for supplementary oxygen oxygen hoods Breathing hoods with full length visors are commonly used with free flow supplied air respirators for industrial work like in spray painting boatbuilding and woodworking workshops 14 Atmosphere supply hoods are often free flow type with a high enough flow rate to ensure that there is constant outflow at the lower edge to prevent contamination breathing mask A breathing mask is a facepiece that covers the mouth and nose and optionally other parts of the face or head to constrain and direct the flow of breathing gas as part of a breathing apparatus bubble CPAP Bubble CPAP is a non invasive ventilation apparatus for newborns with infant respiratory distress syndrome IRDS It is one of the methods by which continuous positive airway pressure CPAP is delivered to a spontaneously breathing newborn to maintain lung volumes during expiration With this method blended and humidified air with supplemental oxygen is delivered via short binasal prongs or a nasal mask and pressure in the circuit is maintained by immersing the distal end of the expiratory tubing in water The depth to which the tubing is immersed underwater limits the pressure generated in the airways of the infant by hydrostatic back pressure 15 built in breathing system A built in breathing system is a source of breathing gas installed in a confined space where an alternative to the ambient gas may be required for medical treatment emergency use or to minimise a hazard They are found in diving chambers 16 hyperbaric treatment chambers and submarines 17 C editchemical oxygen Lightweight and compact system for generating emergency oxygen supply by chemical reaction 2 closed circuit breathing apparatus Closed circuit breathing apparatus is equipment to facilitate breathing which recycles exhaled supplied breathing gas by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to compensate for metabolic usage before returning the gas to the user for repeated inhalation Also known as rebreather equipment continuous positive airway pressure mask continuous positive airway pressure Continuous positive airway pressure CPAP is a form of ventilation in which a level of pressure greater than ambient atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person The application of positive pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse or to reduce the work of breathing 18 counterlung A counterlung on a rebreather is an airtight bag of strong flexible material that holds the volume of the exhaled gas until it is inhaled again There may be a single counterlung or one on each side of the scrubber which allows a more even flow rate of gas through the scrubber which can reduce work of breathing and improve scrubber efficiency by a more consistent dwell time D editdead space Physiological dead space is the volume of ventilated gas that does not reach parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs 19 Breathing apparatus usually add some mechanical dead space to increase the total dead space of the system of breathing apparatus and user demand valve A demand valveis a flow control mechanism that detects a pressure drop on the downstream side and opens the valve to compensate for the pressure drop In supplied gas breathing apparatus this provides the user with a breath of gas at approximately the pressure set and maintained within the facepiece When the user stops inhaling the downstream pressure increases until the demand valve closes to stop the flow A type of downstream pressure controlled pressure regulator that is relatively insensitive to upstream pressure diameter index safety system DISS Diameter index safety system is a type of outlet valve that uses one of a set of connections specific to the gas used to prevent delivery of the wrong gas diluter demand Supplementary oxygen supply system which provides oxygen via a demand valve and dilutes it with ambient air to a suitable concentration 2 dust mask A dust mask is a flexible paper filter held over the nose and mouth by elastic or rubber straps for personal comfort against non toxic nuisance dusts They are not intended to provide protection from toxic airborne hazards 20 21 E editelectrical pulse demand oxygen system A pulse dose oxygen conserving device with electrical bolus release control 2 electronic delivery system An electronic delivery system EDS is an electronically controlled system of supplemental oxygen delivery which supplies a pulse dose bolus of oxygen at the start of inhalation to economise on oxygen use 22 See also electrical pulse demand oxygen system emergency escape breathing device emergency evacuation breathing device EEBD Emergency breathing apparatus intended to allow the user to escape from and enclosed space which is immediately dangerous to life or health The endurance is generally no more than adequate for the purpose Typically self contained compressed air apparatus with 600 litres free air capacity Required by amended SOLAS ch II 2 and the IMO MSC Circ 849 for all ships on international routes 23 24 escape hood See smoke hood Escape hoods are emergency breathing apparatus that entirely cover the head and provide a few minutes of autonomy to escape from a dangerous area The main configurations are the smoke hood which has a carbon monoxide and particulate filter and the more general purpose escape hood which has an air purification cartridge that also removes other toxic gases from the ambient air They are air purifying respiratory protective devices and can only be used if the ambient air contains enough oxygen 13 escape breathing apparatus escape respirator escape set An escape set is a type of self contained breathing apparatus for use in emergencies intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe These are self contained ambient pressure systems and include Helicopter escape set Mine escape set Submarine escape set Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus escape only respirator A respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit 25 F editfacemask face mask See Face mask 1 An item of personal protective equipment that primarily guards the airways from a contaminated local environment by either delivering safe breathing gas or as a filter or supporting structure for filters to purify ambient air It may also protect the eyes and facial skin 2 An item covering the mouth and nose for delivering supplemental oxygen or anesthetic gases 3 An item covering the mouth and nose intended to protect the local environment from contamination by the breath of the user facepiece A facepiece is the interface between the user and the breathing apparatus It is the part of a breathing apparatus that fits against the user s face and through which the breathing gas passes during inhalation and exhalation It may be sealed around the perimeter to prevent leakage to or from the environment or may include a port to combine gas supply from the environment with gas supplied from the breathing apparatus Also referred to as a mask breathing mask or facemask Compare with mouthpiece helmet and hood face tent A mask that covers the nose and mouth but does not seal around the edges used to provide a controlled concentration of oxygen over the lower face and increase moisture for patients who have facial burns or a broken nose or who are claustrophobic Difficult to control the concentration of oxygen delivered 26 filtering facepiece respirator A filtering facepiece respirator FFP is a disposable item of personal protective equipment in the form a facepiece produced from a whole piece of filtering material 27 fullface mask full face mask full face breathing mask A full face breathing mask is a respiratory user interface that covers the eyes nose and mouth G editgas extender A gas extender is an apparatus for extending the endurance of a breathing gas supply for example by re using some of the gas in a rebreather circuit The term is relatively frequently applied to semi closed rebreather systems but is not used very often 28 29 30 Compare with oxygen conserving device and demand pulse deviceH edithalf mask A half mask is a facepiece covering the mouth and nose and extending over the chin hazardous materials Hazardous materials are materials that pose a risk to health safety property or the environment by their presence hazmat environment An environment which is immediately dangerous to life or health due to the presence of hazardous materials hazmat suit A hazmat suit is personal protective equipment that consists of an impermeable whole body garment worn as protection against hazardous materials Such suits are often combined with self contained breathing apparatus SCBA to provide breathable air 31 heated humidified high flow therapy Heated humidified high flow therapy also known as high flow nasal cannula HFNC or high flow therapy HFT is a type of respiratory support that delivers a flow of medical breathing gas to a patient of up to 60 L min and 100 oxygen through a large bore nasal cannula originally used for neonates it is also effective in some adults to treat hypoxemia and work of breathing issues The key components are a gas blender heated humidifier heated circuit and cannula 32 helium reclaim system A helium reclaim system is the equipment used to recover exhaled helium based breathing gas from surface supplied divers so that it can be recycled as a cost saving mechanism 33 34 35 high flow nasal oxygen therapy High flow nasal oxygen therapy is a system which uses a heated and humidified blend of air and oxygen delivered via a high flow nasal cannula HFNC It is a standard of care in some clinical situations for infants children and preterm neonates and is finding increasing use for adults 36 high flow oxygen device A high flow oxygen device is a supplementary oxygen delivery system with relatively high flow rates of a consistent mixture An example is the venturi mask 36 Hudson mask A Hudson mask is a type of simple oxygen mask humidifier A humidifier is a device for conditioning breathing gas by adding water vapour hyperbaric hyperbaric environment An environment in which the ambient pressure is significantly higher than sea level atmospheric pressure hypobaric hypobaric environment An environment in which the ambient pressure is significantly lower than sea level atmospheric pressure I editiron lung An iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator NPV a mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person s body and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space to effect ventilation 37 38 L editliquid oxygen system Lightweight and compact oxygen supply system using a stored cryogenically liquefied oxygen source 2 M editmechanical filter A mechanical filter respirator is a type of filter for air purifying respirators that mechanically blocks particulates from reaching the wearer s nose and mouth medical grade oxygen medical oxygen The International Pharmacopoeia specifies that Medical oxygen produced by air liquefaction has a purity of at least 99 5 oxygen by volume The World Health Organization WHO specifies that for pressure swing adsorption PSA plants medical oxygen produced from ambient air has 93 3 oxygen and for oxygen concentrators 82 from room air 21 39 N editN95 respirator An N95 filtering facepiece respirator commonly abbreviated N95 respirator 40 is a particulate filtering facepiece respirator that meets the U S National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH N95 classification of air filtration meaning that it filters at least 95 of airborne particles that have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0 3 micrometers 41 nasal cannula A nasal cannula is tubing used to deliver supplemental oxygen at levels from 1 to 6 L min It has two short prongs that fit into the nostrils for delivery that are connected to a common tube which is usually hooked over the ears 42 See also reservoir cannula nasal mask A nasal mask is a user respiratory interface which covers the nose and seals against the upper lip the sides of the nose and the bridge of the nose 43 nasal pillow mask A nasal pillow mask is a respiratory user interface which seals on the rim of the nostrils It is used in stable patients with sleep disordered breathing 43 negative pressure breathing 1 medical Ventilation in which the surface of the thorax is exposed to pressure below the ambient pressure during inspiration Used as a method of artificial respiration iron lung 44 2 diving Breathing where the pressure of the breathing gas at the mouth is lower than the ambient pressure at the thorax This can happen due to hydrostatic effects with back mounted counterlungs or badly adjusted cracking pressure on a demand regulator negative pressure ventilator A negative pressure ventilator NPV is a type of mechanical ventilator that stimulates an ill person s breathing by periodically reducing the external air pressure on their body to expand the chest cavity 45 46 47 non invasive ventilation Non invasive ventilation NIV is the use of medical breathing support administered through a face mask nasal mask or a helmet It is termed non invasive because it is delivered without a need for tracheal intubation 48 non rebreather mask A non rebreather mask NRB is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen to a spontaneously breathing person An NRB allows the delivery of relatively high concentrations of oxygen while using a constant flow rate with relatively low waste by accumulating the oxygen flow during exhalation in a soft bag to be inhaled at the start of the next breath so a bolus of oxygen is taken into the deeper parts of the lungs where much of it reaches the alveoli where gas exchange takes place normobaric normobaric environment Having an ambient barometric pressure similar to the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level 49 50 O editon board oxygen generating system Aircraft system which passes engine compressor bleed air through an oxygen concentrator heat exchanger and pressure regulator to provide oxygen enriched pressurised air for the aircrew 2 open circuit breathing apparatus Open circuit breathing apparatus is breathing apparatus that does not recycle any of the breathing gas and discharges it all to the surroundings 51 Open circuit breathing apparatus may be further classified as continuous flow or free flow or demand supplied 52 Both constant flow and demand supply can also provide gas from two sources one of them being the ambient atmosphere in what is generally referred to as supplemental oxygen provision 53 oral mask An oral mask is a respiratory user interface which fits inside the mouth between the teeth and lips with a guide to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway They are not often used 43 orinasal mask oro nasal mask An orinasal mask oro nasal mask or oral nasal mask 54 is a breathing mask that covers the mouth and the nose only It may be a complete independent item as an oxygen mask or on some anaesthetic apparatus or it may be fitted as a component inside a fullface mask on underwater breathing apparatus a gas mask or an industrial respirator to reduce the amount of dead space It is usually designed for its lower edge to seal on the front of the lower jaw oxygen concentrator An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the oxygen from a gas supply typically ambient air by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen enriched product gas stream They are used industrially to provide supplemental oxygen at high altitudes and as medical devices for oxygen therapy 55 oxygen conserving device An oxygen conserving device is a mechanism that makes more efficient use of the available oxygen by a breathing apparatus Several approaches to this problem have been used with variable efficiency complexity reliability and weight tradeoffs Often safety and reliability are more important than efficiency and the overall risk must be considered oxygen hood An oxygen hood is a plastic hood used for high flow oxygen therapy in infants It surrounds the head and has an opening for the neck A high flow rate is necessary to prevent carbon dioxide accumulation Supplied gas must be warmed and humidified 36 oxygen mask An oxygen mask is an interface between an oxygen delivery system and the human user It provides a method to transfer oxygen breathing gas from a storage tank or other source to the lungs Oxygen masks may cover only the nose and mouth oral nasal mask or the entire face full face mask oxygen tent An oxygen tent is a delivery method for supplemental oxygen It consists of a canopy placed over the whole body or part of the body including the nose and mouth into which an oxygen enriched gas supply is introduced at a rate which will avoid excessive buildup of carbon dioxide P editpartial rebreather mask A partial rebreather mask is an orinasal mask used for oxygen therapy for people who are spontaneously breathing It allows full flow from the reservoir bag during inhalation but only allows exhaled gas from the anatomical dead space where no gas exchange has occurred to reenter the reservoir bag during exhalation The rest of the exhaled gas is dumped to the ambient atmosphere The gas admitted to the reservoir bag is rebreathed on the next inhalation along with fresh gas It typically delivers 50 to 80 oxygen 36 pin index safety system PISS Pin index safety system is a medical gas high pressure connection standard using connectors with indexing pins specific to the gas to prevent supply of the wrong gas Compare with low pressure diameter index safety system DISS pocket mask pocket CPR mask A pocket mask pocket face mask or CPR mask is a compact device used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest by providing a sealed connection to the respiratory tract that is isolated from direct contact with the recipient s exhalations by a filter or non return valve portable gaseous oxygen system Aircraft emergency oxygen system using a high pressure oxygen cylinder with regulator as supply 2 portable oxygen equipment Supplementary oxygen provision equipment that is easily moved but not designed to be carried and weighs more than about 10 pounds 4 5 kg 3 Compare with ambulatory oxygen equipment positive airway pressure Positive airway pressure PAP is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea respiratory failure in newborn infants neonates and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths positive pressure breathing 1 diving Breathing when pressure of the breathing gas at the mouth exceeds the ambient pressure at the thorax Can be caused by use of a positive pressure mask upright position chest mounted rebreather counterlung or supine position with a twin hose regulator 2 medical Providing ventilation to a patient using positive pressure delivered by a ventilator or bag valve mask 56 3 altitude Providing oxygen pressurised above cabin pressure to a person in a partial pressure suit at very high altitude positive pressure breathing apparatus occupational health and safety diving Breathing apparatus in which pressure of the supplied gas in the facepiece exceeds the ambient pressure at all times Any leakage at the facepiece seal is outward and contamination from the environment is less likely 1 positive pressure personnel suit A Positive pressure personnel suit PPPS is a type of personal protective equipment PPE an airtight type of hazmat suit which is designed to maintain a positive internal pressure to prevent contamination of the wearer even if the suit is damaged powered air purifying respirator A powered air purifying respirator PAPR is a type of respirator that consists of a headgear and fan assembly that passes ambient air through purifying units that remove contaminants and deliver clean air to the inside of the headgear covering the user s face or mouth and nose Also known as positive pressure masks blower units or just blowers pressure controlled ventilation Mechanical ventilation in which breaths are provided at a set pressure and a set rate Volume delivery may vary from breath to breath depending on lung compliance 57 pressure demand system Oxygen supply system that provides pure oxygen on demand at a pressure slightly above ambient as is necessary for cabin altitudes above 34 000 feet A type of positive pressure breathing system used with a pressure suit 2 pressure regulated volume control Mechanical ventilation which is a combination of pressure and volume controlled ventilation A preset tidal volume is delivered at a set rate at the lowest possible pressure 57 pressure support ventilation Pressure controlled mechanical ventilation triggered by patient effort 57 protective breathing equipment Protective breathing equipment is a term for breathing apparatus required for aircraft cabin crew in terms of 69 FR 40528 58 pulse dose oxygen conserving device demand pulse device Oxygen delivery device that senses the start of inhalation and provides a metered bolus which if correctly matched to requirements will be sufficient and effectively inhaled into the alveoli Such systems can be pneumatically or electrically controlled 59 pulse oximeter A pulse oximeter is a non invasive device that monitors pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation level 2 push pull system See Helium reclaim systemQ editquarter mask See orinasal maskR editrebreather A rebreather is a closed circuit or semi closed circuit breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user s exhaled breath to permit the recycling of the substantially unused oxygen content and unused inert content when present of each breath Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user This differs from open circuit breathing apparatus where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a limited gas supply consrve expensive gases and for underwater use reducing or eliminating the bubbles produced by an open circuit system A rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user The same technology on a vehicle or non mobile installation is more likely to be referred to as a life support system regulator A pressure regulator colloquially regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value using negative feedback from the controlled pressure Regulators are used for gases and liquids and can be an integral device with a pressure setting a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body or consist of a separate pressure sensor controller and flow valve Two baasic types may be distinguished The pressure reduction regulator which mainatains a set pressure on the outlet side and the back pressure regulator which maintains a set pressure on the inlet side 60 61 reservoir cannula A reservoir cannula is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers in a bolus it at the beginning of the next inhalation which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs and little is wasted in dead space 62 respirator 1 A respirator may refer to a breathing apparatus that purifies ambient atmosphere making it fit to breathe 63 2 See ventilator Medical breathing apparatus that provides breaths to a person impaired in their ability to breathe 63 respiratory gas humidification Respiratory gas humidification is the process of artificially conditioning respiratory gas for the patient during therapy and involves humidification warming and occasionally filtration of the gas being delivered respiratory protection respiratory protective equipment Respiratory protective equipment RPE is a type of personal protective equipment designed to protect the wearer from a variety of airborne hazards in the form of gas fume mist dust or vapour over the long or short term Respirators filter the ambient air to remove harmful materials and atmosphere supplying breathing apparatus provides clean breathing gas to the user 64 resuscitator A resuscitator is apparatus using positive pressure to inflate the lungs of an unconscious person who is not breathing in order to keep them oxygenated and alive citation needed There are three basic types a manual version also known as a bag valve mask consisting of a mask and a large hand squeezed plastic bulb using ambient air or with supplemental oxygen from a high pressure tank The second type is the expired air or breath powered resuscitator The third type is an oxygen powered resuscitator These are driven by pressurized gas delivered by a regulator and can either be automatic or manually controlled 65 S editscrubber A carbon dioxide scrubber is equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide from gas passed through it In breathing apparatus it is a container packed with carbon dioxide absorbent material mostly strong bases through which the exhaled gas passes The absorbent may be granular or in the form of a moulded cartridge 66 Gas flow through the scrubber may be in one direction in a loop rebreather or both ways in a pendulum rebreather self contained breathing apparatus A self contained breathing apparatus SCBA is a type of atmosphere supplying respirator in which the breathing gas source is carried by the user 1 self contained self rescue device self contained self rescuer A self contained self rescue device SCSR self contained self rescuer or air pack is a small lightweight belt or harness worn portable apparatus for providing breathable gas when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gas There are two forms of SCSR respirators and rebreather oxygen sources Compare with escape set and escape respirator self contained underwater breathing apparatus A scuba set is a type of self contained breathing apparatus intended for use underwater semi closed circuit A semi closed circuit rebreather also sometimes called a gas extender is a class of self contained breathing apparatus in which a single breathing gas mixture such as nitrox or trimix is injected into the loop at a constant rate to replenish oxygen consumed from the loop by the diver Excess gas must be constantly vented from the loop in small volumes to make space for fresh oxygen rich gas As oxygen and inert gas are continuously vented semi closed circuit is wasteful of both oxygen and inert components but much less so than open circuit 67 simple face mask A simple face mask SFM is a basic disposable mask made of clear plastic to provide oxygen therapy for spontaneously breathing patients who need a concentration of supplemental oxygen in the range of 40 to 60 Simple face masks are low flow delivery systems 26 smoke hood A smoke hood is an airtight bag with a transparent visor worn over the head and sealed at the neck It has an air filter connected to the outside atmosphere with a mouthpiece to breathe through Smoke hoods are emergency respirators intended to protect people escaping from fire from the effects of smoke inhalation 68 69 70 supplied air respirator A supplied air respirator SAR or air line respirator is a breathing apparatus used in places where the ambient air may not be safe to breathe It uses an air hose to supply air from outside the danger zone to a facepiece 71 synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation Ventilator mode to provide assisted ventilation for patients with some spontaneous breathing effort 57 U editUser respiratory interface A user respiratory interface is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus controls breathing gas flow to and from the user Compare with facepiece V editventilator A ventilator is a medical breathing apparatus that provides breaths to a person impaired in their ability to breathe 63 venturi mask A venturi mask also known as an air entrainment mask is a medical device to deliver a known oxygen concentration to patients on controlled oxygen therapy 72 73 volume control ventilation A preset tidal volume is delivered at a set rate by mechanical ventilator Peak pressure can vary from breath to breath depending on lung compliance and may be limited by an alarm setting 57 volume support ventilation Ventilator support of patient initiated breathing based on a set volume delivery 57 W editwork of breathing the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas It is usually expressed as work per unit volume for example joules per litre or as a work rate power such as joules per min or equivalent units as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing 74 See also editGlossary of underwater diving terminologyReferences edit a b c d 1910 134 Respiratory protection Definitions US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Archived from the original on 13 July 2023 Retrieved 13 July 2023 a b c d e f g h i j Aviation Supplemental Oxygen www cfinotebook net Archived from the original on 19 February 2023 Retrieved 12 July 2023 a b Your Oxygen Equipment www ucsfhealth org Archived from the original on 25 July 2023 Retrieved 25 July 2023 Gurudatt September 2013 C The basic anaesthesia machine Indian J Anaesth 57 5 438 45 doi 10 4103 0019 5049 120138 PMC 3821260 PMID 24249876 Standard anesthetic facemask University of Calufornia San Francisco Anesthesia airway management Archived from the original on 21 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 Boyd Nicholas Negus Anna Using a facemask during anaesthesia PDF www e safe anaesthesia org Archived PDF from the original on 28 August 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2023 Oxygen equipment Use in general aviation operations PDF www faa gov Retrieved 31 July 2023 Brubakk A O Neuman T S 2003 Bennett and Elliott s physiology and medicine of diving 5th Rev ed United States Saunders Ltd p 800 ISBN 978 0 7020 2571 6 US Navy Diving Manual 6th revision United States US Naval Sea Systems Command 2006 Archived from the original on 2008 05 02 Retrieved 2008 08 29 Tech Diver Exotic Gases Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 Retrieved 29 August 2008 a b 1910 134 Respiratory protection www osha gov US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Archived from the original on 2023 07 13 Retrieved 2023 07 28 Easton John Wood Matt 25 March 2020 Helmet based ventilation is superior to face mask for patients with respiratory distress www uchicagomedicine org University of Chicago Archived from the original on 27 July 2023 Retrieved 27 July 2023 a b Emergency escape 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