Geotrichum candidum is also a frequent member of the human microbiome, notably associated with skin, sputum and feces where it occurs in 25-30% of specimens.[2][3] The fungus can cause an infection known as geotrichosis, affecting the oral, bronchial, skin and bronchopulmonary epithelia.[2] The inoculum may arise from endogenous or exogenous sources.[citation needed]
In 1847 Bennett described Geotrichum candidum causing a superinfection in the tuberculous cavity.[4][5] Bennett was able to differentiate infection by Geotrichum candidum from candidiasis, and diagnose the first case of geotrichosis. Other early medical case reports in 1916 and 1928 also described lung infections.[4] Most cases affect the bronchopulmonary tree, although other sites can be involved, such as oral mucosa and vagina.[4] Skin and gut infections are also known.[4] Reported cases of geotrichosis have been characterized with symptoms of chronic or acute bronchitis. Exogenous geotrichosis may arise from contact with contaminated soil, fruits or dairy products.[6]
Pulmonary geotrichosis is the most frequent form of geotrichosis. The symptoms appear to be secondary symptoms of tuberculosis. This includes symptoms such as light, thick, grey sputum,[4] which in some cases may be blood-tinged.[4][7] Patients often have a cough that produces clear or yellow sputum.[8] Another symptom of pulmonary geotrichosis includes fine to medium rales.[4] Patients may develop fever, rapid pulse and leukocytosis.[7] The condition appears chronic with the presence of a little debilitation and fever.[4] There is no chest pain and occasional wheezing can occur.[7]
Bronchial geotrichosis does not involve the lung instead the disease persists within the bronchial. Geotrichum candidum grows in the lumen of the bronchi. The disease is characterized as an endobronchial infection. Bronchial geotrichosis is similar to the allergic reaction of aspergillosis. Symptoms include prominent chronic cough,[7] gelatinous sputum, lack of fever and medium to coarse rales.[4] Patients with the bronchial condition their pulse and respiration are rarely elevated.[7] Fine mottling may be present in the middle or basilar pulmonary region. Colonization of the bronchi can be associated with Candida albicans and usually occur with patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.[4]
Oral and vaginal geotrichosis is similar to thrush in its appearances and was often confused with this infection. The difference between oral and vaginal geotrichosis can be determined using microscope analysis.[4] The infected area forms a white plaque and patients usually report burning sensation in the affected areas.[9] The vaginal geotrichosis is more common in pregnant women and is often associated with vaginitis.[4]
Gastrointestinal geotrichosis is enterocolitis associated with glutamic therapy. The symptoms usually stop once the glutamic therapy is discontinued. Establishment of the etiology of the fungi is difficult since G. candidum is found within the gut normal flora. The difference between normal gut flora form and the disease causing form is the production of toxins.[4]
Cutaneous geotrichosis has two different types of variants which include superficial and deep infection. The superficial form the infection occurs on skin folds including submammary, inguinal, perianal and interdigital folds. The deep form develops nodules, tumours and ulcers on legs, face and hands.[9] Geotrichosis can cause a cystic lesion appears as soft tissue on the skin.[4]
Diagnosis
Laboratory culture
The diagnoses of geotrichosis cannot be determined without using culture or microscopic measurements.[5] The laboratory diagnosis of geotrichosis involves collected fungi samples areas of infections without contamination.[6] Scraping of the mouth lesions and the ulcers can provide a sample of G. candidum. Samples can also be collected from pus and mucus can be obtained from the feces.[5] Sputum can be searched for the mucoid-like white flakes for further examination.[6][5] Culturing the cylindrical barrel-shaped or elliptical fungi in considerable numbers in oral lesions is an indicator that a patient may have geotrichosis.[6] Under the microscope the fungi appears yeast-like and septate branching hyphae that can be broken down into chains or individual arthrospores. Arthrospores appear rectangular with flat or rounded ends.[3][5] Under the microscope the arthroconidia size range from 6-12μm x 3-6μm. Arthroconidia and coarse true hyphae can be observed can be observed under the microscope.[3] Another identification method for G. candidum is selective isolation method. A selection isolation method based on the fungi tolerance to novobiocin and carbon dioxide can determine if G. candidum is the cause of illness.[2]
Diagnostic imaging
X-rays can be used to examine the lung tissue, however it can not be used to positively diagnose geotrichosis. X-rays may show cavitation that is located the walls of the lungs tissues. The lung tissue resemble the early signs of tuberculosis.[5] The results of an x-ray examination of pulmonary geotrichosis presents smooth, dense patchy infiltrations and some cavities. Bronchial geotrichosis shows peribronchial thickening with fine mottling may be present on middle or basilar pulmonary fields.[4] Bronchial geotrichosis usually present itself as non-specific diffuse peribronchical infiltration.[7]
Treatment
Geotrichosis generally has a good prognosis and patients generally have successful recovery.[10] However, there is not a standard treatment for geotrichosis.[3] There are several types of antimicrobial or antifungal compounds that can be used for geotrichosis treatment.[11] Another method of treatment involves symptomatic care, bed rest, iodine therapy,[5] aerosol nystatin and amphotericin B.[4] Azole drugs including isoconazole and clotrimazole are used for geotrichosis treatment.[11] Associated treatment for pulmonary geotrichosis includes the use of potassium iodide, sulfonamides or colistin.[10] The associated asthma can be treated with desensitization and prednisolone.[10][4] Amphotericin B, clotrimazole and S-fluorocytosine have become more susceptible to G. candidum. Antimycotic resistance can appear due to repeated treatment.[11]
References
^James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN0-7216-2921-0.
^ abcDomsch, K.H.; W. Gams, W.; Andersen, T.H. (1980). Compendium of soil fungi (2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN9780122204029.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcd. Doctor Fungus. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqRippon, John Willard (1988). Medical Mycology : The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. ISBN0721624448.
^ abcdefgMoss, Emma Sadler; A.L. McQuown (1969). Atlas of Medical Mycology (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Md: The Williams & Wilkins Company. ISBN978-0683060867.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdBoutrou, R; Gueguen, M (2005). "Interests in Geotrichum candidum for Cheese Technology". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 102 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.028. PMID 15924999.
^ abcdefWebser, B. H. (1 March 1959). "Bronchopulmonary Geotrichosis: A Review with Report of Four Cases". Chest. 35 (3): 273–281. doi:10.1378/chest.35.3.273. PMID 13630207.
^Bell, D; Brodie, J; Henderson, A (1962). "A Case of Pulmonary Geotrichosis". Chest. 56 (26): 26–29. doi:10.1016/s0007-0971(62)80031-x. PMID 13866795.
^ abVázquez-González, Denisse; Perusquía-Ortiz, Ana María; Hundeiker, Max; Bonifaz, Alexandro (2013). "Opportunistic Yeast Infections: Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Trichosporonosis and Geotrichosis". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 11 (5): 381–394. doi:10.1111/ddg.12097. PMID 23621330.
^ abcKwon-Chung, K.J.; Bennett, J.E.; Bennett, John E. (1992). Medical mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ISBN0812114639.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcPottier, I.; Gente, S.; Vernoux, J. P.; Gueguen, M. (2008). "Safety Assessment of Dairy Microorganisms: Geotrichum candidum". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 126 (3): 327–332. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.021. PMID 17869364.
External links
August 24, 2023
geotrichosis, mycosis, caused, geotrichum, candidum, specialtyinfectious, diseases, contents, human, colonization, disease, diagnosis, laboratory, culture, diagnostic, imaging, treatment, references, external, linkshuman, colonization, disease, editgeotrichum,. Geotrichosis is a mycosis caused by Geotrichum candidum 1 311 GeotrichosisSpecialtyInfectious diseases Contents 1 Human colonization and disease 2 Diagnosis 2 1 Laboratory culture 2 2 Diagnostic imaging 3 Treatment 4 References 5 External linksHuman colonization and disease EditGeotrichum candidum is also a frequent member of the human microbiome notably associated with skin sputum and feces where it occurs in 25 30 of specimens 2 3 The fungus can cause an infection known as geotrichosis affecting the oral bronchial skin and bronchopulmonary epithelia 2 The inoculum may arise from endogenous or exogenous sources citation needed In 1847 Bennett described Geotrichum candidum causing a superinfection in the tuberculous cavity 4 5 Bennett was able to differentiate infection by Geotrichum candidum from candidiasis and diagnose the first case of geotrichosis Other early medical case reports in 1916 and 1928 also described lung infections 4 Most cases affect the bronchopulmonary tree although other sites can be involved such as oral mucosa and vagina 4 Skin and gut infections are also known 4 Reported cases of geotrichosis have been characterized with symptoms of chronic or acute bronchitis Exogenous geotrichosis may arise from contact with contaminated soil fruits or dairy products 6 Pulmonary geotrichosis is the most frequent form of geotrichosis The symptoms appear to be secondary symptoms of tuberculosis This includes symptoms such as light thick grey sputum 4 which in some cases may be blood tinged 4 7 Patients often have a cough that produces clear or yellow sputum 8 Another symptom of pulmonary geotrichosis includes fine to medium rales 4 Patients may develop fever rapid pulse and leukocytosis 7 The condition appears chronic with the presence of a little debilitation and fever 4 There is no chest pain and occasional wheezing can occur 7 Bronchial geotrichosis does not involve the lung instead the disease persists within the bronchial Geotrichum candidum grows in the lumen of the bronchi The disease is characterized as an endobronchial infection Bronchial geotrichosis is similar to the allergic reaction of aspergillosis Symptoms include prominent chronic cough 7 gelatinous sputum lack of fever and medium to coarse rales 4 Patients with the bronchial condition their pulse and respiration are rarely elevated 7 Fine mottling may be present in the middle or basilar pulmonary region Colonization of the bronchi can be associated with Candida albicans and usually occur with patients with chronic obstructive lung disease 4 Oral and vaginal geotrichosis is similar to thrush in its appearances and was often confused with this infection The difference between oral and vaginal geotrichosis can be determined using microscope analysis 4 The infected area forms a white plaque and patients usually report burning sensation in the affected areas 9 The vaginal geotrichosis is more common in pregnant women and is often associated with vaginitis 4 Gastrointestinal geotrichosis is enterocolitis associated with glutamic therapy The symptoms usually stop once the glutamic therapy is discontinued Establishment of the etiology of the fungi is difficult since G candidum is found within the gut normal flora The difference between normal gut flora form and the disease causing form is the production of toxins 4 Cutaneous geotrichosis has two different types of variants which include superficial and deep infection The superficial form the infection occurs on skin folds including submammary inguinal perianal and interdigital folds The deep form develops nodules tumours and ulcers on legs face and hands 9 Geotrichosis can cause a cystic lesion appears as soft tissue on the skin 4 Diagnosis EditLaboratory culture Edit The diagnoses of geotrichosis cannot be determined without using culture or microscopic measurements 5 The laboratory diagnosis of geotrichosis involves collected fungi samples areas of infections without contamination 6 Scraping of the mouth lesions and the ulcers can provide a sample of G candidum Samples can also be collected from pus and mucus can be obtained from the feces 5 Sputum can be searched for the mucoid like white flakes for further examination 6 5 Culturing the cylindrical barrel shaped or elliptical fungi in considerable numbers in oral lesions is an indicator that a patient may have geotrichosis 6 Under the microscope the fungi appears yeast like and septate branching hyphae that can be broken down into chains or individual arthrospores Arthrospores appear rectangular with flat or rounded ends 3 5 Under the microscope the arthroconidia size range from 6 12mm x 3 6mm Arthroconidia and coarse true hyphae can be observed can be observed under the microscope 3 Another identification method for G candidum is selective isolation method A selection isolation method based on the fungi tolerance to novobiocin and carbon dioxide can determine if G candidum is the cause of illness 2 Diagnostic imaging Edit X rays can be used to examine the lung tissue however it can not be used to positively diagnose geotrichosis X rays may show cavitation that is located the walls of the lungs tissues The lung tissue resemble the early signs of tuberculosis 5 The results of an x ray examination of pulmonary geotrichosis presents smooth dense patchy infiltrations and some cavities Bronchial geotrichosis shows peribronchial thickening with fine mottling may be present on middle or basilar pulmonary fields 4 Bronchial geotrichosis usually present itself as non specific diffuse peribronchical infiltration 7 Treatment EditGeotrichosis generally has a good prognosis and patients generally have successful recovery 10 However there is not a standard treatment for geotrichosis 3 There are several types of antimicrobial or antifungal compounds that can be used for geotrichosis treatment 11 Another method of treatment involves symptomatic care bed rest iodine therapy 5 aerosol nystatin and amphotericin B 4 Azole drugs including isoconazole and clotrimazole are used for geotrichosis treatment 11 Associated treatment for pulmonary geotrichosis includes the use of potassium iodide sulfonamides or colistin 10 The associated asthma can be treated with desensitization and prednisolone 10 4 Amphotericin B clotrimazole and S fluorocytosine have become more susceptible to G candidum Antimycotic resistance can appear due to repeated treatment 11 References Edit James William D Berger Timothy G et al 2006 Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology Saunders Elsevier ISBN 0 7216 2921 0 a b c Domsch K H W Gams W Andersen T H 1980 Compendium of soil fungi 2nd ed London UK Academic Press ISBN 9780122204029 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d Geotrichum spp Doctor Fungus Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 Retrieved 27 October 2014 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rippon John Willard 1988 Medical Mycology The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes 3rd ed Philadelphia PA Saunders ISBN 0721624448 a b c d e f g Moss Emma Sadler A L McQuown 1969 Atlas of Medical Mycology 3rd ed Baltimore Md The Williams amp Wilkins Company ISBN 978 0683060867 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d Boutrou R Gueguen M 2005 Interests in Geotrichum candidum for Cheese Technology International Journal of Food Microbiology 102 1 1 20 doi 10 1016 j ijfoodmicro 2004 12 028 PMID 15924999 a b c d e f Webser B H 1 March 1959 Bronchopulmonary Geotrichosis A Review with Report of Four Cases Chest 35 3 273 281 doi 10 1378 chest 35 3 273 PMID 13630207 Bell D Brodie J Henderson A 1962 A Case of Pulmonary Geotrichosis Chest 56 26 26 29 doi 10 1016 s0007 0971 62 80031 x PMID 13866795 a b Vazquez Gonzalez Denisse Perusquia Ortiz Ana Maria Hundeiker Max Bonifaz Alexandro 2013 Opportunistic Yeast Infections Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Trichosporonosis and Geotrichosis JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 11 5 381 394 doi 10 1111 ddg 12097 PMID 23621330 a b c Kwon Chung K J Bennett J E Bennett John E 1992 Medical mycology Philadelphia Lea amp Febiger ISBN 0812114639 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Pottier I Gente S Vernoux J P Gueguen M 2008 Safety Assessment of Dairy Microorganisms Geotrichum candidum International Journal of Food Microbiology 126 3 327 332 doi 10 1016 j ijfoodmicro 2007 08 021 PMID 17869364 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geotrichosis amp oldid 1169316415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
