By using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker, he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound. Because of the structure of the cochlea and the basilar membrane, different frequencies of sound cause the maximum amplitudes of the waves to occur at different places on the basilar membrane along the coil of the cochlea.[2] High frequencies cause more vibration at the base of the cochlea while low frequencies create more vibration at the apex.[3]
He concluded that his observations showed how different sound wave frequencies are locally dispersed before exciting different nerve fibers that lead from the cochlea to the brain.
Békésy was born on 3 June 1899 in Budapest, Hungary, as the first of three children (György 1899, Lola 1901 and Miklós 1903) to Sándor Békésy (1860–1923), an economic diplomat, and to his mother Paula Mazaly.
The Békésy family was originally Reformed but converted to Catholicism.[5] His mother, Paula Mazaly (1877–1974) was born in Szagolyca (now Čađavica, Croatia). His maternal grandfather was from Pécs.[6] His father was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania).
Békésy went to school in Budapest, Munich, and Zürich. He studied chemistry in Bern and received his PhD in physics on the subject: "Fast way of determining molecular weight" from the University of Budapest in 1926.
He then spent one year working in an engineering firm. He published his first paper on the pattern of vibrations of the inner ear in 1928. He was offered a position at Uppsala University by Róbert Bárány, which he declined because of the hard Swedish winters.
Before and during World War II, Békésy worked for the Hungarian Post Office (1923 to 1946), where he did research on telecommunications signal quality. This research led him to become interested in the workings of the ear. In 1946, he left Hungary to follow this line of research at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.
He became a well-known expert in Asian art. He had a large collection which he donated to the Nobel Foundation in Sweden. His brother, Dr. Miklós Békésy (1903-1980), stayed in Hungary and became a famous agrobiologist who was awarded the Kossuth Prize.
ResearchEdit
Békésy contributed most notably to our understanding of the mechanism by which sound frequencies are registered in the inner ear. He developed a method for dissecting the inner ear of human cadavers while leaving the cochlea partly intact. By using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker, he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound. Because of the structure of the cochlea and the basilar membrane, different frequencies of sound cause the maximum amplitudes of the waves to occur at different places on the basilar membrane along the coil of the cochlea.[2] High frequencies cause more vibration at the base of the cochlea while low frequencies create more vibration at the apex.[3]
Békésy concluded from these observations that by exciting different locations on the basilar membrane different sound wave frequencies excite different nerve fibers that lead from the cochlea to the brain. He theorized that, due to its placement along the cochlea, each sensory cell (hair cell) responds maximally to a specific frequency of sound (the so-called tonotopy). Békésy later developed a mechanical model of the cochlea, which confirmed the concept of frequency dispersion by the basilar membrane in the mammalian cochlea.[2]
In an article published posthumously in 1974, Békésy reviewed progress in the field, remarking "In time, I came to the conclusion that the dehydrated cats and the application of Fourier analysis to hearing problems became more and more a handicap for research in hearing,"[8] referring to the difficulties in getting animal preparations to behave as when alive, and the misleading common interpretations of Fourier analysis in hearing research.
AwardsEdit
Békésy's honours include:
The Denker Prize in Otology (1931), The Leibniz Medal of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (1937), The Guyot Prize for Speech and Otology of Groningen University (1939), The Academy Award of the Budapest Academy of Science (1946), Shambough Prize in Otology (1950).
Honorary doctorates (M.D.) were conferred on him by the University of Munster (1955), Bern (1959), Padua (1962), Buenos Aires (1968), Cordoba (1968), Hawaii (1969) and Semmelweiss University, Budapest (1969).
^ abcGoldstein, B. 2001. Sensation and Perception, 6th ed. London: Wadsworth.
^ abLera Boroditsky. (1999) "Hearing I: Lecture Notes." pp. 3
^Stevens, S. S. (September 1972). "Georg von Békésy". Physics Today. 25 (9): 78–80. Bibcode:1972PhT....25i..78S. doi:10.1063/1.3071029. Archived from the original on 2013-09-24.
^"List of Members". www.leopoldina.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^Georg von Békésy (1974), "Some Biophysical Experiments from Fifty Years Ago", Annual Review of Physiology, 36: 1–16, doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.36.030174.000245, ISBN978-0-8243-0336-5, PMID 19143520
Further readingEdit
Czeizel, Andrew E. (2004), "Famous Hungarian physicians", Lancet, vol. 364, no. 9434, pp. 581–2, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16847-5, PMID 15313356, S2CID 33881114
Evans, Rand B. (2003), "Georg von Békésy: visualization of hearing", The American Psychologist (published Sep 2003), vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 742–6, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.742, PMID 14584991
Raju, T. N. (1999), "The Nobel chronicles. 1961: Georg von Békésy (1899–1972)", Lancet (published Jul 3, 1999), vol. 354, no. 9172, p. 80, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75353-8, PMID 10406402, S2CID 53267367
Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R A (1993), "Georg von Békésy—audiology and the cochlea", Mayo Clin. Proc. (published Jul 1993), vol. 68, no. 7, p. 706, doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60608-9, PMID 8350644
Tonndorf, J. (1986), "Georg von Békésy and his work", Hear. Res., vol. 22, no. 1–3, pp. 3–10, doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90067-5, PMID 3525485, S2CID 4777001
Bernhard, C. G. (1986), "Georg von Békésy and the Karolinska Institute", Hear. Res., vol. 22, no. 1–3, pp. 13–7, doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90069-9, PMID 3525483, S2CID 4764443
"Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 63. Cellular mechanisms in hearing (en hommage à Georg von Békésy). Karlskoga, 2–6 September 1985", Hear. Res., vol. 22, pp. 1–326, 1986, PMID 3525481
Tonndorf, J. (1974), "In memoriam Georg von Békésy 1899–1972", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (published Mar 1974), vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 576–7, Bibcode:1974ASAJ...55..576T, doi:10.1121/1.1914566, PMID 4594785
Glorig, A. (1973), "Georg von Békésy 1899–1972", Audiology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 540–1, doi:10.3109/00206097309071667, PMID 4582926
Keidel, W. D. (1973), "In memorian Professor Dr. phil. Dr. med. h.c. Georg v. Békésy", Kybernetik (published Feb 1973), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 116–8, doi:10.1007/BF00272468, PMID 4571620, S2CID 28719612
Ratliff, F. (1973), "Georg von Békésy", Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale (published Jan 29, 1973), vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 219–20, doi:10.1007/BF00233326, PMID 4568685, S2CID 41518453
Keidel, W. D. (1973), "[In memoriam Professor Dr.phil.Dr.med.h.c. Georg von Békésy]", Zeitschrift für Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie und ihre Grenzgebiete (published Jan 1973), vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–6, PMID 4567951
Davis, H. (1972), "Georg von Békésy, 1899–1972", Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. (published Oct 1972), vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 750–1, doi:10.1177/000348947208100518, PMID 4568444, S2CID 76801257
Zwislocki, J. J. (1972), "Georg von Békésy, 1899–1972", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (published Oct 1972), vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1094–5, PMID 4563147
"Georg von Beksey", ASHA, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 513, Sep 1972, ISSN 0001-2475, PMID 4560564
Tonndorf, J. (1972), "[Obituary for Georg von Békésy (1899–1972)]", Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ohren- Nasen- und Kehlkopfheilkunde, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 81–5, doi:10.1007/BF00344566, PMID 4564741, S2CID 21275843
"The American Speech and Hearing Association presents the honors of the Association", ASHA (published Jun 1967), vol. 9, no. 6, p. 222, 1967, PMID 5343023
Bernhard, C. G. (1962), "Presentation of the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine (1961) to George von BEKESY", Transactions of the American Otological Society, vol. 50, pp. 332–6, PMID 13971073
Keidel, W. D. (1961), "[G. von BEKESY Nobel prize winner 1961.]", Zeitschrift für Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie und ihre Grenzgebiete (published Dec 1961), vol. 40, pp. 885–8, PMID 14037041
Palva, T. (1961), "[The 1961 Nobel prize in medical science and physiology (Georg von BEKESY).]", Duodecim; Lääketieteellinen Aikakauskirja, vol. 77, pp. 791–2, PMID 14037251
External linksEdit
Wikiquote has quotations related to Georg von Békésy.
Georg von Békésy on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1961 Concerning the Pleasures of Observing, and the Mechanics of the Inner Ear
Georg von Békésy page at the Pacific Biosciences Research Center
Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology website
Békésy art collection
My experiences in different laboratories, autobiographical speech by von Békésy
The Ear Pages game
October 15, 2023
georg, békésy, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 2007. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Georg von Bekesy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The native form of this personal name is Bekesy Gyorgy This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals Georg von Bekesy Hungarian Bekesy Gyorgy pronounced ˈbeːkeːʃi ˈɟorɟ 3 June 1899 13 June 1972 was a Hungarian American biophysicist 1 Georg von BekesyBekesy in 1961BornGyorgy Bekesy 1899 06 03 3 June 1899Budapest Kingdom of HungaryDied13 June 1972 1972 06 13 aged 73 Honolulu Hawaii U S CitizenshipHungaryU S EducationUniversity of BernKnown forCochleaParentsSandor Bekesy father Paula Mazaly mother AwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 ASA Gold Medal 1961 Scientific careerFieldsBiophysicsBy using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound Because of the structure of the cochlea and the basilar membrane different frequencies of sound cause the maximum amplitudes of the waves to occur at different places on the basilar membrane along the coil of the cochlea 2 High frequencies cause more vibration at the base of the cochlea while low frequencies create more vibration at the apex 3 He concluded that his observations showed how different sound wave frequencies are locally dispersed before exciting different nerve fibers that lead from the cochlea to the brain In 1961 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ 4 Contents 1 Biography 2 Research 3 Awards 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksBiography Edit nbsp Georg von Bekesy in 1918Bekesy was born on 3 June 1899 in Budapest Hungary as the first of three children Gyorgy 1899 Lola 1901 and Miklos 1903 to Sandor Bekesy 1860 1923 an economic diplomat and to his mother Paula Mazaly The Bekesy family was originally Reformed but converted to Catholicism 5 His mother Paula Mazaly 1877 1974 was born in Szagolyca now Cađavica Croatia His maternal grandfather was from Pecs 6 His father was born in Kolozsvar now Cluj Napoca Romania Bekesy went to school in Budapest Munich and Zurich He studied chemistry in Bern and received his PhD in physics on the subject Fast way of determining molecular weight from the University of Budapest in 1926 He then spent one year working in an engineering firm He published his first paper on the pattern of vibrations of the inner ear in 1928 He was offered a position at Uppsala University by Robert Barany which he declined because of the hard Swedish winters Before and during World War II Bekesy worked for the Hungarian Post Office 1923 to 1946 where he did research on telecommunications signal quality This research led him to become interested in the workings of the ear In 1946 he left Hungary to follow this line of research at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden In 1947 he moved to the United States working at Harvard University until 1966 In 1962 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 7 After his lab was destroyed by fire in 1965 he was invited to lead a research laboratory of sense organs in Honolulu Hawaii He became a professor at the University of Hawaii in 1966 and died in Honolulu He became a well known expert in Asian art He had a large collection which he donated to the Nobel Foundation in Sweden His brother Dr Miklos Bekesy 1903 1980 stayed in Hungary and became a famous agrobiologist who was awarded the Kossuth Prize Research EditBekesy contributed most notably to our understanding of the mechanism by which sound frequencies are registered in the inner ear He developed a method for dissecting the inner ear of human cadavers while leaving the cochlea partly intact By using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound Because of the structure of the cochlea and the basilar membrane different frequencies of sound cause the maximum amplitudes of the waves to occur at different places on the basilar membrane along the coil of the cochlea 2 High frequencies cause more vibration at the base of the cochlea while low frequencies create more vibration at the apex 3 Bekesy concluded from these observations that by exciting different locations on the basilar membrane different sound wave frequencies excite different nerve fibers that lead from the cochlea to the brain He theorized that due to its placement along the cochlea each sensory cell hair cell responds maximally to a specific frequency of sound the so called tonotopy Bekesy later developed a mechanical model of the cochlea which confirmed the concept of frequency dispersion by the basilar membrane in the mammalian cochlea 2 In an article published posthumously in 1974 Bekesy reviewed progress in the field remarking In time I came to the conclusion that the dehydrated cats and the application of Fourier analysis to hearing problems became more and more a handicap for research in hearing 8 referring to the difficulties in getting animal preparations to behave as when alive and the misleading common interpretations of Fourier analysis in hearing research Awards EditBekesy s honours include The Denker Prize in Otology 1931 The Leibniz Medal of the Berlin Academy of Sciences 1937 The Guyot Prize for Speech and Otology of Groningen University 1939 The Academy Award of the Budapest Academy of Science 1946 Shambough Prize in Otology 1950 Honorary doctorates M D were conferred on him by the University of Munster 1955 Bern 1959 Padua 1962 Buenos Aires 1968 Cordoba 1968 Hawaii 1969 and Semmelweiss University Budapest 1969 References Edit NobelPrize Georg von Bekesy Biographical a b c Goldstein B 2001 Sensation and Perception 6th ed London Wadsworth a b Lera Boroditsky 1999 Hearing I Lecture Notes pp 3 Stevens S S September 1972 Georg von Bekesy Physics Today 25 9 78 80 Bibcode 1972PhT 25i 78S doi 10 1063 1 3071029 Archived from the original on 2013 09 24 Bekesy Gyorgy Bekesy Gyorgy emlektablaja List of Members www leopoldina org Retrieved 8 October 2017 Georg von Bekesy 1974 Some Biophysical Experiments from Fifty Years Ago Annual Review of Physiology 36 1 16 doi 10 1146 annurev ph 36 030174 000245 ISBN 978 0 8243 0336 5 PMID 19143520Further reading EditCzeizel Andrew E 2004 Famous Hungarian physicians Lancet vol 364 no 9434 pp 581 2 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 04 16847 5 PMID 15313356 S2CID 33881114 Evans Rand B 2003 Georg von Bekesy visualization of hearing The American Psychologist published Sep 2003 vol 58 no 9 pp 742 6 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 58 9 742 PMID 14584991 Raju T N 1999 The Nobel chronicles 1961 Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 Lancet published Jul 3 1999 vol 354 no 9172 p 80 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 05 75353 8 PMID 10406402 S2CID 53267367 Shampo M A Kyle R A 1993 Georg von Bekesy audiology and the cochlea Mayo Clin Proc published Jul 1993 vol 68 no 7 p 706 doi 10 1016 s0025 6196 12 60608 9 PMID 8350644 Tonndorf J 1986 Georg von Bekesy and his work Hear Res vol 22 no 1 3 pp 3 10 doi 10 1016 0378 5955 86 90067 5 PMID 3525485 S2CID 4777001 Bernhard C G 1986 Georg von Bekesy and the Karolinska Institute Hear Res vol 22 no 1 3 pp 13 7 doi 10 1016 0378 5955 86 90069 9 PMID 3525483 S2CID 4764443 Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 63 Cellular mechanisms in hearing en hommage a Georg von Bekesy Karlskoga 2 6 September 1985 Hear Res vol 22 pp 1 326 1986 PMID 3525481 Tonndorf J 1974 In memoriam Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 J Acoust Soc Am published Mar 1974 vol 55 no 3 pp 576 7 Bibcode 1974ASAJ 55 576T doi 10 1121 1 1914566 PMID 4594785 Glorig A 1973 Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 Audiology vol 12 no 5 pp 540 1 doi 10 3109 00206097309071667 PMID 4582926 Keidel W D 1973 In memorian Professor Dr phil Dr med h c Georg v Bekesy Kybernetik published Feb 1973 vol 12 no 2 pp 116 8 doi 10 1007 BF00272468 PMID 4571620 S2CID 28719612 Ratliff F 1973 Georg von Bekesy Experimental Brain Research Experimentelle Hirnforschung Experimentation Cerebrale published Jan 29 1973 vol 16 no 3 pp 219 20 doi 10 1007 BF00233326 PMID 4568685 S2CID 41518453 Keidel W D 1973 In memoriam Professor Dr phil Dr med h c Georg von Bekesy Zeitschrift fur Laryngologie Rhinologie Otologie und ihre Grenzgebiete published Jan 1973 vol 52 no 1 pp 1 6 PMID 4567951 Davis H 1972 Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol published Oct 1972 vol 81 no 5 pp 750 1 doi 10 1177 000348947208100518 PMID 4568444 S2CID 76801257 Zwislocki J J 1972 Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 J Acoust Soc Am published Oct 1972 vol 52 no 4 pp 1094 5 PMID 4563147 Georg von Beksey ASHA vol 14 no 9 p 513 Sep 1972 ISSN 0001 2475 PMID 4560564 Tonndorf J 1972 Obituary for Georg von Bekesy 1899 1972 Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ohren Nasen und Kehlkopfheilkunde vol 203 no 1 pp 81 5 doi 10 1007 BF00344566 PMID 4564741 S2CID 21275843 The American Speech and Hearing Association presents the honors of the Association ASHA published Jun 1967 vol 9 no 6 p 222 1967 PMID 5343023 Bernhard C G 1962 Presentation of the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine 1961 to George von BEKESY Transactions of the American Otological Society vol 50 pp 332 6 PMID 13971073 Keidel W D 1961 G von BEKESY Nobel prize winner 1961 Zeitschrift fur Laryngologie Rhinologie Otologie und ihre Grenzgebiete published Dec 1961 vol 40 pp 885 8 PMID 14037041 Palva T 1961 The 1961 Nobel prize in medical science and physiology Georg von BEKESY Duodecim Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja vol 77 pp 791 2 PMID 14037251External links Edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Georg von Bekesy Georg von Bekesy on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture December 11 1961 Concerning the Pleasures of Observing and the Mechanics of the Inner Ear Georg von Bekesy page at the Pacific Biosciences Research Center Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology website Bekesy art collection My experiences in different laboratories autobiographical speech by von Bekesy The Ear Pages game Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Georg von Bekesy amp oldid 1176541222, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
