Giant slalom (GS) is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding competitive discipline. It involves racing between sets of poles ("gates") spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom but less than in Super-G.
A skier attacks a gate in GS
Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the speed events of Super-G and downhill. The technical events are normally composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run.
The vertical drop for a GS course must be 250–450 m (820–1,480 ft) for men, and 250–400 m (820–1,310 ft) for women. The number of gates in this event is 56–70 for men and 46–58 for women. The number of direction changes in a GS course equals 11–15% of the vertical drop of the course in metres, 13–18% for children. As an example, a course with a vertical drop of 300 m (984 ft) would have 33–45 direction changes for an adult race.[1]
Although giant slalom is not the fastest event in skiing, on average a well-trained racer may reach average speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph).[citation needed]
Equipmentedit
Top: giant slalom skis from 2006, bottom: slalom skis.
Giant slalom skis are shorter than super-G and downhill skis, and longer than slalom skis.
In an attempt to increase safety for the 2003–04 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the minimum sidecut radius for giant slalom skis to 21 m (69 ft) and for the first time imposed minimum ski lengths for GS: 185 cm (72.8 in) for men and 180 cm (70.9 in) for women. A maximum stand height (the distance from the snow to the sole of the boot) of 55 mm (2.17 in) was also established for all disciplines.
In May 2006, the FIS announced further changes to the rules governing equipment. Beginning with the 2007–08 season, the minimum radius for GS skis was increased to 27 m (89 ft) for men and 23 m (75 ft) for women. Additionally, the minimum ski width at the waist was increased from 60 to 65 mm (2.36 to 2.56 in), and the maximum stand height for all disciplines was reduced to 50 mm (1.97 in).[1] The best skiers tended to use a bigger sidecut radius, like Ted Ligety at 29 m (95 ft), and Lindsey Vonn at 27 m (89 ft).
For the 2012–13 season, the FIS increased the sidecut radius to 35 m (115 ft) and the minimal length to 195 cm (76.8 in). Many athletes criticized this decision. Often David Dodge was cited. Dodge argues that FIS used studies which do not represent a scientific proof. He states that it is well known that if one tips the ski 7° more the 35 m ski will have the same turning radius as the 28 m ski. He states as well that knee injuries are decreasing since the 1990s, when carving skis started to be used.[2][3][4][5][6]
The giant slalom was added to the world championships in 1950 at Aspen, Colorado, and debuted at the Winter Olympics in 1952 at Oslo, Norway, run at Norefjell. The GS has been run in every world championships and Olympics since. Originally a one-run event, a second run was added for men at the world championships in 1966, run on consecutive days, and at the Olympics in 1968. The second run for women was added at the world championships in 1978, and made its Olympic debut in 1980.
The world championships changed to a one-day format for the giant slalom in 1974, but the Olympics continued the GS as a two-day event through 1980. Also scheduled for two days in 1984, both giant slaloms became one-day events after repeated postponements of the downhills. Following the extra races added to the program in 1988, the GS has been scheduled as a one-day event at the Olympics.
Upon its introduction, giant slalom briefly displaced the combined event at the world championships; it was absent in 1950 and 1952. The combined returned in 1954 in Åre, Sweden, but as a "paper race," using the results of the three events (downhill, giant slalom, and slalom), a format used through 1980. The combined returned as a stand-alone event at the world championships in 1982 at Schladming, Austria, and at the 1988 Calgary Olympics. It was changed to the super-combined format (one run of slalom on same day as downhill) at the world championships in 2007 and the Olympics in 2010.
Men's World Cup podiumsedit
In the following table men's giant slalom World Cup podiums from the World Cup first edition in 1967.[9]
^"More FIS regulation talk | Warner Nickerson". warnernickerson.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing, Johnson, Etlinger, Shealy, Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing, 2009
^Unfälle und Verletzungen im alpinen Skisport 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, David Schulz, Auswertungsstelle für Skiunfälle, Stiftung Sicherheit im Skisport, 2011.
^"GIANT SLALOM - COMPETITORS HAVING MORE THAN ONE PODIUM". fis-ski.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
External linksedit
Media related to Giant slalom skiing at Wikimedia Commons
January 01, 1970
giant, slalom, alpine, skiing, alpine, snowboarding, competitive, discipline, involves, racing, between, sets, poles, gates, spaced, greater, distance, from, each, other, than, slalom, less, than, super, skier, attacks, gate, slalom, make, technical, events, a. Giant slalom GS is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding competitive discipline It involves racing between sets of poles gates spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom but less than in Super G A skier attacks a gate in GS Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing This category separates them from the speed events of Super G and downhill The technical events are normally composed of two runs held on different courses on the same ski run Contents 1 Course 2 Speed 3 Equipment 4 History 5 Men s World Cup podiums 6 Men s most podiums in World Cup 7 Women s World Cup podiums 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksCourse editThe vertical drop for a GS course must be 250 450 m 820 1 480 ft for men and 250 400 m 820 1 310 ft for women The number of gates in this event is 56 70 for men and 46 58 for women The number of direction changes in a GS course equals 11 15 of the vertical drop of the course in metres 13 18 for children As an example a course with a vertical drop of 300 m 984 ft would have 33 45 direction changes for an adult race 1 Speed edit nbsp Olympian Lotte Smiseth Sejerstedin a GS race Although giant slalom is not the fastest event in skiing on average a well trained racer may reach average speeds of 80 km h 50 mph citation needed Equipment edit nbsp Top giant slalom skis from 2006 bottom slalom skis Giant slalom skis are shorter than super G and downhill skis and longer than slalom skis In an attempt to increase safety for the 2003 04 season the International Ski Federation FIS increased the minimum sidecut radius for giant slalom skis to 21 m 69 ft and for the first time imposed minimum ski lengths for GS 185 cm 72 8 in for men and 180 cm 70 9 in for women A maximum stand height the distance from the snow to the sole of the boot of 55 mm 2 17 in was also established for all disciplines In May 2006 the FIS announced further changes to the rules governing equipment Beginning with the 2007 08 season the minimum radius for GS skis was increased to 27 m 89 ft for men and 23 m 75 ft for women Additionally the minimum ski width at the waist was increased from 60 to 65 mm 2 36 to 2 56 in and the maximum stand height for all disciplines was reduced to 50 mm 1 97 in 1 The best skiers tended to use a bigger sidecut radius like Ted Ligety at 29 m 95 ft and Lindsey Vonn at 27 m 89 ft For the 2012 13 season the FIS increased the sidecut radius to 35 m 115 ft and the minimal length to 195 cm 76 8 in Many athletes criticized this decision Often David Dodge was cited Dodge argues that FIS used studies which do not represent a scientific proof He states that it is well known that if one tips the ski 7 more the 35 m ski will have the same turning radius as the 28 m ski He states as well that knee injuries are decreasing since the 1990s when carving skis started to be used 2 3 4 5 6 History editThe first giant slalom was set in 1935 on the Mottarone in Italy over Lake Maggiore near Stresa on January 20 7 After one month the second giant slalom was set on the Marmolada in Italy s Dolomite mountains by Guenther Langes 8 The giant slalom was added to the world championships in 1950 at Aspen Colorado and debuted at the Winter Olympics in 1952 at Oslo Norway run at Norefjell The GS has been run in every world championships and Olympics since Originally a one run event a second run was added for men at the world championships in 1966 run on consecutive days and at the Olympics in 1968 The second run for women was added at the world championships in 1978 and made its Olympic debut in 1980 The world championships changed to a one day format for the giant slalom in 1974 but the Olympics continued the GS as a two day event through 1980 Also scheduled for two days in 1984 both giant slaloms became one day events after repeated postponements of the downhills Following the extra races added to the program in 1988 the GS has been scheduled as a one day event at the Olympics Upon its introduction giant slalom briefly displaced the combined event at the world championships it was absent in 1950 and 1952 The combined returned in 1954 in Are Sweden but as a paper race using the results of the three events downhill giant slalom and slalom a format used through 1980 The combined returned as a stand alone event at the world championships in 1982 at Schladming Austria and at the 1988 Calgary Olympics It was changed to the super combined format one run of slalom on same day as downhill at the world championships in 2007 and the Olympics in 2010 Men s World Cup podiums editIn the following table men s giant slalom World Cup podiums from the World Cup first edition in 1967 9 Season 1st 2nd 3rd 1967 nbsp Jean Claude Killy nbsp Georges Mauduit nbsp Jimmy Heuga 1968 nbsp Jean Claude Killy nbsp Edmund Bruggmann nbsp Herbert Huber 1969 nbsp Karl Schranz nbsp Reinhard Tritscher nbsp Jean Noel Augert 1970 nbsp Gustav Thoni nbsp Patrick Russel nbsp Dumeng Giovanoli 1971 nbsp Gustav Thoni nbsp Patrick Russel nbsp Edmund Bruggmann 1972 nbsp Gustav Thoni nbsp Edmund Bruggmann nbsp Rogers Rossat Mignod 1973 nbsp Hans Hinterseer nbsp Erik Haker nbsp Adolf Rosti 1974 nbsp Piero Gros nbsp Hans Hinterseer nbsp Gustav Thoni 1975 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Piero Gros nbsp Erik Haker 1976 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Gustav Thoni nbsp Piero Gros 1977 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Heini Hemmi nbsp Klaus Heidegger 1978 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Andreas Wenzel nbsp Phil Mahre 1979 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Peter Luscher nbsp Bojan Krizaj 1980 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Hans Enn nbsp Jacques Luthy 1981 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Alexander Zhirov nbsp Phil Mahre 1982 nbsp Phil Mahre nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Marc Girardelli 1983 nbsp Phil Mahre nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Max Julen 1984 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Pirmin Zurbriggen nbsp Hans Enn 1985 nbsp Marc Girardelli nbsp Pirmin Zurbriggen nbsp Thomas Burgler 1986 nbsp Joel Gaspoz nbsp Ingemar Stenmark nbsp Hubert Strolz 1987 nbsp Pirmin Zurbriggen nbsp Joel Gaspoz nbsp Richard Pramotton 1988 nbsp Alberto Tomba nbsp Hubert Strolz nbsp Helmut Mayer 1989 nbsp Ole Kristian Furuseth nbsp Pirmin Zurbriggen nbsp Rudolf Nierlich 1990 nbsp Gunther Mader nbsp Ole Kristian Furuseth nbsp Hubert Strolz 1991 nbsp Alberto Tomba nbsp Rudolf Nierlich nbsp Marc Girardelli 1992 nbsp Alberto Tomba nbsp Hans Pieren nbsp Paul Accola 1993 nbsp Kjetil Andre Aamodt nbsp Alberto Tomba nbsp Marc Girardelli 1994 nbsp Christian Mayer nbsp Kjetil Andre Aamodt nbsp Franck Piccard 1995 nbsp Alberto Tomba nbsp Jure Kosir nbsp Harald Strand Nilsen 1996 nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Urs Kalin nbsp Lasse Kjus 1997 nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Kjetil Andre Aamodt nbsp Hans Knauss 1998 nbsp Hermann Maier nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Christian Mayer 1999 nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Stephan Eberharter nbsp Hermann Maier 2000 nbsp Hermann Maier nbsp Christian Mayer nbsp Michael von Grunigen 2001 nbsp Hermann Maier nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Erik Schlopy 2002 nbsp Frederic Covili nbsp Benjamin Raich nbsp Stephan Eberharter 2003 nbsp Michael von Grunigen nbsp Bode Miller nbsp Hans Knauss 2004 nbsp Bode Miller nbsp Kalle Palander nbsp Massimiliano Blardone 2005 nbsp Benjamin Raich nbsp Bode Miller nbsp Thomas Grandi 2006 nbsp Benjamin Raich nbsp Massimiliano Blardone nbsp Fredrik Nyberg 2007 nbsp Aksel Lund Svindal nbsp Massimiliano Blardone nbsp Benjamin Raich 2008 nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Benjamin Raich nbsp Manfred Molgg 2009 nbsp Didier Cuche nbsp Benjamin Raich nbsp Ted Ligety 2010 nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Carlo Janka nbsp Benjamin Raich 2011 nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Aksel Lund Svindal nbsp Cyprien Richard 2012 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Massimiliano Blardone 2013 nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Alexis Pinturault 2014 nbsp Ted Ligety nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Alexis Pinturault 2015 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Alexis Pinturault nbsp Ted Ligety 2016 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Alexis Pinturault nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen 2017 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Mathieu Faivre nbsp Alexis Pinturault 2018 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen nbsp Alexis Pinturault 2019 nbsp Marcel Hirscher nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen nbsp Alexis Pinturault 2020 nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen nbsp Alexis Pinturault nbsp Filip Zubcic 2021 nbsp Alexis Pinturault nbsp Marco Odermatt nbsp Filip Zubcic 2022 nbsp Marco Odermatt nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen nbsp Manuel Feller 2023 nbsp Marco Odermatt nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen nbsp Zan KranjecMen s most podiums in World Cup editRacers with the most World Cup podiums in giant slalom 10 Skier Total Last 1 nbsp Ingemar Stenmark 72 19 02 1989 2 nbsp Marcel Hirscher 59 24 02 2019 3 nbsp Michael von Grunigen 46 15 03 2003 4 nbsp Ted Ligety 41 28 01 2018 5 nbsp Alexis Pinturault 41 12 03 2023 6 nbsp Benjamin Raich 35 01 03 2015 7 nbsp Marco Odermatt 35 02 03 2024 8 nbsp Henrik Kristoffersen 32 24 02 2024 9 nbsp Alberto Tomba 31 06 01 1998 10 nbsp Hermann Maier 28 23 10 2005 11 nbsp Phil Mahre 26 05 03 1984 12 nbsp Gustav Thoni 26 02 01 1977 13 nbsp Marc Girardelli 26 27 03 1993 14 nbsp Massimiliano Blardone 25 13 02 2016 15 nbsp Bode Miller 21 08 12 2013 Still active Totals through 02 March 2024Women s World Cup podiums editIn the following table women s giant slalom World Cup podiums from the World Cup first edition in 1967 Season 1st 2nd 3rd 1967 nbsp Nancy Greene nbsp Erika Schinegger nbsp Annie Famose 1968 nbsp Nancy Greene nbsp Fernande Bochatay nbsp Florence Steurer 1969 nbsp Marilyn Cochran nbsp Michele Jacot nbsp Gertrud Gabl 1970 nbsp Michele Jacot nbsp Francoise Macchi nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll 1971 nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll nbsp Michele Jacot nbsp Francoise Macchi 1972 nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll nbsp Monika Kaserer nbsp Britt Lafforgue 1973 nbsp Monika Kaserer nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll nbsp Hanni Wenzel 1974 nbsp Hanni Wenzel nbsp Fabienne Serrat nbsp Monika Kaserer 1975 nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll nbsp Fabienne Serrat nbsp Monika Kaserer 1976 nbsp Lise Marie Morerod nbsp Monika Kaserer nbsp Rosi Mittermaier 1977 nbsp Lise Marie Morerod nbsp Monika Kaserer nbsp Annemarie Moser Proll 1978 nbsp Lise Marie Morerod nbsp Hanni Wenzel nbsp Maria Epple 1979 nbsp Christa Kinshofer nbsp Hanni Wenzel nbsp Irene Epple 1980 nbsp Hanni Wenzel nbsp Marie Therese Nadig nbsp Perrine Pelen 1981 nbsp Tamara McKinney nbsp Marie Therese Nadig nbsp Irene Epple nbsp Erika Hess nbsp Hanni Wenzel 1982 nbsp Irene Epple nbsp Maria Epple nbsp Erika Hess 1983 nbsp Tamara McKinney nbsp Cindy Nelson nbsp Maria Epple 1984 nbsp Erika Hess nbsp Christin Cooper nbsp Tamara McKinney 1985 nbsp Michela Figini nbsp Marina Kiehl nbsp Vreni Schneider 1986 nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Traudl Hacher nbsp Mateja Svet 1987 nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Maria Walliser nbsp Blanca Fernandez Ochoa 1988 nbsp Mateja Svet nbsp Catherine Quittet nbsp Vreni Schneider 1989 nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Mateja Svet nbsp Maria Walliser 1990 nbsp Anita Wachter nbsp Mateja Svet nbsp Petra Kronberger 1991 nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Anita Wachter nbsp Pernilla Wiberg 1992 nbsp Carole Merle nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Diann Roffe 1993 nbsp Carole Merle nbsp Anita Wachter nbsp Martina Ertl 1994 nbsp Anita Wachter nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Deborah Compagnoni 1995 nbsp Vreni Schneider nbsp Heidi Zeller Bahler nbsp Spela Pretnar 1996 nbsp Martina Ertl nbsp Katja Seizinger nbsp Anita Wachter 1997 nbsp Deborah Compagnoni nbsp Katja Seizinger nbsp Anita Wachter 1998 nbsp Martina Ertl nbsp Deborah Compagnoni nbsp Alexandra Meissnitzer 1999 nbsp Alexandra Meissnitzer nbsp Anita Wachter nbsp Andrine Flemmen 2000 nbsp Michaela Dorfmeister nbsp Sonja Nef nbsp Anita Wachter 2001 nbsp Sonja Nef nbsp Anja Parson nbsp Michaela Dorfmeister 2002 nbsp Sonja Nef nbsp Michaela Dorfmeister nbsp Anja Parson 2003 nbsp Anja Parson nbsp Karen Putzer nbsp Janica Kostelic 2004 nbsp Anja Parson nbsp Denise Karbon nbsp Maria Jose Rienda 2005 nbsp Tanja Poutiainen nbsp Anja Parson nbsp Maria Jose Rienda 2006 nbsp Anja Parson nbsp Maria Jose Rienda nbsp Janica Kostelic 2007 nbsp Nicole Hosp nbsp Tanja Poutiainen nbsp Michaela Kirchgasser 2008 nbsp Denise Karbon nbsp Elisabeth Gorgl nbsp Manuela Molgg 2009 nbsp Tanja Poutiainen nbsp Kathrin Zettel nbsp Tina Maze 2010 nbsp Kathrin Holzl nbsp Kathrin Zettel nbsp Tina Maze 2011 nbsp Viktoria Rebensburg nbsp Tessa Worley nbsp Tanja Poutiainen 2012 nbsp Viktoria Rebensburg nbsp Lindsey Vonn nbsp Tessa Worley 2013 nbsp Tina Maze nbsp Anna Fenninger nbsp Viktoria Rebensburg 2014 nbsp Anna Fenninger nbsp Jessica Lindell Vikarby nbsp Maria Pietila Holmner 2015 nbsp Anna Fenninger nbsp Eva Maria Brem nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin 2016 nbsp Eva Maria Brem nbsp Viktoria Rebensburg nbsp Lara Gut Behrami 2017 nbsp Tessa Worley nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin nbsp Sofia Goggia 2018 nbsp Viktoria Rebensburg nbsp Tessa Worley nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin 2019 nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin nbsp Petra Vlhova nbsp Tessa Worley 2020 nbsp Federica Brignone nbsp Petra Vlhova nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin 2021 nbsp Marta Bassino nbsp Mikaela Shiffrin nbsp Tessa Worley 2022 nbsp Tessa Worley nbsp Sara Hector nbsp Mikaela ShiffrinSee also editList of Olympic medalists in men s giant slalom List of Olympic medalists in women s giant slalom List of Paralympic medalists in men s giant slalom List of Paralympic medalists in women s giant slalom List of World Champions in giant slalomReferences edit a b The International Ski Competition Rules PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2018 03 25 Retrieved 2017 01 16 Ted Ligety Skiing s Most Outspoken Critic Is Still the Best in the World bleacher report 2012 10 28 A Letter To FIS David Dodge 2011 More FIS regulation talk Warner Nickerson warnernickerson com Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 Retrieved 2 February 2022 Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing Johnson Etlinger Shealy Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing 2009 Unfalle und Verletzungen im alpinen Skisport Archived 2011 11 25 at the Wayback Machine David Schulz Auswertungsstelle fur Skiunfalle Stiftung Sicherheit im Skisport 2011 Francesco Vida La storia dello sci in Italia Allen John 2010 01 31 First Giant Slalom Skiing Heritage International Skiing History Assoc Retrieved 31 December 2011 Winter Sports Chart Alpine Skiing wintersport charts info Retrieved 11 February 2018 GIANT SLALOM COMPETITORS HAVING MORE THAN ONE PODIUM fis ski com Retrieved 5 February 2018 External links edit nbsp Media related to Giant slalom skiing at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Giant slalom amp oldid 1211508030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
