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Carbon dioxide scrubber

May 04, 2023

A carbon dioxide scrubber is a piece of equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2). It is used to treat exhaust gases from industrial plants or from exhaled air in life support systems such as rebreathers or in spacecraft, submersible craft or airtight chambers. Carbon dioxide scrubbers are also used in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. They have also been researched for carbon capture and storage as a means of combating climate change.

Technologies

Amine scrubbing

Main article: Amine gas treating

The primary application for CO2 scrubbing is for removal of CO2 from the exhaust of coal- and gas-fired power plants. Virtually the only technology being seriously evaluated involves the use of various amines, e.g. monoethanolamine. Cold solutions of these organic compounds bind CO2, but the binding is reversed at higher temperatures:

CO2 + 2 HOCH
2CH
2NH
2 ↔ HOCH
2CH
2NH+
3 + HOCH
2CH
2NHCO−
2

As of 2009, this technology has only been lightly implemented because of capital costs of installing the facility and the operating costs of utilizing it.[1]

Minerals and zeolites

Several minerals and mineral-like materials reversibly bind CO2.[2] Most often, these minerals are oxides or hydroxides, and often the CO2 is bound as carbonate. Carbon dioxide reacts with quicklime (calcium oxide) to form limestone (calcium carbonate),[3] in a process called carbonate looping. Other minerals include serpentinite, a magnesium silicate hydroxide, and olivine.[4][5] Molecular sieves also function in this capacity.

Various (cyclical) scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO2 from the air or from flue gases and release them in a controlled environment, reverting the scrubbing agent. These usually involve using a variant of the Kraft process which may be based on sodium hydroxide.[6][7] The CO2 is absorbed into such a solution, transfers to lime (via a process called causticization) and is released again through the use of a kiln. With some modifications to the existing processes (mainly changing to an oxygen-fired kiln) the resulting exhaust becomes a concentrated stream of CO2, ready for storage or use in fuels. An alternative to this thermo-chemical process is an electrical one which releases the CO2 through electrolyzing of the carbonate solution.[8] While simpler, this electrical process consumes more energy as electrolysis, also splits water. To prevent negating the environmental benefit of using electrolysis over the kiln method, the electricity should come from a renewable (or less emissive than the otherwise needed kiln) source. Early incarnations of environmentally motivated CO2 capture used electricity as the energy source and were therefore dependent on green energy. Some thermal CO2 capture systems use heat generated on-site, which reduces the inefficiencies resulting from off-site electricity production, but it still needs a source of (green) heat, which nuclear power or concentrated solar power could provide. [9]

Sodium hydroxide

Zeman and Lackner outlined a specific method of air capture.[10]

First, CO2 is absorbed by an alkaline NaOH solution to produce dissolved sodium carbonate. The absorption reaction is a gas liquid reaction, strongly exothermic, here:

2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) → Na
2CO
3(aq) + H2O(l)
Na
2CO
3(aq) + Ca(OH)
2(s) → 2NaOH(aq) + CaCO
3(s)
ΔH° = -114.7 kJ/mol

Causticization is performed ubiquitously in the pulp and paper industry and readily transfers 94% of the carbonate ions from the sodium to the calcium cation.[10] Subsequently, the calcium carbonate precipitate is filtered from solution and thermally decomposed to produce gaseous CO2. The calcination reaction is the only endothermic reaction in the process and is shown here:

CaCO
3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
ΔH° = + 179.2 kJ/mol

The thermal decomposition of calcite is performed in a lime kiln fired with oxygen in order to avoid an additional gas separation step. Hydration of the lime (CaO) completes the cycle. Lime hydration is an exothermic reaction that can be performed with water or steam. Using water, it is a liquid/solid reaction as shown here:

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)
2(s)
ΔH° = -64.5 kJ/mol

Lithium hydroxide

Other strong bases such as soda lime, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide are able to remove carbon dioxide by chemically reacting with it. In particular, lithium hydroxide was used aboard spacecraft, such as in the Apollo program, to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate.[11] Recently lithium hydroxide absorbent technology has been adapted for use in anesthesia machines. Anesthesia machines which provide life support and inhaled agents during surgery typically employ a closed circuit necessitating the removal of carbon dioxide exhaled by the patient. Lithium hydroxide may offer some safety and convenience benefits over the older calcium based products.

2 LiOH(s) + 2 H2O(g) → 2 LiOH·H2O(s)
2 LiOH·H2O(s) + CO2(g) → Li
2CO
3(s) + 3 H2O(g)

The net reaction being:

2LiOH(s) + CO2(g) → Li
2CO
3(s) + H2O(g)

Lithium peroxide can also be used as it absorbs more CO2 per unit weight with the added advantage of releasing oxygen.[12]

In recent years lithium orthosilicate has attracted much attention towards CO2capture, as well as energy storage.[8] This material offers considerable performance advantages although it requires high temperatures for the formation of carbonate to take place.

Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system

The regenerative carbon dioxide removal system (RCRS) on the Space Shuttle orbiter used a two-bed system that provided continuous removal of carbon dioxide without expendable products. Regenerable systems allowed a shuttle mission a longer stay in space without having to replenish its sorbent canisters. Older lithium hydroxide (LiOH)-based systems, which are non-regenerable, were replaced by regenerable metal-oxide-based systems. A system based on metal oxide primarily consisted of a metal oxide sorbent canister and a regenerator assembly. It worked by removing carbon dioxide using a sorbent material and then regenerating the sorbent material. The metal-oxide sorbent canister was regenerated by pumping air at approximately 400 °F (204 °C) through it at a standard flow rate of 7.5 cu ft/min (0.0035 m3/s) for 10 hours.[13]

Activated carbon

Activated carbon can be used as a carbon dioxide scrubber. Air with high carbon dioxide content, such as air from fruit storage locations, can be blown through beds of activated carbon and the carbon dioxide will adhere to the activated carbon [adsorption]. Once the bed is saturated it must then be "regenerated" by blowing low carbon dioxide air, such as ambient air, through the bed. This will release the carbon dioxide from the bed, and it can then be used to scrub again, leaving the net amount of carbon dioxide in the air the same as when the process was started.[citation needed]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)

Metal-organic frameworks are one of the most promising new technologies for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration via adsorption.[14] Although no large-scale commercial technology exists nowadays, several research studies have indicated the great potential that MOFs have as a CO2 adsorbent. Its characteristics, such as pore structure and surface functions can be easily tuned to improve CO2 selectivity over other gases.[15]

A MOF could be specifically designed to act like a CO2 removal agent in post-combustion power plants. In this scenario, the flue gas would pass through a bed packed with a MOF material, where CO2 would be stripped. After saturation is reached, CO2 could be desorbed by doing a pressure or temperature swing. Carbon dioxide could then be compressed to supercritical conditions in order to be stored underground or utilized in enhanced oil recovery processes. However, this is not possible in large scale yet due to several difficulties, one of those being the production of MOFs in great quantities.[16]

Another problem is the availability of metals necessary to synthesize MOFs. In a hypothetical scenario where these materials are used to capture all CO2 needed to avoid global warming issues, such as maintaining a global temperature rise less than 2 °C above the pre-industrial average temperature, we would need more metals than are available on Earth. For example, to synthesize all MOFs that utilize vanadium, we would need 1620% of 2010 global reserves. Even if using magnesium-based MOFs, which have demonstrated a great capacity to adsorb CO2, we would need 14% of 2010 global reserves, which is a considerable amount. Also, extensive mining would be necessary, leading to more potential environmental problems.[16]

In a project sponsored by the DOE and operated by UOP LLC in collaboration with faculty from four different universities, MOFs were tested as possible carbon dioxide removal agents in post-combustion flue gas. They were able to separate 90% of the CO2 from the flue gas stream using a vacuum pressure swing process. Through extensive investigation, researchers found out that the best MOF to be used was Mg/DOBDC, which has a 21.7 wt% CO2 loading capacity. Estimations showed that, if a similar system were to be applied to a large scale power plant, the cost of energy would increase by 65%, while a NETL baseline amine based system would cause an increase of 81% (the DOE goal is 35%). Also, each ton of CO2 avoided would cost $57, while for the amine system this cost is estimated to be $72. The project ended in 2010, estimating that the total capital required to implement such a project in a 580 MW power plant was 354 million dollars.[17]

Extend Air Cartridge

An Extend Air Cartridge (EAC) is a make or type of pre-loaded one-use absorbent canister that can be fitted into a recipient cavity in a suitably-designed rebreather.[18]

Other methods

Many other methods and materials have been discussed for scrubbing carbon dioxide.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gary T. Rochelle (2009). "Amine Scrubbing for CO2 Capture". Science. 325 (5948): 1652–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1652R. doi:10.1126/science.1176731. PMID 19779188. S2CID 206521374.
  2. ^ Sunho Choi; Jeffrey H. Drese; Christopher W. Jones (2009). "Adsorbent Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Large Anthropogenic Point Sources". ChemSusChem. 2 (9): 796–854. doi:10.1002/cssc.200900036. PMID 19731282.
  3. ^ "Imagine No Restrictions On Fossil-Fuel Usage And No Global Warming". ScienceDaily. April 15, 2002.
  4. ^ "Natural Mineral Locks Up Carbon Dioxide". ScienceDaily. September 3, 2004. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2005.
  6. ^ Kenneth Chang (February 19, 2008). "Scientists would turn greenhouse gas into gasoline". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  7. ^ Brahic, Catherine (October 3, 2007). "Chemical 'sponge' could filter CO2 from the air – environment". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
    Zeman, Frank (2007). "Energy and Material Balance of CO2 Capture from Ambient Air". Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (21): 7558–63. Bibcode:2007EnST...41.7558Z. doi:10.1021/es070874m. PMID 18044541. S2CID 27280943.
  8. ^ a b Quinn, R.; Kitzhoffer, R.J.; Hufton, J.R.; Golden, T.C. (2012). "A High Temperature Lithium Orthosilicate-Based Solid Absorbent for Post Combustion CO2 Capture". Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (27): 9320–7. doi:10.1021/ie300157m.
  9. ^ Kunzig, Robert; Broecker, Wallace (January 12, 2009). "Can technology clear the air?". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  10. ^ a b Zeman, F.S.; Lackner, K.S. (2004). "Capturing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere". World Resour. Rev. 16: 157–172.
  11. ^ J.R. Jaunsen (1989). . US Naval Academy Technical Report. USNA-TSPR-157. Archived from the original on 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2008-06-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. ^ Petzow, G. N.; Aldinger, F.; Jönsson, S.; Welge, P.; Van Kampen, V.; Mensing, T.; Brüning, T. (2005). "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_011.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  13. ^ . Hamilton Sundstrand. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2008-10-27. The new metal-oxide-based system replaces the existing non-regenerable lithium hydroxide (LiOH) carbon dioxide (CO2) removal system located in the EMU's Primary Life Support System.
  14. ^ "MOFs for CO2". MOF Technologies. MOF Technologies.
  15. ^ Li, Jian-Rong (2011). (PDF). Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 255 (15–16): 1791–1823. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.02.012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-09.
  16. ^ a b Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey R.; Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Bourg, Ian C. (2014). Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-327-1.
  17. ^ Willis, Richard; Lesch, David A. (2010). "Carbon Dioxide Removal from Flue Gas Using Microporous Metal Organic Frameworks". Final Technical Report. DOE Award Number: DE-FC26-07NT43092. doi:10.2172/1003992. OSTI 1003992.
  18. ^ "Extend Air Cartridge". dykarna (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  19. ^ Siriwardane, R.; Shen, M.; Fisher, E.; Poston, J.; Shamsi, A. (2001). "Adsorption and desorption of CO2 on solid sorbents". National Energy Technology Laboratory. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.844. DOE/NETL-2001/1144.

May 04, 2023
carbon, dioxide, scrubber, carbon, dioxide, scrubber, piece, equipment, that, absorbs, carbon, dioxide, used, treat, exhaust, gases, from, industrial, plants, from, exhaled, life, support, systems, such, rebreathers, spacecraft, submersible, craft, airtight, c. A carbon dioxide scrubber is a piece of equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide CO2 It is used to treat exhaust gases from industrial plants or from exhaled air in life support systems such as rebreathers or in spacecraft submersible craft or airtight chambers Carbon dioxide scrubbers are also used in controlled atmosphere CA storage They have also been researched for carbon capture and storage as a means of combating climate change Contents 1 Technologies 1 1 Amine scrubbing 1 2 Minerals and zeolites 1 2 1 Sodium hydroxide 1 2 2 Lithium hydroxide 1 3 Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system 1 4 Activated carbon 1 5 Metal organic frameworks MOFs 1 6 Extend Air Cartridge 1 7 Other methods 2 See also 3 ReferencesTechnologies EditAmine scrubbing Edit Main article Amine gas treating The primary application for CO2 scrubbing is for removal of CO2 from the exhaust of coal and gas fired power plants Virtually the only technology being seriously evaluated involves the use of various amines e g monoethanolamine Cold solutions of these organic compounds bind CO2 but the binding is reversed at higher temperatures CO2 2 HOCH2 CH2 NH2 HOCH2 CH2 NH 3 HOCH2 CH2 NHCO 2As of 2009 update this technology has only been lightly implemented because of capital costs of installing the facility and the operating costs of utilizing it 1 Minerals and zeolites Edit Several minerals and mineral like materials reversibly bind CO2 2 Most often these minerals are oxides or hydroxides and often the CO2 is bound as carbonate Carbon dioxide reacts with quicklime calcium oxide to form limestone calcium carbonate 3 in a process called carbonate looping Other minerals include serpentinite a magnesium silicate hydroxide and olivine 4 5 Molecular sieves also function in this capacity Various cyclical scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO2 from the air or from flue gases and release them in a controlled environment reverting the scrubbing agent These usually involve using a variant of the Kraft process which may be based on sodium hydroxide 6 7 The CO2 is absorbed into such a solution transfers to lime via a process called causticization and is released again through the use of a kiln With some modifications to the existing processes mainly changing to an oxygen fired kiln the resulting exhaust becomes a concentrated stream of CO2 ready for storage or use in fuels An alternative to this thermo chemical process is an electrical one which releases the CO2 through electrolyzing of the carbonate solution 8 While simpler this electrical process consumes more energy as electrolysis also splits water To prevent negating the environmental benefit of using electrolysis over the kiln method the electricity should come from a renewable or less emissive than the otherwise needed kiln source Early incarnations of environmentally motivated CO2 capture used electricity as the energy source and were therefore dependent on green energy Some thermal CO2 capture systems use heat generated on site which reduces the inefficiencies resulting from off site electricity production but it still needs a source of green heat which nuclear power or concentrated solar power could provide 9 Sodium hydroxide Edit Zeman and Lackner outlined a specific method of air capture 10 First CO2 is absorbed by an alkaline NaOH solution to produce dissolved sodium carbonate The absorption reaction is a gas liquid reaction strongly exothermic here 2NaOH aq CO2 g Na2 CO3 aq H2O l Na2 CO3 aq Ca OH 2 s 2NaOH aq CaCO3 s DH 114 7 kJ molCausticization is performed ubiquitously in the pulp and paper industry and readily transfers 94 of the carbonate ions from the sodium to the calcium cation 10 Subsequently the calcium carbonate precipitate is filtered from solution and thermally decomposed to produce gaseous CO2 The calcination reaction is the only endothermic reaction in the process and is shown here CaCO3 s CaO s CO2 g DH 179 2 kJ molThe thermal decomposition of calcite is performed in a lime kiln fired with oxygen in order to avoid an additional gas separation step Hydration of the lime CaO completes the cycle Lime hydration is an exothermic reaction that can be performed with water or steam Using water it is a liquid solid reaction as shown here CaO s H2O l Ca OH 2 s DH 64 5 kJ molLithium hydroxide Edit Other strong bases such as soda lime sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide are able to remove carbon dioxide by chemically reacting with it In particular lithium hydroxide was used aboard spacecraft such as in the Apollo program to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere It reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate 11 Recently lithium hydroxide absorbent technology has been adapted for use in anesthesia machines Anesthesia machines which provide life support and inhaled agents during surgery typically employ a closed circuit necessitating the removal of carbon dioxide exhaled by the patient Lithium hydroxide may offer some safety and convenience benefits over the older calcium based products 2 LiOH s 2 H2O g 2 LiOH H2O s 2 LiOH H2O s CO2 g Li2 CO3 s 3 H2O g The net reaction being 2LiOH s CO2 g Li2 CO3 s H2O g Lithium peroxide can also be used as it absorbs more CO2 per unit weight with the added advantage of releasing oxygen 12 In recent years lithium orthosilicate has attracted much attention towards CO2capture as well as energy storage 8 This material offers considerable performance advantages although it requires high temperatures for the formation of carbonate to take place Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system Edit The regenerative carbon dioxide removal system RCRS on the Space Shuttle orbiter used a two bed system that provided continuous removal of carbon dioxide without expendable products Regenerable systems allowed a shuttle mission a longer stay in space without having to replenish its sorbent canisters Older lithium hydroxide LiOH based systems which are non regenerable were replaced by regenerable metal oxide based systems A system based on metal oxide primarily consisted of a metal oxide sorbent canister and a regenerator assembly It worked by removing carbon dioxide using a sorbent material and then regenerating the sorbent material The metal oxide sorbent canister was regenerated by pumping air at approximately 400 F 204 C through it at a standard flow rate of 7 5 cu ft min 0 0035 m3 s for 10 hours 13 Activated carbon Edit Activated carbon can be used as a carbon dioxide scrubber Air with high carbon dioxide content such as air from fruit storage locations can be blown through beds of activated carbon and the carbon dioxide will adhere to the activated carbon adsorption Once the bed is saturated it must then be regenerated by blowing low carbon dioxide air such as ambient air through the bed This will release the carbon dioxide from the bed and it can then be used to scrub again leaving the net amount of carbon dioxide in the air the same as when the process was started citation needed Metal organic frameworks MOFs Edit Metal organic frameworks are one of the most promising new technologies for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration via adsorption 14 Although no large scale commercial technology exists nowadays several research studies have indicated the great potential that MOFs have as a CO2 adsorbent Its characteristics such as pore structure and surface functions can be easily tuned to improve CO2 selectivity over other gases 15 A MOF could be specifically designed to act like a CO2 removal agent in post combustion power plants In this scenario the flue gas would pass through a bed packed with a MOF material where CO2 would be stripped After saturation is reached CO2 could be desorbed by doing a pressure or temperature swing Carbon dioxide could then be compressed to supercritical conditions in order to be stored underground or utilized in enhanced oil recovery processes However this is not possible in large scale yet due to several difficulties one of those being the production of MOFs in great quantities 16 Another problem is the availability of metals necessary to synthesize MOFs In a hypothetical scenario where these materials are used to capture all CO2 needed to avoid global warming issues such as maintaining a global temperature rise less than 2 C above the pre industrial average temperature we would need more metals than are available on Earth For example to synthesize all MOFs that utilize vanadium we would need 1620 of 2010 global reserves Even if using magnesium based MOFs which have demonstrated a great capacity to adsorb CO2 we would need 14 of 2010 global reserves which is a considerable amount Also extensive mining would be necessary leading to more potential environmental problems 16 In a project sponsored by the DOE and operated by UOP LLC in collaboration with faculty from four different universities MOFs were tested as possible carbon dioxide removal agents in post combustion flue gas They were able to separate 90 of the CO2 from the flue gas stream using a vacuum pressure swing process Through extensive investigation researchers found out that the best MOF to be used was Mg DOBDC which has a 21 7 wt CO2 loading capacity Estimations showed that if a similar system were to be applied to a large scale power plant the cost of energy would increase by 65 while a NETL baseline amine based system would cause an increase of 81 the DOE goal is 35 Also each ton of CO2 avoided would cost 57 while for the amine system this cost is estimated to be 72 The project ended in 2010 estimating that the total capital required to implement such a project in a 580 MW power plant was 354 million dollars 17 Extend Air Cartridge Edit An Extend Air Cartridge EAC is a make or type of pre loaded one use absorbent canister that can be fitted into a recipient cavity in a suitably designed rebreather 18 Other methods Edit Many other methods and materials have been discussed for scrubbing carbon dioxide Adsorption 19 Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system RCRS Algae filled bioreactors Membrane gas separations Reversing heat exchangersSee also EditCarbon capture and storage Collecting carbon dioxide from industrial emissions Carbon dioxide removal Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide through human activity Greenhouse gas Gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation at thermal infrared wavelengths Rebreather Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas Sabatier reaction Methanation process of carbon dioxide with hydrogenReferences Edit Gary T Rochelle 2009 Amine Scrubbing for CO2 Capture Science 325 5948 1652 4 Bibcode 2009Sci 325 1652R doi 10 1126 science 1176731 PMID 19779188 S2CID 206521374 Sunho Choi Jeffrey H Drese Christopher W Jones 2009 Adsorbent Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Large Anthropogenic Point Sources ChemSusChem 2 9 796 854 doi 10 1002 cssc 200900036 PMID 19731282 Imagine No Restrictions On Fossil Fuel Usage And No Global Warming ScienceDaily April 15 2002 Natural Mineral Locks Up Carbon Dioxide ScienceDaily September 3 2004 Retrieved 2011 06 01 Sustainability and the TecEco Kiln Archived from the original on October 25 2005 Retrieved October 25 2005 Kenneth Chang February 19 2008 Scientists would turn greenhouse gas into gasoline The New York Times Retrieved 2009 10 29 Brahic Catherine October 3 2007 Chemical sponge could filter CO2 from the air environment New Scientist Retrieved 2009 10 29 Zeman Frank 2007 Energy and Material Balance of CO2 Capture from Ambient Air Environ Sci Technol 41 21 7558 63 Bibcode 2007EnST 41 7558Z doi 10 1021 es070874m PMID 18044541 S2CID 27280943 a b Quinn R Kitzhoffer R J Hufton J R Golden T C 2012 A High Temperature Lithium Orthosilicate Based Solid Absorbent for Post Combustion CO2 Capture Ind Eng Chem Res 51 27 9320 7 doi 10 1021 ie300157m Kunzig Robert Broecker Wallace January 12 2009 Can technology clear the air New Scientist Retrieved 2009 10 29 a b Zeman F S Lackner K S 2004 Capturing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere World Resour Rev 16 157 172 J R Jaunsen 1989 The Behavior and Capabilities of Lithium Hydroxide Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers in a Deep Sea Environment US Naval Academy Technical Report USNA TSPR 157 Archived from the original on 2009 08 24 Retrieved 2008 06 17 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unfit URL link Petzow G N Aldinger F Jonsson S Welge P Van Kampen V Mensing T Bruning T 2005 Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry doi 10 1002 14356007 a04 011 pub2 ISBN 978 3527306732 Carbon Dioxide Removal Hamilton Sundstrand Archived from the original on 2007 10 31 Retrieved 2008 10 27 The new metal oxide based system replaces the existing non regenerable lithium hydroxide LiOH carbon dioxide CO2 removal system located in the EMU s Primary Life Support System MOFs for CO2 MOF Technologies MOF Technologies Li Jian Rong 2011 Carbon dioxide capture related gas adsorption and separation in metal organic frameworks PDF Coordination Chemistry Reviews 255 15 16 1791 1823 doi 10 1016 j ccr 2011 02 012 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 09 09 a b Smit Berend Reimer Jeffrey R Oldenburg Curtis M Bourg Ian C 2014 Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration Imperial College Press ISBN 978 1 78326 327 1 Willis Richard Lesch David A 2010 Carbon Dioxide Removal from Flue Gas Using Microporous Metal Organic Frameworks Final Technical Report DOE Award Number DE FC26 07NT43092 doi 10 2172 1003992 OSTI 1003992 Extend Air Cartridge dykarna in Swedish Retrieved 2021 12 30 Siriwardane R Shen M Fisher E Poston J Shamsi A 2001 Adsorption and desorption of CO2 on solid sorbents National Energy Technology Laboratory CiteSeerX 10 1 1 205 844 DOE NETL 2001 1144 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carbon dioxide scrubber amp oldid 1146016229, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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