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Nördlinger Ries

January 01, 1970

For human settlement within the Nördlinger Ries region, see Donau-Ries.

The Nördlinger Ries is an impact crater[1] and large circular depression in western Bavaria and eastern Baden-Württemberg. It is located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. The city of Nördlingen is located within the depression, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south-west of its centre.

Nördlinger Ries
Relief map of Nördlinger Ries
Impact crater/structure
ConfidenceConfirmed
Diameter24 km (15 mi)
Age14.808 ± 0.038 Ma, Middle Miocene
ExposedYes
DrilledYes
Bolide typeAchondrite
Location
Coordinates48°53′N 10°34′E / 48.883°N 10.567°E / 48.883; 10.567
CountryGermany
StateBavaria and Baden-Württemberg
DistrictDonau-Ries
MunicipalityNördlingen
Location of the crater in Germany

Etymology edit

"Ries" is derived from Raetia, since the tribe of Raetians lived in the area in pre-Roman times.[2][3]

Description edit

 
View of Nördlinger Ries
 
Suevite from Nördlinger Ries

The depression is a meteorite impact crater formed 14.808 ± 0.038 million years ago in the Miocene.[4][5] The crater is most commonly referred to simply as Ries crater or the Ries. The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of 24 km (15 mi). The present floor of the depression is about 100 to 150 m (330 to 490 ft) below the eroded remains of the rim.

It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic origin. In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact.[6] The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact. The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry,[7][6] but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by St. George's Church in Nördlingen, which is built of locally derived suevite.[7] The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.[8][9][10]

The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth.[11] Rampart craters have almost exclusively been found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow.

Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km (2.4 mi) diameter) Steinheim crater,[12] is located about 42 km (26 mi) west-southwest from the center of Ries. It had previously been thought that the two craters formed simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid 14.8 million years ago, but a study published in 2020 suggests that Steinheim could actually be about 500,000 years younger than Nördlinger Ries.[13]

Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about 1.5 km (4,900 ft) (Ries) and 150 m (490 ft) (Steinheim), had a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers, and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west-southwest to east-northeast direction. The impact velocity is thought to have been about 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph). The resulting explosion had the power of 1.8 million Hiroshima bombs, an energy of roughly 2.4×1021 joules.

The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of moldavite tektites found in southern Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic).[14] The tektite melt originated from a sand-rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to 450 km (280 mi) downrange of the crater. The shape of the strewnfield suggests that the direction of impact was from the west-southwest.[15]

Stone buildings in Nördlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than 0.2 mm (0.008 in) across. The impact that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated 72,000 tonnes (72,000,000 kg) of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings.[16]

Archaeology edit

On one edge of the Nördlinger Ries are the Ofnet Caves, where, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered thirty-three human skulls dating to the Mesolithic period.[17]

Astronaut training edit

The landing site for Apollo 14 is a heavily craterized terrain, and one of the science goals of the mission was to sample ejecta from the impact that formed Mare Imbrium. Nördlinger Ries is an easily accessible, large impact crater, making it a convenient analog for lunar craters. Because of this, it was used as a location to train Apollo 14 astronauts, so that they would be able to investigate lunar impact structures and related rocks.[18] Astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell, as well as Apollo 14 backup astronauts Eugene Cernan and Joe Engle, trained here from August 10 to August 14, 1970.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ J. Baier: Geohistorische Bemerkungen zur Suevit-Forschung (Ries-Impakt). Geohistorische Blätter, 31(1/2), Berlin 2020.
  2. ^ (PDF). Entwurf einer kulturlandschaftlichen Gliederung Bayerns als Beitrag zur Biodiversität. Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-12.
  3. ^ Schmidt F. G. G. [in German] (1896). "The Dialect of the Ries". Modern Language Notes. 11 (5): 142–144. doi:10.2307/2918785. JSTOR 2918785.
  4. ^ Schmieder, Martin; Kennedy, Trudi; Jourdan, Fred; Buchner, Elmar; Reimold, Wolf Uwe (2018). "A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Nördlinger Ries impact crater, Germany, and implications for the accurate dating of terrestrial impact events". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 220: 146–157. Bibcode:2018GeCoA.220..146S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.036.
  5. ^ Schwarz, Winfried H.; Hanel, Michael; Trieloff, Mario (February 2020). "U‐Pb dating of zircons from an impact melt of the Nördlinger Ries crater". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 55 (2): 312–325. Bibcode:2020M&PS...55..312S. doi:10.1111/maps.13437. ISSN 1086-9379. S2CID 214304156.
  6. ^ a b Shoemaker, EM; Chao, ECT (1961). "New Evidence for the Impact Origin of the Ries Basin, Bavaria, Germany". J. Geophys. Res. 66 (10): 3371–3378. Bibcode:1961JGR....66.3371S. doi:10.1029/JZ066i010p03371.
  7. ^ a b Cokinos C. (2009). The Fallen Sky. Penguin. ISBN 9781101133224.
  8. ^ Baier, Johannes (2007). "Die Auswurfprodukte des Ries-Impakts, Deutschland". Documenta Naturae (in German). 162. München. ISBN 978-3-86544-162-1.
  9. ^ Baier, Johannes (2008). "Zur Herkunft der Suevit-Grundmasse des Ries-Impakt Kraters". Documenta Naturae (in German). 172. Munich. ISBN 978-3-86544-172-0.
  10. ^ Baier, Johannes (2012). "Die Bedeutung von Wasser während der Suevit-Bildung (Ries-Impakt, Deutschland". Jber. Mitt. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver. (in German). 94: 55–69.
  11. ^ Sturm, Sebastian; Wulf, Gerwin; Jung, Dietmar; Kenkmann, Thomas (2013). "The Ries impact, a double-layer rampart crater on Earth". Geology. 41 (5): 531–534. Bibcode:2013Geo....41..531S. doi:10.1130/G33934.1.
  12. ^ Baier, Johannes; Scherzinger, Armin (2010). "Der neue Geologische Lehrpfad im Steinheimer Impakt-Krater". Jber. Mitt. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver (in German). 92: 9–24.
  13. ^ Buchner, E.; Sach, VJ; Schmieder, M (2020). "New discovery of two seismite horizons challenges the Ries–Steinheim double-impact theory". Sci Rep. 10 (1): 22143. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1022143B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79032-4. PMC 7747748. PMID 33335157.
  14. ^ Graup, Günther; Horn, Peter; Köhler, Horst; Müller-Sohnius, Dieter (1981). "Source material for moldavites and bentonites". Naturwissenschaften. 67 (12). Berlin: 616. Bibcode:1981NW.....68..616G. doi:10.1007/BF00398615. S2CID 11282087.
  15. ^ Holm-Alwmark, Sanna; Alwmark, Carl; Ferrière, Ludovic; Meier, Matthias M. M.; Lindström, Sofie; Kenny, Gavin G.; Sheldon, Emma; Schweigert, Günter; Spötl, Christoph; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Hofmann, Beda A. (2021-04-02). "Shocked quartz in distal ejecta from the Ries impact event (Germany) found at ~ 180 km distance, near Bernhardzell, eastern Switzerland". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7438. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7438H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86685-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8018947. PMID 33811229.
  16. ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
  17. ^ Onians, R. B. (1988). The Origins of European Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0521347945.
  18. ^ Pondrelli, Monica; Baker; Hauber (2018). "Geologic Tools". Planetary Geology. Springer. pp. 15–31. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65179-8_2. ISBN 978-3-319-65177-4.
  19. ^ Phinney, William (2015). Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts. NASA SP-2015-626. p. 237.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nördlinger Ries.
  • Ries at Earth Impact Database
  • Travel for Kids: Nordlingen, Germany

January 01, 1970
nördlinger, ries, human, settlement, within, region, donau, ries, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, december, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, . For human settlement within the Nordlinger Ries region see Donau Ries You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German December 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the German article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 148 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Nordlinger Ries see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Nordlinger Ries to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Nordlinger Ries is an impact crater 1 and large circular depression in western Bavaria and eastern Baden Wurttemberg It is located north of the Danube in the district of Donau Ries The city of Nordlingen is located within the depression about 6 kilometres 3 7 mi south west of its centre Nordlinger RiesRelief map of Nordlinger RiesImpact crater structureConfidenceConfirmedDiameter24 km 15 mi Age14 808 0 038 Ma Middle MioceneExposedYesDrilledYesBolide typeAchondriteLocationCoordinates48 53 N 10 34 E 48 883 N 10 567 E 48 883 10 567CountryGermanyStateBavaria and Baden WurttembergDistrictDonau RiesMunicipalityNordlingenLocation of the crater in Germany Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Archaeology 4 Astronaut training 5 References 6 External linksEtymology edit Ries is derived from Raetia since the tribe of Raetians lived in the area in pre Roman times 2 3 Description edit nbsp View of Nordlinger Ries nbsp Suevite from Nordlinger Ries The depression is a meteorite impact crater formed 14 808 0 038 million years ago in the Miocene 4 5 The crater is most commonly referred to simply as Ries crater or the Ries The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of 24 km 15 mi The present floor of the depression is about 100 to 150 m 330 to 490 ft below the eroded remains of the rim It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic origin In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C T Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact 6 The key evidence was the presence of coesite which in unmetamorphosed rocks can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry 7 6 but even before Shoemaker was encouraged by St George s Church in Nordlingen which is built of locally derived suevite 7 The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact 8 9 10 The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater thus far a unique finding on Earth 11 Rampart craters have almost exclusively been found on Mars Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after impact of the meteorite most simply compared to a bullet fired into mud with the ejecta resembling a mudflow Another impact crater the much smaller 3 8 km 2 4 mi diameter Steinheim crater 12 is located about 42 km 26 mi west southwest from the center of Ries It had previously been thought that the two craters formed simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid 14 8 million years ago but a study published in 2020 suggests that Steinheim could actually be about 500 000 years younger than Nordlinger Ries 13 Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about 1 5 km 4 900 ft Ries and 150 m 490 ft Steinheim had a pre impact separation of some tens of kilometers and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west southwest to east northeast direction The impact velocity is thought to have been about 20 km s 72 000 km h 45 000 mph The resulting explosion had the power of 1 8 million Hiroshima bombs an energy of roughly 2 4 1021 joules The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of moldavite tektites found in southern Bohemia and Moravia Czech Republic 14 The tektite melt originated from a sand rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to 450 km 280 mi downrange of the crater The shape of the strewnfield suggests that the direction of impact was from the west southwest 15 Stone buildings in Nordlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds all less than 0 2 mm 0 008 in across The impact that caused the Nordlinger Ries crater created an estimated 72 000 tonnes 72 000 000 kg of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings 16 Archaeology editOn one edge of the Nordlinger Ries are the Ofnet Caves where at the beginning of the 20th century archaeologists discovered thirty three human skulls dating to the Mesolithic period 17 Astronaut training editThe landing site for Apollo 14 is a heavily craterized terrain and one of the science goals of the mission was to sample ejecta from the impact that formed Mare Imbrium Nordlinger Ries is an easily accessible large impact crater making it a convenient analog for lunar craters Because of this it was used as a location to train Apollo 14 astronauts so that they would be able to investigate lunar impact structures and related rocks 18 Astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell as well as Apollo 14 backup astronauts Eugene Cernan and Joe Engle trained here from August 10 to August 14 1970 19 References edit J Baier Geohistorische Bemerkungen zur Suevit Forschung Ries Impakt Geohistorische Blatter 31 1 2 Berlin 2020 37 Ries PDF Entwurf einer kulturlandschaftlichen Gliederung Bayerns als Beitrag zur Biodiversitat Bayerisches Landesamt fur Umwelt 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 12 12 Schmidt F G G in German 1896 The Dialect of the Ries Modern Language Notes 11 5 142 144 doi 10 2307 2918785 JSTOR 2918785 Schmieder Martin Kennedy Trudi Jourdan Fred Buchner Elmar Reimold Wolf Uwe 2018 A high precision 40Ar 39Ar age for the Nordlinger Ries impact crater Germany and implications for the accurate dating of terrestrial impact events Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 220 146 157 Bibcode 2018GeCoA 220 146S doi 10 1016 j gca 2017 09 036 Schwarz Winfried H Hanel Michael Trieloff Mario February 2020 U Pb dating of zircons from an impact melt of the Nordlinger Ries crater Meteoritics amp Planetary Science 55 2 312 325 Bibcode 2020M amp PS 55 312S doi 10 1111 maps 13437 ISSN 1086 9379 S2CID 214304156 a b Shoemaker EM Chao ECT 1961 New Evidence for the Impact Origin of the Ries Basin Bavaria Germany J Geophys Res 66 10 3371 3378 Bibcode 1961JGR 66 3371S doi 10 1029 JZ066i010p03371 a b Cokinos C 2009 The Fallen Sky Penguin ISBN 9781101133224 Baier Johannes 2007 Die Auswurfprodukte des Ries Impakts Deutschland Documenta Naturae in German 162 Munchen ISBN 978 3 86544 162 1 Baier Johannes 2008 Zur Herkunft der Suevit Grundmasse des Ries Impakt Kraters Documenta Naturae in German 172 Munich ISBN 978 3 86544 172 0 Baier Johannes 2012 Die Bedeutung von Wasser wahrend der Suevit Bildung Ries Impakt Deutschland Jber Mitt Oberrhein Geol Ver in German 94 55 69 Sturm Sebastian Wulf Gerwin Jung Dietmar Kenkmann Thomas 2013 The Ries impact a double layer rampart crater on Earth Geology 41 5 531 534 Bibcode 2013Geo 41 531S doi 10 1130 G33934 1 Baier Johannes Scherzinger Armin 2010 Der neue Geologische Lehrpfad im Steinheimer Impakt Krater Jber Mitt Oberrhein Geol Ver in German 92 9 24 Buchner E Sach VJ Schmieder M 2020 New discovery of two seismite horizons challenges the Ries Steinheim double impact theory Sci Rep 10 1 22143 Bibcode 2020NatSR 1022143B doi 10 1038 s41598 020 79032 4 PMC 7747748 PMID 33335157 Graup Gunther Horn Peter Kohler Horst Muller Sohnius Dieter 1981 Source material for moldavites and bentonites Naturwissenschaften 67 12 Berlin 616 Bibcode 1981NW 68 616G doi 10 1007 BF00398615 S2CID 11282087 Holm Alwmark Sanna Alwmark Carl Ferriere Ludovic Meier Matthias M M Lindstrom Sofie Kenny Gavin G Sheldon Emma Schweigert Gunter Spotl Christoph Whitehouse Martin J Hofmann Beda A 2021 04 02 Shocked quartz in distal ejecta from the Ries impact event Germany found at 180 km distance near Bernhardzell eastern Switzerland Scientific Reports 11 1 7438 Bibcode 2021NatSR 11 7438H doi 10 1038 s41598 021 86685 2 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 8018947 PMID 33811229 Emsley John 2001 Nature s Building Blocks Oxford University Press p 99 ISBN 0 19 850341 5 Onians R B 1988 The Origins of European Thought Cambridge University Press p 541 ISBN 978 0521347945 Pondrelli Monica Baker Hauber 2018 Geologic Tools Planetary Geology Springer pp 15 31 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 65179 8 2 ISBN 978 3 319 65177 4 Phinney William 2015 Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts NASA SP 2015 626 p 237 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nordlinger Ries Ries at Earth Impact Database Travel for Kids Nordlingen Germany Information on meteorite and aerial photo of town scroll two thirds of the way down page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nordlinger Ries amp oldid 1207997171, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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