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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

April 09, 2024

Gemeinschaft (German pronunciation: [ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft]) and Gesellschaft ([ɡəˈzɛlʃaft]), generally translated as "community and society", are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social relationships into two types.[1] The Gesellschaft is associated with modern society and rational self-interest, which weakens the traditional bonds of family and local community that typify the Gemeinschaft. Max Weber, a founding figure in sociology, also wrote extensively about the relationship between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies.[2][1]

Gemeinschaft–Gesellschaft dichotomy edit

According to the dichotomy, social ties can be categorized, on one hand, as belonging to personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions (Gemeinschaft, German, commonly translated as "community"), or on the other hand as belonging to indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions (Gesellschaft, German, commonly translated as society as in association, corporation, including company, modern state and academia).[3] The Gemeinschaft–Gesellschaft dichotomy was proposed by Tönnies as a purely conceptual tool rather than as an ideal type in the way it was used by Max Weber to accentuate the key elements of a historical social change.

Tönnies was a Thomas Hobbes scholar—he edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's The Elements of Law[4] and Leviathan.[5] It was his study of Hobbes that encouraged Tönnies to devote himself wholly to the philosophy of history and the philosophy of law. And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union".[6]

The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success[7] after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture".[8] Seven more German editions followed, the last in 1935,[9] and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of corporatist thinking, including the rise of neo-medievalism, the rise of support for guild socialism, and caused major changes in the field of sociology.[10] The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community, among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.[11]

The concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft were also used by Max Weber in Economy and Society, which was first published in 1921. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies,[2] and argued that Gemeinschaft is rooted in a "subjective feeling" that may be "affectual or traditional". Gesellschaft-based relationships, according to Weber, are rooted in "rational agreement by mutual consent", the best example of which is a commercial contract. To emphasize the fluidity and amorphousness of the relationship between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Weber modified the terms in German to Vergemeinschaftung, and Vergesellschaftung, which are the gerund forms of the German words.[12] Weber's distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft is highlighted in the essay "Classes, Stände, Parties",[13] which is the basis for Weber's three-component theory of stratification.

Having put forward his conception of the Gemeinschaft–Gesellschaft dichotomy, Tönnies was drawn into a sharp polemic with Émile Durkheim. In a review of Tönnies's book in 1889, Durkheim interpreted Gemeinschaft as having mechanical solidarity, and Gesellschaft as having organic solidarity, reproaching Tönnies for considering the second type of social organisation artificial and not expanding on the transition from the one type to the other. Durkheim stated that Tönnies's approach to understanding Gesellschaft was "completely ideological" but that "one cannot fail to recognize in this book truly forceful thinking and an uncommon power of organization."[14]: 1198–1199  Tönnies did not agree with Durkheim's interpretation of his views, and in turn, when reviewing Durkheim's The Division of Labour in Society (1896), wrote that Durkheim failed to deal critically enough with the division of labor and that Durkheim's whole sociology was a modification of Spencer's (who had his own dichotomy between what he called the "militant society" and the "industrial society").[14]

In World War I propaganda self-sacrificing (virtuous) women were portrayed as the heart of the Gemeinschaft by providing the model for the dutiful wartime home maker supporting the war effort by sending their men (husbands and sons) to serve in the war, and maintaining the home in their absence. (In the wartime propaganda this "virtuous woman" was an ideal contrasted to less desirable archetypes that was presented as immoral or unethical women).[15]

Globalization edit

Eric Hobsbawm argued that, as globalization turns the entire planet into an increasingly remote kind of Gesellschaft, so too collective identity politics seeks for a fictitious remaking of the qualities of Gemeinschaft by artificially reforging group bonds and identities.[1]

Fredric Jameson highlights the ambivalent envy felt by those constructed by Gesellschaft for remaining enclaves of Gemeinschaft, even as they inevitably corrode their existence.[16]

Outside sociology edit

In business usage, Gesellschaft is the German term for "company", as in Aktiengesellschaft or Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). "Gemeinschaft" is used to identify groups which have or are claimed to have a more "mutual" element of affective loyalty. One important usage is in the German name for the European Economic Community, Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft.

The German phrase for "mutual insurance company" includes both words, "mutual" and "company." In the 1980s, the Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company, headquartered in the German-American city of Frankenmuth, Michigan, released various promotional items such as matchbooks, featuring, in a traditional German Fraktur font, a translation of their company's name, "Frankenmuth Gemeinschafts Versicherungs Gesellschaft."

Latest edition edit

  • Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. 1880-1935., hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2).

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Eric Hobsbawm, Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (2007), p. 93.
  2. ^ a b Weber 1968, p. 4, and 40-43.
  3. ^ Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft), New York: American Book Co.; in 1955 as Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft[sic]), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as Community and Society, East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in Handwörterbuch der Soziologie (Stuttgart, Enke V.).
  4. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1889). Tönnies, Ferdinand (ed.). The Elements of Law Natural and Politic. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
  5. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1889). Tönnies, Ferdinand (ed.). Behemoth or the Long Parliament. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
  6. ^ Hont, Istvan (2015). Kapossy, Béla; Sonenscher, Michael (eds.). Politics in Commercial Society: Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP. p. 6.
  7. ^ Published with a more abstract subtitle Basic Terms of Pure Sociology (In German: "Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie").
  8. ^ In German: Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen
  9. ^ The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.
  10. ^ Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert. Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221.
  11. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 288.
  12. ^ For more discussion see Waters and Waters 2015:3-6, in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan
  13. ^ Weber 2015:37-58 in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters eds. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan
  14. ^ a b Aldous, Joan; Durkheim, Émile; Tönnies, Ferdinand (May 1972). "An Exchange Between Durkheim and Tönnies on the Nature of Social Relations, with an Introduction by Joan Aldous". American Journal of Sociology. 77 (6): 1191. doi:10.1086/225264. S2CID 145630674.
  15. ^ Kingsbury, Celia Malone (2010). For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 68–71.
  16. ^ M. Hardt/K. Weeks ed., The Jameson Reader (2000) p. 145

References edit

  • Ferdinand Tönnies (ed. Jose Harris), Community and Civil Society, Cambridge University Press (2001), hardcover, 266 pages, ISBN 0-521-56119-1; trade paperback, Cambridge University Press (2001), 266 pages, ISBN 0-521-56782-3
  • Ferdinand Tönnies, Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe {TG}, critical edition, 24 vols., tom. II (forthcoming), ed. Lars Clausen, Alexander Deichsel et al., Berlin/New York (de Gruyter): 1998– ), see external weblink .
  • Waters, Tony (2016). Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Societies. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos0770
  • Waters, Tony, and Waters Dagmar. "The new Zeppelin University translation of Weber's 'Class, Status, Party'" Journal of Classical Sociology 10.2 (2010): 153-158.
  • Weber, Max "The distribution of power within the community: Classes, Stände, Parties." Journal of classical sociology [1468-795X] Waters, Dagmar, et al. 2010 vol:10 iss:2 pg:137 -152
  • Weber, Max. Economy and Society, ed. Guenter Roth and Claus Wittich. University of California Press (1921/1968/1978).
  • Weber, Max. Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification, ed. and trans. Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. New York: Palsgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137373539
  • Emile Durkheim. A review of Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.
    Joan Aldous, Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies. An Exchange Between Durkheim and Tonnies on the Nature of Social Relations, with an Introduction by Joan Aldous // American Journal of Sociology Vol. 77, No. 6 (May, 1972), pp. 1191-1200.

April 09, 2024
gemeinschaft, gesellschaft, gemeinschaft, german, pronunciation, ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft, gesellschaft, ɡəˈzɛlʃaft, generally, translated, community, society, categories, which, were, used, german, sociologist, ferdinand, tönnies, order, categorize, social, relationships,. Gemeinschaft German pronunciation ɡeˈmaɪnʃaft and Gesellschaft ɡeˈzɛlʃaft generally translated as community and society are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies in order to categorize social relationships into two types 1 The Gesellschaft is associated with modern society and rational self interest which weakens the traditional bonds of family and local community that typify the Gemeinschaft Max Weber a founding figure in sociology also wrote extensively about the relationship between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Weber wrote in direct response to Tonnies 2 1 Contents 1 Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft dichotomy 2 Globalization 3 Outside sociology 4 Latest edition 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesGemeinschaft Gesellschaft dichotomy editAccording to the dichotomy social ties can be categorized on one hand as belonging to personal social interactions and the roles values and beliefs based on such interactions Gemeinschaft German commonly translated as community or on the other hand as belonging to indirect interactions impersonal roles formal values and beliefs based on such interactions Gesellschaft German commonly translated as society as in association corporation including company modern state and academia 3 The Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft dichotomy was proposed by Tonnies as a purely conceptual tool rather than as an ideal type in the way it was used by Max Weber to accentuate the key elements of a historical social change Tonnies was a Thomas Hobbes scholar he edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes s The Elements of Law 4 and Leviathan 5 It was his study of Hobbes that encouraged Tonnies to devote himself wholly to the philosophy of history and the philosophy of law And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes s concepts of concord and union 6 The second edition published in 1912 of the work in which Tonnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success 7 after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture 8 Seven more German editions followed the last in 1935 9 and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre 1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar The book sparked a revival of corporatist thinking including the rise of neo medievalism the rise of support for guild socialism and caused major changes in the field of sociology 10 The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as Georg Simmel Emile Durkheim and Max Weber 11 The concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft were also used by Max Weber in Economy and Society which was first published in 1921 Weber wrote in direct response to Tonnies 2 and argued that Gemeinschaft is rooted in a subjective feeling that may be affectual or traditional Gesellschaft based relationships according to Weber are rooted in rational agreement by mutual consent the best example of which is a commercial contract To emphasize the fluidity and amorphousness of the relationship between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Weber modified the terms in German to Vergemeinschaftung and Vergesellschaftung which are the gerund forms of the German words 12 Weber s distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft is highlighted in the essay Classes Stande Parties 13 which is the basis for Weber s three component theory of stratification Having put forward his conception of the Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft dichotomy Tonnies was drawn into a sharp polemic with Emile Durkheim In a review of Tonnies s book in 1889 Durkheim interpreted Gemeinschaft as having mechanical solidarity and Gesellschaft as having organic solidarity reproaching Tonnies for considering the second type of social organisation artificial and not expanding on the transition from the one type to the other Durkheim stated that Tonnies s approach to understanding Gesellschaft was completely ideological but that one cannot fail to recognize in this book truly forceful thinking and an uncommon power of organization 14 1198 1199 Tonnies did not agree with Durkheim s interpretation of his views and in turn when reviewing Durkheim s The Division of Labour in Society 1896 wrote that Durkheim failed to deal critically enough with the division of labor and that Durkheim s whole sociology was a modification of Spencer s who had his own dichotomy between what he called the militant society and the industrial society 14 In World War I propaganda self sacrificing virtuous women were portrayed as the heart of the Gemeinschaft by providing the model for the dutiful wartime home maker supporting the war effort by sending their men husbands and sons to serve in the war and maintaining the home in their absence In the wartime propaganda this virtuous woman was an ideal contrasted to less desirable archetypes that was presented as immoral or unethical women 15 Globalization editEric Hobsbawm argued that as globalization turns the entire planet into an increasingly remote kind of Gesellschaft so too collective identity politics seeks for a fictitious remaking of the qualities of Gemeinschaft by artificially reforging group bonds and identities 1 Fredric Jameson highlights the ambivalent envy felt by those constructed by Gesellschaft for remaining enclaves of Gemeinschaft even as they inevitably corrode their existence 16 Outside sociology editIn business usage Gesellschaft is the German term for company as in Aktiengesellschaft or Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung GmbH Gemeinschaft is used to identify groups which have or are claimed to have a more mutual element of affective loyalty One important usage is in the German name for the European Economic Community Europaische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft The German phrase for mutual insurance company includes both words mutual and company In the 1980s the Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company headquartered in the German American city of Frankenmuth Michigan released various promotional items such as matchbooks featuring in a traditional German Fraktur font a translation of their company s name Frankenmuth Gemeinschafts Versicherungs Gesellschaft Latest edition editGemeinschaft und Gesellschaft 1880 1935 hrsg v Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach De Gruyter Berlin Boston 2019 Ferdinand Tonnies Gesamtausgabe Band 2 See also edit nbsp Society portalAntipositivism Collaborative innovation network Mechanical and organic solidarity Normal type Reflexivity social theory Social action Structure and agency Verstehen VolksgemeinschaftNotes edit a b Eric Hobsbawm Globalisation Democracy and Terrorism 2007 p 93 a b Weber 1968 p 4 and 40 43 Tonnies Ferdinand 1887 Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft Leipzig Fues s Verlag An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P Loomis appeared in 1940 as Fundamental Concepts of Sociology Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft New York American Book Co in 1955 as Community and Association Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft sic London Routledge amp Kegan Paul and in 1957 as Community and Society East Lansing Michigan State U P Loomis includes as an Introduction representing Tonnies most recent thinking his 1931 article Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft in Handworterbuch der Soziologie Stuttgart Enke V Hobbes Thomas 1889 Tonnies Ferdinand ed The Elements of Law Natural and Politic London Simpkin Marshall amp Co Hobbes Thomas 1889 Tonnies Ferdinand ed Behemoth or the Long Parliament London Simpkin Marshall amp Co Hont Istvan 2015 Kapossy Bela Sonenscher Michael eds Politics in Commercial Society Jean Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith Cambridge MA Harvard UP p 6 Published with a more abstract subtitle Basic Terms of Pure Sociology In German Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie In German Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt Peter F Klaren Thomas J Bossert Promise of development theories of change in Latin America Boulder Colorado USA Westview Press 1986 P 221 Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 288 For more discussion see Waters and Waters 2015 3 6 in Weber s Rationalism and Modern Society New York Palsgrave MacMillan Weber 2015 37 58 in Weber s Rationalism and Modern Society Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters eds New York Palsgrave MacMillan a b Aldous Joan Durkheim Emile Tonnies Ferdinand May 1972 An Exchange Between Durkheim and Tonnies on the Nature of Social Relations with an Introduction by Joan Aldous American Journal of Sociology 77 6 1191 doi 10 1086 225264 S2CID 145630674 Kingsbury Celia Malone 2010 For Home and Country World War I Propaganda on the Home Front University of Nebraska Press pp 68 71 M Hardt K Weeks ed The Jameson Reader 2000 p 145References editFerdinand Tonnies ed Jose Harris Community and Civil Society Cambridge University Press 2001 hardcover 266 pages ISBN 0 521 56119 1 trade paperback Cambridge University Press 2001 266 pages ISBN 0 521 56782 3 Ferdinand Tonnies Ferdinand Tonnies Gesamtausgabe TG critical edition 24 vols tom II forthcoming ed Lars Clausen Alexander Deichsel et al Berlin New York de Gruyter 1998 see external weblink Verlagsinformationen Waters Tony 2016 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Societies The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology https doi org 10 1002 9781405165518 wbeos0770 Waters Tony and Waters Dagmar The new Zeppelin University translation of Weber s Class Status Party Journal of Classical Sociology10 2 2010 153 158 Weber Max The distribution of power within the community Classes Stande Parties Journal of classical sociology 1468 795X Waters Dagmar et al 2010 vol 10 iss 2 pg 137 152 Weber Max Economy and Society ed Guenter Roth and Claus Wittich University of California Press 1921 1968 1978 Weber Max Weber s Rationalism and Modern Society New Translations on Politics Bureaucracy and Social Stratification ed and trans Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters New York Palsgrave Macmillan ISBN 1137373539 Emile Durkheim A review of Ferdinand Tonnies Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft Joan Aldous Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies An Exchange Between Durkheim and Tonnies on the Nature of Social Relations with an Introduction by Joan Aldous American Journal of Sociology Vol 77 No 6 May 1972 pp 1191 1200 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft amp oldid 1214160647, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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