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Wikipedia

General practitioner

April 12, 2023

In the medical profession, a general practitioner (GP) or family physician is a physician who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients of all ages. GPs' duties are not confined to specific fields of medicine, and they have particular skills in treating people with multiple health issues. They are trained to treat patients to levels of complexity that vary between countries. The term "primary care physician" is more usually used in the US. In Asian countries like India, this term has been replaced mainly by Medical Officers, Registered Medical Practicioner etc.

A core element in general practice is continuity that bridges episodes of various illnesses. Greater continuity with a general practitioner has been shown to reduce the need for out-of-hours services and acute hospital admittance. Continuous care by the same general practitioner has been found to reduce mortality.[1]

The role of a GP can vary greatly between (or even within) countries. In urban areas of developed countries, their roles tend to be narrower and focused on the care of chronic health problems; the treatment of acute non-life-threatening diseases; the early detection and referral to specialised care of patients with serious diseases; and preventive care including health education and immunisation. Meanwhile, in rural areas of developed countries or in developing countries, a GP may be routinely involved in pre-hospital emergency care, the delivery of babies, community hospital care and performing low-complexity surgical procedures.[2][3] In some healthcare systems GPs work in primary care centers where they play a central role in the healthcare team, while in other cases GPs work as sole practitioners.

The term general practitioner or GP is common in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, Canada, Singapore, South Africa, New Zealand and many other Commonwealth countries. In these countries, the word "physician" is largely reserved for certain other types of medical specialists, notably in internal medicine. While in these countries, the term GP has a clearly defined meaning, in North America the term has become somewhat ambiguous, and is sometimes synonymous with the terms family doctor or primary care physician, as described below.

Historically, the role of a GP was once performed by any doctor with qualifications from a medical school working in the community. However, since the 1950s, general practice has become a specialty in its own right, with each country having specific training requirements.[4][5][6] The 1978 Alma Ata Declaration set the intellectual foundation of primary care and general practice.

Asia

India and Bangladesh

The basic medical degree in India and Bangladesh is MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery). These generally consist of a four-and-a-half-year course followed by a year of compulsory rotatory internship in India. In Bangladesh it is a five-year course followed by a year of compulsory rotatory internship. The internship requires the candidate to work in all departments for a stipulated period of time, to undergo hands-on training in treating patients.

The registration of doctors is usually managed by state medical councils. A permanent registration as a Registered Medical Practitioner is granted only after satisfactory completion of the compulsory internship.

The Federation of Family Physicians' Associations of India (FFPAI) is an organization which has a connection with more than 8000 general practitioners through having affiliated membership.[7]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, 5 years of MBBS is followed by one year of internship in different specialties. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) then confers permanent registration, after which the candidate may choose to practice as a GP or opt for specialty training.

The first Family Medicine Training programme was approved by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP) in 1992 and initiated in 1993 by the Family Medicine Division of the Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Pakistan.[8]

Family Medicine residency training programme of Ziauddin University is approved for Fellowship in Family Medicine.[9]

Europe

France

In France the médecin généraliste (commonly called docteur) is responsible for the long-term care in a population.[10] This implies prevention, education, care of the diseases and traumas that do not require a specialist, and orientation towards a specialist when necessary. They also follow the severe diseases day-to-day (between the acute crises that require the intervention of a specialist).

They have a role in the survey of epidemics, a legal role (constatation of traumas that can bring compensation, certificates for the practice of a sport, death certificate, certificate for hospitalisation without consent in case of mental incapacity), and a role in the emergency care (they can be called by the samu, the French EMS). They often go to a patient's home when the patient cannot come to the consulting room (especially in case of children or old people), and have to contribute to a night and week-end duty (although this was contested in a strike in 2002).[citation needed]

The studies consist of six years in the university (common to all medical specialties), and three years as a junior practitioner (interne) :

  • the first year (PACES, première année commune aux études de santé, often abbreviated to P1 by students) is common with the dentists, pharmacists and midwifery. The rank at the final competitive examination[11] determines in which branch the student can choose to study.
  • the following two years, called propédeutique, are dedicated to the fundamental sciences: anatomy, human physiology, biochemistry, bacteriology, statistics...
  • the three following years are called externat and are dedicated to the study of clinical medicine; they end with a classifying examination, the rank determines in which specialty (general medicine is one of them) the student can make her or his internat;
  • the internat is three years -or more depending on the specialty- of initial professional experience under the responsibility of a senior; the interne can prescribe, s/he can replace physicians,[12] and usually works in a hospital.

This ends with a doctorate, a research work which usually consist of a statistical study of cases to propose a care strategy for a specific condition (in an epidemiological, diagnostic, or therapeutic point of view).

Greece

General Practice was established as a medical specialty in Greece in 1986. To qualify as a General Practitioner (γενικός ιατρός, genikos iatros) doctors in Greece are required to complete four years of vocational training after medical school, including three years and two months in a hospital setting.[13] General Practitioners in Greece may either work as private specialists or for the National Healthcare Service, ESY (Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ).

Netherlands and Belgium

General practice in the Netherlands and Belgium is considered advanced. The huisarts (literally: "home doctor") administers first line, primary care. In the Netherlands, patients usually cannot consult a hospital specialist without a required referral. Most GPs work in private practice although more medical centers with employed GPs are seen. Many GPs have a specialist interest, e.g. in palliative care.

In Belgium, one year of lectures and two years of residency are required. In the Netherlands, training consists of three years (full-time) of specialization after completion of internships of 3 years.[14] First and third year of training takes place at a GP practice. The second year of training consists of six months training at an emergency room, or internal medicine, paediatrics or gynaecology, or a combination of a general or academic hospital, three months of training at a psychiatric hospital or outpatient clinic and three months at a nursing home (verpleeghuis) or clinical geriatrics ward/policlinic. During all three years, residents get one day of training at university while working in practice the other days. The first year, a lot of emphasis is placed on communications skills with video training. Furthermore, all aspects of working as a GP gets addressed including working with the medical standards from the Dutch GP association NHG (Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap).[15] All residents must also take the national GP knowledge test (Landelijke Huisartsgeneeskundige Kennistoets (LHK-toets)) twice a year.[16] In this test of 120 multiple choice questions, medical, ethical, scientific and legal matters of GP work are addressed.[16][17]

Russia

In the Russian Federation, the General Practitioner's Regulation was put into effect in 1992, after which medical schools started training in the relevant specialty. The right to practice as a general practitioner gives a certificate of appropriate qualifications. General medical practice can be carried out both individually and in a group, including with the participation of narrow specialists. The work of general practitioners is allowed, both in the medical institution and in private. The general practitioner has broad legal rights. He can lead junior medical personnel, provide services under medical insurance contracts, conclude additional contracts to the main contract, and conduct an examination of the quality of medical services. For independent decisions, the general practitioner is responsible in accordance with the law.

The main tasks of a general practitioner are:

  • Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the most common diseases;
  • Emergency and emergency medical care;
  • Performance of medical manipulations.

Spain

 
Francisco Vallés (Divino Vallés)

In Spain GPs are officially especialistas en medicina familiar y comunitaria but are commonly called "médico de cabecera" or "médico de familia".[18] Was established as a medical specialty in Spain in 1978.

Most Spanish GPs work for the state funded health services provided by the county's 17 regional governments (comunidades autónomas). They are in most cases salary-based healthcare workers.

For the provision of primary care, Spain is currently divided geographically in basic health care areas (áreas básicas de salud), each one containing a primary health care team (Equipo de atención primaria). Each team is multidisciplinary and typically includes GPs, community pediatricians, nurses, physiotherapists and social workers, together with ancillary staff. In urban areas all the services are concentrated in a single large building (Centro de salud) while in rural areas the main center is supported by smaller branches (consultorios), typically single-handled.[19]

Becoming a GP in Spain involves studying medicine for 6 years, passing a competitive national exam called MIR (Medico Interno Residente) and undergoing a 4 years training program. The training program includes core specialties as general medicine and general practice (around 12 months each), pediatrics, gynecology, orthopedics and psychiatry. Shorter and optional placements in ENT, ophthalmology, ED, infectious diseases, rheumathology or others add up to the 4 years curriculum. The assessment is work based and involves completing a logbook that ensures all the expected skills, abilities and aptitudes have been acquired by the end of the training period.[20][21]

United Kingdom

See also: General practice

In the United Kingdom physicians wishing to become GPs take at least five years training after medical school, which is usually an undergraduate course of five to six years (or a graduate course of four to six years) leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.

Until 2005, those wishing to become a general practitioner of medicine had to do a minimum of the following postgraduate training:

  • One year as a pre-registration house officer (PRHO) (formerly called a house officer), in which the trainee would usually spend six months on a general surgical ward and six months on a general medical ward in a hospital;
  • Two years as a senior house officer (SHO) – often on a General Practice Vocational Training Scheme (GP-VTS) in which the trainee would normally complete four six-month jobs in hospital specialties such as obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, geriatric medicine, accident and emergency or psychiatry;
  • One year as a general practice registrar on a GPST.

This process changed under the programme Modernising Medical Careers. Medical practitioners graduating from 2005 onwards have to do a minimum of five years postgraduate training:

  • Two years of Foundation Training, in which the trainee will do a rotation around either six four-month jobs or eight three-month jobs – these include at least three months in general medicine and three months in general surgery, but will also include jobs in other areas;
  • A three-year "run-through" GP Speciality Training Programme containing (GPSTP): This comprises a minimum of twelve months as a hospital based Specialty Trainee during which time the trainee completes a mixture of jobs in specialties such as obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, geriatric medicine, accident and emergency or psychiatry; eighteen to twenty-four months as a GP Specialty Trainee working in General Practice.[22] The balance of training time spent in hospital versus in GP is planned to shift in 2022 to be consistently 12 months' hospital training and 24 months' training time in general practice.[23]
Medical career grades of the National Health Service
Year Current (Modernising Medical Careers) Previous
1 Foundation doctor (FY1 and FY2), 2 years Pre-registration house officer (PRHO), 1 year
2 Senior house officer (SHO),
minimum 2 years; often more
3 Specialty registrar,
general practice (GPST), minimum 3 years 		Specialty registrar,
hospital speciality (SpR), minimum 5 years
4 Specialist registrar,
4–6 years 		GP registrar, 1 year
5 General practitioner,
4 years total time in training
6–8 General practitioner,
minimum 5 years total time in training
9 Consultant, minimum 7 years total time in training Consultant, minimum 7–9 years total time in training
Optional Training is competency based, times shown are a minimum. Training may be extended by obtaining an Academic Clinical Fellowship for research or by dual certification in another speciality. Training may be extended by pursuing medical research (usually 2–3 years), usually with clinical duties as well

The postgraduate qualification Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners (MRCGP) was previously optional. In 2008, a requirement was introduced for physicians to succeed in the MRCGP assessments in order to be issued with a certificate of completion of their specialty training (CCT) in general practice. After passing the assessments, they are eligible to use the post-nominal letters MRCGP (so long as the physicians continued to pay membership fees to the RCGP, though many do not). During the GP specialty training programme, the medical practitioner must complete a variety of assessments in order to be allowed to practice independently as a GP. There is a knowledge-based exam with multiple choice questions called the Applied Knowledge Test (AKT). The practical examination takes the form of a "simulated surgery" in which the physicians is presented with thirteen clinical cases and assessment is made of data gathering, interpersonal skills and clinical management. This Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) is held on three or four occasions throughout the year and takes place at the renovated headquarters of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP), at 30 Euston Square, London. Finally, throughout the year the physician must complete an electronic portfolio which is made up of case-based discussions, critique of videoed consultations and reflective entries into a "learning log".

In addition, many hold qualifications such as the DCH (Diploma in Child Health of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health) or the DRCOG (Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists), the DPD (Diploma in Practical Dermatology) or the DGH (Diploma in Geriatric Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians). Some General Practitioners also hold the MRCP (Member of the Royal College of Physicians) or other specialist qualifications, but generally only if they had a hospital career, or a career in another speciality, before training in General Practice.

There are many arrangements under which general practitioners can work in the UK. While the main career aim is becoming a principal or partner in a GP surgery, many become salaried or non-principal GPs, work in hospitals in GP-led acute care units, or perform locum work. Whichever of these roles they fill, the vast majority of GPs receive most of their income from the National Health Service (NHS). Principals and partners in GP surgeries are self-employed, but they have contractual arrangements with the NHS which give them considerable predictability of income.

 
GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres.

Visits to GP surgeries are free in all countries of the United Kingdom, but charges for prescriptions are applied in England. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have abolished all charges.[24]

Recent reforms to the NHS have included changes to the GP contract. General practitioners are no longer required to work unsociable hours, and get paid to some extent according to their performance, (e.g. numbers of patients treated, what treatments were administered, and the health of their catchment area, through the Quality and Outcomes Framework). The IT system used for assessing their income based on these criteria is called QMAS. The amount that a GP can expect to earn does vary according to the location of their work and the health needs of the population that they serve. Within a couple of years of the new contract being introduced, it became apparent that there were a few examples where the arrangements were out step with what had been expected.[25] A full-time self-employed GP, such as a GMS or PMS practice partner, might currently expect to earn a profit share of around £95,900 before tax[26] while a GP employed by a CCG could expect to earn a salary in the range of £54,863 to £82,789.[27] This can equate to an hourly rate of around £40 an hour for a GP partner.[28]

A survey by Ipsos MORI released in 2011 reports that 88% of adults in the UK "trust doctors to tell the truth".[29]

In May 2017, there was said to be a crisis in the UK with practices having difficulties recruiting GPs they need. Prof. Helen Stokes-Lampard of the Royal College of General Practitioners said, "At present, UK general practice does not have sufficient resources to deliver the care and services necessary to meet our patients' changing needs, meaning that GPs and our teams are working under intense pressures, which are simply unsustainable. Workload in general practice is escalating – it has increased 16% over the last seven years, according to the latest research – yet investment in our service has steadily declined over the last decade and the number of GPs has not risen in step with patient demand ... This must be addressed as a matter of urgency.".[30] Professor Azeem Majeed from Imperial College has also raised concerns about general practice in the UK.

In 2018 the average GP worked less than three and a half days a week because of the "intensity of working day".[31]

There is an NHS England initiative to situate GPs in or near hospital emergency departments to divert minor cases away from A&E and reduce pressure on emergency services. 97 hospital trusts have been allocated money, mostly for premises alterations or development.[32]

North America

United States

 
A general practitioner's office in 1940

The population of this type of medical practitioner is declining, however. Currently, the Medical Departments of the US Air Force, Army and Navy have many of these general practitioners, known as General Medical Officers or GMOs, in active practice. The GMO is an inherent concept to all military medical branches. GMOs are the gatekeepers of medicine in that they hold the purse strings and decide upon the merit of specialist consultation. The US now holds a different definition for the term "general practitioner". The two terms "general practitioner" and "family practice" were synonymous prior to 1970. At that time both terms (if used within the US) referred to someone who completed medical school and the one-year required internship, and then worked as a general family doctor. Completion of a post-graduate specialty training program or residency in family medicine was, at that time, not a requirement. A physician who specializes in "family medicine" must now complete a residency in family medicine, and must be eligible for board certification, which is required by many hospitals and health plans for hospital privileges and remuneration, respectively. It was not until the 1970s that family medicine was recognized as a specialty in the US.[33]

Many licensed family medical practitioners in the United States after this change began to use the term "general practitioner" to refer to those practitioners who previously did not complete a family medicine residency. Family physicians (after completing medical school) must then complete three to four years of additional residency in family medicine. Three hundred hours of medical education within the prior six years is also required to be eligible to sit for the board certification exam;[citation needed] these hours are largely acquired during residency training.

The existing general practitioners in the 1970s were given the choice to be grandfathered into the newly created specialty of Family Practice. In 1971 the American Academy of General Practice changed its name to the American Academy of Family Physicians.[34] The prior system of graduating from medical school and completing one year of post-graduate training (rotating internship) was not abolished as 47 of the 50 states allow a physician to obtain a medical license without completion of residency.[35] If one wanted to become a "house-call-making" type of physician, one still needs to only complete one or two years of a residency in either pediatrics, family medicine or internal medicine. This would make a physician a non-board eligible general practitioner able to qualify and obtain a license to practice medicine in 47 of the 50 United States of America.[35] Since the establishment of the Board of Family Medicine, a family medicine physician is no longer the same as a general practitioner. What makes a Family Medicine Physician different than a General Practitioner/Physician is two-fold. First off a Family Medicine Physician has completed the three years of Family Medicine residency and is board eligible or board certified in Family Medicine; while a General Practitioner does not have any board certification and cannot sit for any board exam. Secondly, a Family Medicine Physician is able to practice obstetrics, the care of the pregnant woman from conception to delivery, while a general practitioner is not adequately trained in obstetrics.

Prior to recent history most postgraduate education in the United States was accomplished using the mentor system.[citation needed] A physician would finish a rotating internship and move to some town and be taught by the local physicians the skills needed for that particular town. This allowed each community's needs to be met by the teaching of the new general practitioner the skills needed in that community. This also allowed the new physician to start making a living and raising a family, etc. General practitioners would be the surgeons, the obstetricians, and the internists for their given communities. Changes in demographics and the growing complexities of the developing bodies of knowledge made it necessary to produce more highly trained surgeons and other specialists. For many physicians it was a natural desire to want to be considered "specialists".[citation needed]

What was not anticipated by many physicians is that an option to be a generalist would lose its prestige and be further degraded by a growing bureaucracy of insurance and hospitals requiring board certification.[36] It has been shown that there is no statistically significant correlation between board certification and patient safety or quality of care[37][38][36] which is why 47 states do not require board certification to practice medicine. Board certification agencies have been increasing their fees exponentially since establishment and the board examinations are known to not be clinically relevant and are at least 5 years out of date.[36] Yet, there is still a misbelief that board certification is necessary to practice medicine and therefore it has made a non-board eligible general physician a rare breed of physician due to the lack of available job opportunities for them.[36]

Certificates of Added Qualifications (CAQs) in adolescent medicine, geriatric medicine, sports medicine, sleep medicine, and hospice and palliative medicine are available for those board-certified family physicians with additional residency training requirements. Recently,[when?] new fellowships in International Family Medicine have emerged. These fellowships are designed to train family physicians working in resource-poor environments.[39]

In 2009 an ongoing shortage of primary care physicians (and also other primary care providers) was reported. It was due to several factors, notably the lesser prestige associated with the young specialty, the lower pay, and the increasingly frustrating practice environment. In the US physicians are increasingly forced to do more administrative work,[40] and pay higher malpractice insurance premiums.

Canada

The College of General Practice of Canada was founded in 1954 but in 1967 changed its name to College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC).[41]

Oceania

Australia

See also: Health care in Australia

General Practice in Australia and New Zealand has undergone many changes in training requirements over the past decade. The basic medical degree in Australia is the MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), which has traditionally been attained after completion of an undergraduate five or six-year course. Over the last few years, an ever-increasing number of post-graduate four-year medical programs (previous bachelor's degree required) have become more common and now account more than half of all Australian medical graduates. After graduating, a one-year internship is completed in a public and private hospitals prior to obtaining full registration. Many newly registered medical practitioners undergo one year or more of pre-vocational position as Resident Medical Officers (different titles depending on jurisdictions) before specialist training begins. For general practice training, the medical practitioner then applies to enter a three- or four-year program either through the "Australian General Practice Training Program", "Remote Vocational Training Scheme" or "Independent Pathway".[42] The Australian Government has announced an expansion of the number of GP training places through the AGPT program- 1,500 places per year will be available by 2015.[43]

A combination of coursework and apprenticeship type training leading to the awarding of the FRACGP (Fellowship of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners) or FACRRM (Fellowship of Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine), if successful. Since 1996 this qualification or its equivalent has been required in order for new GPs to access Medicare rebates as a specialist general practitioner. Doctors who graduated prior to 1992 and who had worked in general practice for a specified period of time were recognized as "Vocationally Registered" or "VR" GPs, and given automatic and continuing eligibility for general practice Medicare rebates.[44] There is a sizable group of doctors who have identical qualifications and experience, but who have been denied access to VR recognition. They are termed "Non-Vocationally Registered" or so-called "non-VR" GPs.[45] The federal government of Australia recognizes the experience and competence of these doctors, by allowing them access to the "specialist" GP Medicare rebates for working in areas of government policy priority, such as areas of workforce shortage, and metropolitan after hours service.[46] Some programs awarded permanent and unrestricted eligibility for VR rebate levels after 5 years of practice under the program.[47] There is a community-based campaign in support of these so-called Non-VR doctors being granted full and permanent recognition of their experience and expertise, as fully identical with the previous generation of pre-1996 "grandfathered" GPs.[48] This campaign is supported by the official policy of the Australian Medical Association (AMA).[45]

Medicare is Australia's universal health insurance system, and without access to it, a practitioner cannot effectively work in private practice in Australia.[citation needed]

Procedural General Practice training in combination with General Practice Fellowship was first established by the "Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine" in 2004. This new fellowship was developed in aid to recognise the specialised skills required to work within a rural and remote context. In addition it was hoped to recognise the impending urgency of training Rural Procedural Practitioners to sustain Obstetric and Surgical services within rural Australia. Each training registrar select a speciality that can be used in a rural area from the Advanced Skills Training list and spends a minimum of 12 months completing this specialty, the most common of which are Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynaecology and Anaesthetics. Further choices of specialty include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, Adult Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Mental Health, Paediatrics, Population health and Remote Medicine. Shortly after the establishment of the FACRRM, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners introduced an additional training year (from the basic 3 years) to offer the "Fellowship in Advanced Rural General Practice". The additional year, or Advanced Rural Skills Training (ARST)[49] can be conducted in various locations from Tertiary Hospitals to Small General Practice.

The competent authority pathway is a work-based place assessment process to support International Medical Graduates (IMGs) wishing to work in General Practice. Approval for the ACRRM to undertake these assessments was granted by the Australian Medical Council in August 2010 and the process is to be streamlined in July 2014.[50]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, most GPs work in clinics and health centres[51] usually as part of a Primary Health Organisation (PHO). These are funded at a population level, based on the characteristics of a practice's enrolled population (referred to as capitation-based funding). Fee-for-service arrangements still exist with other funders such as Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and Ministry of Social Development (MSD), as well as receiving co-payments from patients to top-up the capitation-based funding.

The basic medical degree in New Zealand is the MBChB degree (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), which has traditionally been attained after completion of an undergraduate five or six-year course. In NZ new graduates must complete the GPEP (General Practice Education Program) Stages I and II in order to be granted the title Fellowship of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners (FRNZCGP), which includes the PRIMEX assessment and further CME and Peer group learning sessions as directed by the RNZCGP.[52] Holders of the award of FRNZCGP may apply for specialist recognition with the New Zealand Medical Council (MCNZ), after which they are considered specialists in General Practice by the council and the community.[53] In 2009 the NZ Government increased the number of places available on the state-funded programme for GP training.[54]

There is a shortage of GPs in rural areas and increasingly outer metropolitan areas of large cities, which has led to the use of overseas trained doctors (international medical graduates (IMGs)).[55][56]

See also

References

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  37. ^ Sharp, L. K.; Bashook, P. G.; Lipsky, M. S.; Horowitz, S. D.; Miller, S. H. (2002). "Specialty board certification and clinical outcomes: The missing link". Academic Medicine. 77 (6): 534–42. doi:10.1097/00001888-200206000-00011. PMID 12063199.
  38. ^ Grosch, Eric N. (2006). "Does specialty board certification influence clinical outcomes?". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 12 (5): 473–481. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00556.x. PMID 16987109.
  39. ^ "International Family Medicine Fellowship" 2010-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, Via Christi Retrieved 4/14/2010.
  40. ^ Kavilanz, Parija B. (18 July 2009). "Why primary care doctors are shrinking in the U.S." CNN Money. from the original on 31 July 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  41. ^ "About CFPC: College History". College of Family Physicians of Canada. from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  42. ^ "About the AGPT program". General Practice Education and Training Limited. from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  43. ^ "Australian General Practice Training program (AGPT)". Australian Government Department of Health. from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  44. ^ Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
  45. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
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  47. ^ Division, Australian Government Department of Health, Mental Health and Workforce. "MedicarePlus for Other Medical Practitioners (MOMPs) Programme". www.health.gov.au. from the original on 14 December 2014.
  48. ^ "Bureaucratic discrimination". www.fairgofordoctors.org. from the original on 14 December 2014.
  49. ^ . Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
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  51. ^ . Careers New Zealand. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
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  55. ^ Skerrett, Angie. "'Concerning trend': Study shows further decline in rural doctor numbers". Newshub. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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Bibliography

  • Francis, Gavin (7 February 2015). "John Berger's A Fortunate Man: A Masterpiece of Witness". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

Further reading

  • Berger, John (2016) [1967]. A Fortunate Man: The Story of a Country Doctor. Jean Mohr (photography). Edinburgh: Canongate Books. ISBN 9781782115038. OCLC 946486707.

April 12, 2023
general, practitioner, medical, profession, general, practitioner, family, physician, physician, treats, acute, chronic, illnesses, provides, preventive, care, health, education, patients, ages, duties, confined, specific, fields, medicine, they, have, particu. In the medical profession a general practitioner GP or family physician is a physician who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients of all ages GPs duties are not confined to specific fields of medicine and they have particular skills in treating people with multiple health issues They are trained to treat patients to levels of complexity that vary between countries The term primary care physician is more usually used in the US In Asian countries like India this term has been replaced mainly by Medical Officers Registered Medical Practicioner etc A core element in general practice is continuity that bridges episodes of various illnesses Greater continuity with a general practitioner has been shown to reduce the need for out of hours services and acute hospital admittance Continuous care by the same general practitioner has been found to reduce mortality 1 The role of a GP can vary greatly between or even within countries In urban areas of developed countries their roles tend to be narrower and focused on the care of chronic health problems the treatment of acute non life threatening diseases the early detection and referral to specialised care of patients with serious diseases and preventive care including health education and immunisation Meanwhile in rural areas of developed countries or in developing countries a GP may be routinely involved in pre hospital emergency care the delivery of babies community hospital care and performing low complexity surgical procedures 2 3 In some healthcare systems GPs work in primary care centers where they play a central role in the healthcare team while in other cases GPs work as sole practitioners The term general practitioner or GP is common in the United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Australia Canada Singapore South Africa New Zealand and many other Commonwealth countries In these countries the word physician is largely reserved for certain other types of medical specialists notably in internal medicine While in these countries the term GP has a clearly defined meaning in North America the term has become somewhat ambiguous and is sometimes synonymous with the terms family doctor or primary care physician as described below Historically the role of a GP was once performed by any doctor with qualifications from a medical school working in the community However since the 1950s general practice has become a specialty in its own right with each country having specific training requirements 4 5 6 The 1978 Alma Ata Declaration set the intellectual foundation of primary care and general practice Contents 1 Asia 1 1 India and Bangladesh 1 2 Pakistan 2 Europe 2 1 France 2 2 Greece 2 3 Netherlands and Belgium 2 4 Russia 2 5 Spain 2 6 United Kingdom 3 North America 3 1 United States 3 2 Canada 4 Oceania 4 1 Australia 4 2 New Zealand 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingAsia EditIndia and Bangladesh Edit The basic medical degree in India and Bangladesh is MBBS Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery These generally consist of a four and a half year course followed by a year of compulsory rotatory internship in India In Bangladesh it is a five year course followed by a year of compulsory rotatory internship The internship requires the candidate to work in all departments for a stipulated period of time to undergo hands on training in treating patients The registration of doctors is usually managed by state medical councils A permanent registration as a Registered Medical Practitioner is granted only after satisfactory completion of the compulsory internship The Federation of Family Physicians Associations of India FFPAI is an organization which has a connection with more than 8000 general practitioners through having affiliated membership 7 Pakistan Edit In Pakistan 5 years of MBBS is followed by one year of internship in different specialties Pakistan Medical and Dental Council PMDC then confers permanent registration after which the candidate may choose to practice as a GP or opt for specialty training The first Family Medicine Training programme was approved by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan CPSP in 1992 and initiated in 1993 by the Family Medicine Division of the Department of Community Health Sciences Aga Khan University Pakistan 8 Family Medicine residency training programme of Ziauddin University is approved for Fellowship in Family Medicine 9 Europe EditFrance Edit In France the medecin generaliste commonly called docteur is responsible for the long term care in a population 10 This implies prevention education care of the diseases and traumas that do not require a specialist and orientation towards a specialist when necessary They also follow the severe diseases day to day between the acute crises that require the intervention of a specialist They have a role in the survey of epidemics a legal role constatation of traumas that can bring compensation certificates for the practice of a sport death certificate certificate for hospitalisation without consent in case of mental incapacity and a role in the emergency care they can be called by the samu the French EMS They often go to a patient s home when the patient cannot come to the consulting room especially in case of children or old people and have to contribute to a night and week end duty although this was contested in a strike in 2002 citation needed The studies consist of six years in the university common to all medical specialties and three years as a junior practitioner interne the first year PACES premiere annee commune aux etudes de sante often abbreviated to P1 by students is common with the dentists pharmacists and midwifery The rank at the final competitive examination 11 determines in which branch the student can choose to study the following two years called propedeutique are dedicated to the fundamental sciences anatomy human physiology biochemistry bacteriology statistics the three following years are called externat and are dedicated to the study of clinical medicine they end with a classifying examination the rank determines in which specialty general medicine is one of them the student can make her or his internat the internat is three years or more depending on the specialty of initial professional experience under the responsibility of a senior the interne can prescribe s he can replace physicians 12 and usually works in a hospital This ends with a doctorate a research work which usually consist of a statistical study of cases to propose a care strategy for a specific condition in an epidemiological diagnostic or therapeutic point of view Greece Edit General Practice was established as a medical specialty in Greece in 1986 To qualify as a General Practitioner genikos iatros genikos iatros doctors in Greece are required to complete four years of vocational training after medical school including three years and two months in a hospital setting 13 General Practitioners in Greece may either work as private specialists or for the National Healthcare Service ESY E8niko Systhma Ygeias ESY Netherlands and Belgium Edit General practice in the Netherlands and Belgium is considered advanced The huisarts literally home doctor administers first line primary care In the Netherlands patients usually cannot consult a hospital specialist without a required referral Most GPs work in private practice although more medical centers with employed GPs are seen Many GPs have a specialist interest e g in palliative care In Belgium one year of lectures and two years of residency are required In the Netherlands training consists of three years full time of specialization after completion of internships of 3 years 14 First and third year of training takes place at a GP practice The second year of training consists of six months training at an emergency room or internal medicine paediatrics or gynaecology or a combination of a general or academic hospital three months of training at a psychiatric hospital or outpatient clinic and three months at a nursing home verpleeghuis or clinical geriatrics ward policlinic During all three years residents get one day of training at university while working in practice the other days The first year a lot of emphasis is placed on communications skills with video training Furthermore all aspects of working as a GP gets addressed including working with the medical standards from the Dutch GP association NHG Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap 15 All residents must also take the national GP knowledge test Landelijke Huisartsgeneeskundige Kennistoets LHK toets twice a year 16 In this test of 120 multiple choice questions medical ethical scientific and legal matters of GP work are addressed 16 17 Russia Edit In the Russian Federation the General Practitioner s Regulation was put into effect in 1992 after which medical schools started training in the relevant specialty The right to practice as a general practitioner gives a certificate of appropriate qualifications General medical practice can be carried out both individually and in a group including with the participation of narrow specialists The work of general practitioners is allowed both in the medical institution and in private The general practitioner has broad legal rights He can lead junior medical personnel provide services under medical insurance contracts conclude additional contracts to the main contract and conduct an examination of the quality of medical services For independent decisions the general practitioner is responsible in accordance with the law The main tasks of a general practitioner are Prevention diagnosis and treatment of the most common diseases Emergency and emergency medical care Performance of medical manipulations Spain Edit Francisco Valles Divino Valles In Spain GPs are officially especialistas en medicina familiar y comunitaria but are commonly called medico de cabecera or medico de familia 18 Was established as a medical specialty in Spain in 1978 Most Spanish GPs work for the state funded health services provided by the county s 17 regional governments comunidades autonomas They are in most cases salary based healthcare workers For the provision of primary care Spain is currently divided geographically in basic health care areas areas basicas de salud each one containing a primary health care team Equipo de atencion primaria Each team is multidisciplinary and typically includes GPs community pediatricians nurses physiotherapists and social workers together with ancillary staff In urban areas all the services are concentrated in a single large building Centro de salud while in rural areas the main center is supported by smaller branches consultorios typically single handled 19 Becoming a GP in Spain involves studying medicine for 6 years passing a competitive national exam called MIR Medico Interno Residente and undergoing a 4 years training program The training program includes core specialties as general medicine and general practice around 12 months each pediatrics gynecology orthopedics and psychiatry Shorter and optional placements in ENT ophthalmology ED infectious diseases rheumathology or others add up to the 4 years curriculum The assessment is work based and involves completing a logbook that ensures all the expected skills abilities and aptitudes have been acquired by the end of the training period 20 21 United Kingdom Edit See also General practice In the United Kingdom physicians wishing to become GPs take at least five years training after medical school which is usually an undergraduate course of five to six years or a graduate course of four to six years leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Until 2005 those wishing to become a general practitioner of medicine had to do a minimum of the following postgraduate training One year as a pre registration house officer PRHO formerly called a house officer in which the trainee would usually spend six months on a general surgical ward and six months on a general medical ward in a hospital Two years as a senior house officer SHO often on a General Practice Vocational Training Scheme GP VTS in which the trainee would normally complete four six month jobs in hospital specialties such as obstetrics and gynaecology paediatrics geriatric medicine accident and emergency or psychiatry One year as a general practice registrar on a GPST This process changed under the programme Modernising Medical Careers Medical practitioners graduating from 2005 onwards have to do a minimum of five years postgraduate training Two years of Foundation Training in which the trainee will do a rotation around either six four month jobs or eight three month jobs these include at least three months in general medicine and three months in general surgery but will also include jobs in other areas A three year run through GP Speciality Training Programme containing GPSTP This comprises a minimum of twelve months as a hospital based Specialty Trainee during which time the trainee completes a mixture of jobs in specialties such as obstetrics and gynaecology paediatrics geriatric medicine accident and emergency or psychiatry eighteen to twenty four months as a GP Specialty Trainee working in General Practice 22 The balance of training time spent in hospital versus in GP is planned to shift in 2022 to be consistently 12 months hospital training and 24 months training time in general practice 23 Medical career grades of the National Health Service Year Current Modernising Medical Careers Previous1 Foundation doctor FY1 and FY2 2 years Pre registration house officer PRHO 1 year2 Senior house officer SHO minimum 2 years often more3 Specialty registrar general practice GPST minimum 3 years Specialty registrar hospital speciality SpR minimum 5 years4 Specialist registrar 4 6 years GP registrar 1 year5 General practitioner 4 years total time in training6 8 General practitioner minimum 5 years total time in training9 Consultant minimum 7 years total time in training Consultant minimum 7 9 years total time in trainingOptional Training is competency based times shown are a minimum Training may be extended by obtaining an Academic Clinical Fellowship for research or by dual certification in another speciality Training may be extended by pursuing medical research usually 2 3 years usually with clinical duties as well The postgraduate qualification Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners MRCGP was previously optional In 2008 a requirement was introduced for physicians to succeed in the MRCGP assessments in order to be issued with a certificate of completion of their specialty training CCT in general practice After passing the assessments they are eligible to use the post nominal letters MRCGP so long as the physicians continued to pay membership fees to the RCGP though many do not During the GP specialty training programme the medical practitioner must complete a variety of assessments in order to be allowed to practice independently as a GP There is a knowledge based exam with multiple choice questions called the Applied Knowledge Test AKT The practical examination takes the form of a simulated surgery in which the physicians is presented with thirteen clinical cases and assessment is made of data gathering interpersonal skills and clinical management This Clinical Skills Assessment CSA is held on three or four occasions throughout the year and takes place at the renovated headquarters of the Royal College of General Practitioners RCGP at 30 Euston Square London Finally throughout the year the physician must complete an electronic portfolio which is made up of case based discussions critique of videoed consultations and reflective entries into a learning log In addition many hold qualifications such as the DCH Diploma in Child Health of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health or the DRCOG Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists the DPD Diploma in Practical Dermatology or the DGH Diploma in Geriatric Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians Some General Practitioners also hold the MRCP Member of the Royal College of Physicians or other specialist qualifications but generally only if they had a hospital career or a career in another speciality before training in General Practice There are many arrangements under which general practitioners can work in the UK While the main career aim is becoming a principal or partner in a GP surgery many become salaried or non principal GPs work in hospitals in GP led acute care units or perform locum work Whichever of these roles they fill the vast majority of GPs receive most of their income from the National Health Service NHS Principals and partners in GP surgeries are self employed but they have contractual arrangements with the NHS which give them considerable predictability of income GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres Visits to GP surgeries are free in all countries of the United Kingdom but charges for prescriptions are applied in England Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland have abolished all charges 24 Recent reforms to the NHS have included changes to the GP contract General practitioners are no longer required to work unsociable hours and get paid to some extent according to their performance e g numbers of patients treated what treatments were administered and the health of their catchment area through the Quality and Outcomes Framework The IT system used for assessing their income based on these criteria is called QMAS The amount that a GP can expect to earn does vary according to the location of their work and the health needs of the population that they serve Within a couple of years of the new contract being introduced it became apparent that there were a few examples where the arrangements were out step with what had been expected 25 A full time self employed GP such as a GMS or PMS practice partner might currently expect to earn a profit share of around 95 900 before tax 26 while a GP employed by a CCG could expect to earn a salary in the range of 54 863 to 82 789 27 This can equate to an hourly rate of around 40 an hour for a GP partner 28 A survey by Ipsos MORI released in 2011 reports that 88 of adults in the UK trust doctors to tell the truth 29 In May 2017 there was said to be a crisis in the UK with practices having difficulties recruiting GPs they need Prof Helen Stokes Lampard of the Royal College of General Practitioners said At present UK general practice does not have sufficient resources to deliver the care and services necessary to meet our patients changing needs meaning that GPs and our teams are working under intense pressures which are simply unsustainable Workload in general practice is escalating it has increased 16 over the last seven years according to the latest research yet investment in our service has steadily declined over the last decade and the number of GPs has not risen in step with patient demand This must be addressed as a matter of urgency 30 Professor Azeem Majeed from Imperial College has also raised concerns about general practice in the UK In 2018 the average GP worked less than three and a half days a week because of the intensity of working day 31 There is an NHS England initiative to situate GPs in or near hospital emergency departments to divert minor cases away from A amp E and reduce pressure on emergency services 97 hospital trusts have been allocated money mostly for premises alterations or development 32 North America EditUnited States Edit This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic Please help improve this article possibly by splitting the article and or by introducing a disambiguation page or discuss this issue on the talk page June 2014 A general practitioner s office in 1940 The population of this type of medical practitioner is declining however Currently the Medical Departments of the US Air Force Army and Navy have many of these general practitioners known as General Medical Officers or GMOs in active practice The GMO is an inherent concept to all military medical branches GMOs are the gatekeepers of medicine in that they hold the purse strings and decide upon the merit of specialist consultation The US now holds a different definition for the term general practitioner The two terms general practitioner and family practice were synonymous prior to 1970 At that time both terms if used within the US referred to someone who completed medical school and the one year required internship and then worked as a general family doctor Completion of a post graduate specialty training program or residency in family medicine was at that time not a requirement A physician who specializes in family medicine must now complete a residency in family medicine and must be eligible for board certification which is required by many hospitals and health plans for hospital privileges and remuneration respectively It was not until the 1970s that family medicine was recognized as a specialty in the US 33 Many licensed family medical practitioners in the United States after this change began to use the term general practitioner to refer to those practitioners who previously did not complete a family medicine residency Family physicians after completing medical school must then complete three to four years of additional residency in family medicine Three hundred hours of medical education within the prior six years is also required to be eligible to sit for the board certification exam citation needed these hours are largely acquired during residency training The existing general practitioners in the 1970s were given the choice to be grandfathered into the newly created specialty of Family Practice In 1971 the American Academy of General Practice changed its name to the American Academy of Family Physicians 34 The prior system of graduating from medical school and completing one year of post graduate training rotating internship was not abolished as 47 of the 50 states allow a physician to obtain a medical license without completion of residency 35 If one wanted to become a house call making type of physician one still needs to only complete one or two years of a residency in either pediatrics family medicine or internal medicine This would make a physician a non board eligible general practitioner able to qualify and obtain a license to practice medicine in 47 of the 50 United States of America 35 Since the establishment of the Board of Family Medicine a family medicine physician is no longer the same as a general practitioner What makes a Family Medicine Physician different than a General Practitioner Physician is two fold First off a Family Medicine Physician has completed the three years of Family Medicine residency and is board eligible or board certified in Family Medicine while a General Practitioner does not have any board certification and cannot sit for any board exam Secondly a Family Medicine Physician is able to practice obstetrics the care of the pregnant woman from conception to delivery while a general practitioner is not adequately trained in obstetrics Prior to recent history most postgraduate education in the United States was accomplished using the mentor system citation needed A physician would finish a rotating internship and move to some town and be taught by the local physicians the skills needed for that particular town This allowed each community s needs to be met by the teaching of the new general practitioner the skills needed in that community This also allowed the new physician to start making a living and raising a family etc General practitioners would be the surgeons the obstetricians and the internists for their given communities Changes in demographics and the growing complexities of the developing bodies of knowledge made it necessary to produce more highly trained surgeons and other specialists For many physicians it was a natural desire to want to be considered specialists citation needed What was not anticipated by many physicians is that an option to be a generalist would lose its prestige and be further degraded by a growing bureaucracy of insurance and hospitals requiring board certification 36 It has been shown that there is no statistically significant correlation between board certification and patient safety or quality of care 37 38 36 which is why 47 states do not require board certification to practice medicine Board certification agencies have been increasing their fees exponentially since establishment and the board examinations are known to not be clinically relevant and are at least 5 years out of date 36 Yet there is still a misbelief that board certification is necessary to practice medicine and therefore it has made a non board eligible general physician a rare breed of physician due to the lack of available job opportunities for them 36 Certificates of Added Qualifications CAQs in adolescent medicine geriatric medicine sports medicine sleep medicine and hospice and palliative medicine are available for those board certified family physicians with additional residency training requirements Recently when new fellowships in International Family Medicine have emerged These fellowships are designed to train family physicians working in resource poor environments 39 In 2009 an ongoing shortage of primary care physicians and also other primary care providers was reported It was due to several factors notably the lesser prestige associated with the young specialty the lower pay and the increasingly frustrating practice environment In the US physicians are increasingly forced to do more administrative work 40 and pay higher malpractice insurance premiums Canada Edit The College of General Practice of Canada was founded in 1954 but in 1967 changed its name to College of Family Physicians of Canada CFPC 41 Oceania EditAustralia Edit See also Health care in Australia General Practice in Australia and New Zealand has undergone many changes in training requirements over the past decade The basic medical degree in Australia is the MBBS Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery which has traditionally been attained after completion of an undergraduate five or six year course Over the last few years an ever increasing number of post graduate four year medical programs previous bachelor s degree required have become more common and now account more than half of all Australian medical graduates After graduating a one year internship is completed in a public and private hospitals prior to obtaining full registration Many newly registered medical practitioners undergo one year or more of pre vocational position as Resident Medical Officers different titles depending on jurisdictions before specialist training begins For general practice training the medical practitioner then applies to enter a three or four year program either through the Australian General Practice Training Program Remote Vocational Training Scheme or Independent Pathway 42 The Australian Government has announced an expansion of the number of GP training places through the AGPT program 1 500 places per year will be available by 2015 43 A combination of coursework and apprenticeship type training leading to the awarding of the FRACGP Fellowship of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners or FACRRM Fellowship of Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine if successful Since 1996 this qualification or its equivalent has been required in order for new GPs to access Medicare rebates as a specialist general practitioner Doctors who graduated prior to 1992 and who had worked in general practice for a specified period of time were recognized as Vocationally Registered or VR GPs and given automatic and continuing eligibility for general practice Medicare rebates 44 There is a sizable group of doctors who have identical qualifications and experience but who have been denied access to VR recognition They are termed Non Vocationally Registered or so called non VR GPs 45 The federal government of Australia recognizes the experience and competence of these doctors by allowing them access to the specialist GP Medicare rebates for working in areas of government policy priority such as areas of workforce shortage and metropolitan after hours service 46 Some programs awarded permanent and unrestricted eligibility for VR rebate levels after 5 years of practice under the program 47 There is a community based campaign in support of these so called Non VR doctors being granted full and permanent recognition of their experience and expertise as fully identical with the previous generation of pre 1996 grandfathered GPs 48 This campaign is supported by the official policy of the Australian Medical Association AMA 45 Medicare is Australia s universal health insurance system and without access to it a practitioner cannot effectively work in private practice in Australia citation needed Procedural General Practice training in combination with General Practice Fellowship was first established by the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine in 2004 This new fellowship was developed in aid to recognise the specialised skills required to work within a rural and remote context In addition it was hoped to recognise the impending urgency of training Rural Procedural Practitioners to sustain Obstetric and Surgical services within rural Australia Each training registrar select a speciality that can be used in a rural area from the Advanced Skills Training list and spends a minimum of 12 months completing this specialty the most common of which are Surgery Obstetrics Gynaecology and Anaesthetics Further choices of specialty include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Adult Internal Medicine Emergency Medicine Mental Health Paediatrics Population health and Remote Medicine Shortly after the establishment of the FACRRM the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners introduced an additional training year from the basic 3 years to offer the Fellowship in Advanced Rural General Practice The additional year or Advanced Rural Skills Training ARST 49 can be conducted in various locations from Tertiary Hospitals to Small General Practice The competent authority pathway is a work based place assessment process to support International Medical Graduates IMGs wishing to work in General Practice Approval for the ACRRM to undertake these assessments was granted by the Australian Medical Council in August 2010 and the process is to be streamlined in July 2014 50 New Zealand Edit In New Zealand most GPs work in clinics and health centres 51 usually as part of a Primary Health Organisation PHO These are funded at a population level based on the characteristics of a practice s enrolled population referred to as capitation based funding Fee for service arrangements still exist with other funders such as Accident Compensation Corporation ACC and Ministry of Social Development MSD as well as receiving co payments from patients to top up the capitation based funding The basic medical degree in New Zealand is the MBChB degree Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery which has traditionally been attained after completion of an undergraduate five or six year course In NZ new graduates must complete the GPEP General Practice Education Program Stages I and II in order to be granted the title Fellowship of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners FRNZCGP which includes the PRIMEX assessment and further CME and Peer group learning sessions as directed by the RNZCGP 52 Holders of the award of FRNZCGP may apply for specialist recognition with the New Zealand Medical Council MCNZ after which they are considered specialists in General Practice by the council and the community 53 In 2009 the NZ Government increased the number of places available on the state funded programme for GP training 54 There is a shortage of GPs in rural areas and increasingly outer metropolitan areas of large cities which has led to the use of overseas trained doctors international medical graduates IMGs 55 56 See also Edit Medicine portalAmerican Board of Family Medicine ATC codes Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Classification of Pharmaco Therapeutic Referrals CPR Dental General Practitioner GDP Family medicine General practice ICD 10 International Classification of Diseases ICPC 2 PLUS International Classification of Primary Care ICPC 2 National Integrated Medical Association Primary care Quaternary prevention Referral medicine Sessional GPReferences Edit Sandvik Hogne Hetlevik Oystein Blinkenberg Jesper Hunskaar Steinar 2022 Continuity in general practice as predictor of mortality acute hospitalisation and use of out of hours care a registry based observational study in Norway British Journal of General Practice 72 715 e84 e90 doi 10 3399 BJGP 2021 0340 PMC 8510690 PMID 34607797 De Maeseneer Jan Flinkenflogel Maaike 2010 Primary health care in Africa Do family physicians fit in British Journal of General Practice 60 573 286 292 doi 10 3399 bjgp10X483977 PMC 2845490 PMID 20353673 International Family Medicine Education PDF Family Medicine March 2008 Retrieved 20 July 2022 Gandevia B 1971 A history of general practice in australia Canadian Family Physician 17 10 51 61 PMC 2370185 PMID 20468689 A oral history of general practice homepage personal rhul ac uk Archived from the original on 31 March 2013 Retrieved 9 March 2013 Simon Chantal 2009 From Generalism to Specialty A Short History of General Practice Innovait Education and Inspiration for General Practice 2 2 9 doi 10 1093 innovait inn171 S2CID 72934495 About us FFPAI Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 Retrieved 20 May 2014 Family Medicine Aga Khan University Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 Retrieved 4 June 2014 List of Accredited Institutions A G College of Physicians amp Surgeons Pakistan Archived from the original on 27 March 2008 Retrieved 17 June 2008 Accueil Secteurs Fiches metier medecin generaliste www onisep fr National Office for Information on Education and Occupations ONISEP Archived from the original on 5 November 2016 Retrieved 4 November 2016 Marchand Antonin Benoit The numerus clausus its side effects its place in globalization of the medicine Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine Guedes Marchand Cecile Le remplacant cet intermittent de la medecine generale sa place dans le systeme de soins Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine Primary Care in Greece European Forum for Primary Care Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 18 November 2013 GP in Europe The Netherlands UEMO Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 NHG Standaarden Nhg artsennet nl 18 October 2012 Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 28 October 2012 a b Huisartsopleiding Nederland LHK toets Huisartsopleiding nl Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 Retrieved 28 October 2012 Opleiding tot huisarts Knmg artsennet nl Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 Retrieved 28 October 2012 es Medicina familiar y comunitaria circular reference Ministerio de Sanidad Servicios Sociales e Igualdad Ciudadanos Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Ciudadanos Sistema Nacional de Salud Centros www msc es Archived from the original on 9 January 2010 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 May 2013 Retrieved 7 March 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link es Examen MIR circular reference CCT www rcgp org uk Retrieved 29 December 2021 GP trainees to spend longer training in general practice under new contract Pulse Today 7 February 2020 Retrieved 29 December 2021 Scots prescription fees abolished 1 April 2011 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Jo Revill 23 April 2006 Perks of an island GP seals scenery and 300 000 London The Observer Archived from the original on 2 January 2008 Retrieved 17 June 2008 Gp Average Salary www mysalary co uk Archived from the original on 31 March 2013 Pay for doctors NHS careers Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 11 May 2014 Boseley Sarah 19 April 2006 The question Is your GP worth 250 000 The Guardian London Retrieved 17 June 2008 Doctors are most trusted profession politicians least trusted Trust in Professions 2011 Ipsos Mori 27 June 2011 Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 Retrieved 3 July 2011 Association Press 11 May 2017 GP recruitment crisis intensifies as vacancies soar to 12 2 The Guardian Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 GP hours and the much needed tech care revolution Health Service Journal 22 August 2018 Retrieved 1 October 2018 Further 21m allocated for services set to move 200 GPs into hospitals GP Online 16 June 2017 Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 Retrieved 14 July 2017 Pisacano Nicholas J History of the Specialty American Board of Family Medicine Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 Retrieved 8 August 2007 The History of the AAFP American Academy of Family Physicians Retrieved 31 May 2014 a b State Licensure Requirements a b c d Is Board Certification Overrated Sharp L K Bashook P G Lipsky M S Horowitz S D Miller S H 2002 Specialty board certification and clinical outcomes The missing link Academic Medicine 77 6 534 42 doi 10 1097 00001888 200206000 00011 PMID 12063199 Grosch Eric N 2006 Does specialty board certification influence clinical outcomes Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 12 5 473 481 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2753 2006 00556 x PMID 16987109 International Family Medicine Fellowship Archived 2010 06 27 at the Wayback Machine Via Christi Retrieved 4 14 2010 Kavilanz Parija B 18 July 2009 Why primary care doctors are shrinking in the U S CNN Money Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 Retrieved 12 February 2020 About CFPC College History College of Family Physicians of Canada Archived from the original on 15 May 2014 Retrieved 1 June 2014 About the AGPT program General Practice Education and Training Limited Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 Australian General Practice Training program AGPT Australian Government Department of Health Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners a b Non vocationally registered GPS Australian Medical Association Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Division Australian Government Department of Health Health Workforce Other Medical Practitioners OMPs programmes www health gov au Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Division Australian Government Department of Health Mental Health and Workforce MedicarePlus for Other Medical Practitioners MOMPs Programme www health gov au Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 Bureaucratic discrimination www fairgofordoctors org Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 Advanced rural skills training ARST Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Competent Authority Pathway for General Practice Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine 14 May 2014 Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 7 June 2014 General Practitioner About the job Careers New Zealand 5 November 2013 Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 GPEP General Practice Education Training Programme The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 General practice Medical Council of New Zealand Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 Johnston Martin 8 December 2008 State GP training overtakes user pay scheme The New Zealand Herald Retrieved 3 June 2014 Skerrett Angie Concerning trend Study shows further decline in rural doctor numbers Newshub Retrieved 30 March 2020 Trigger Sophie 2 July 2019 GP registrars choose city training as under doctored regions flounder Retrieved 30 March 2020 Bibliography EditFrancis Gavin 7 February 2015 John Berger s A Fortunate Man A Masterpiece of Witness The Guardian London Retrieved 12 February 2020 Further reading EditBerger John 2016 1967 A Fortunate Man The Story of a Country Doctor Jean Mohr photography Edinburgh Canongate Books ISBN 9781782115038 OCLC 946486707 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title General practitioner amp oldid 1145022522, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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