fbpx
Wikipedia

Vistula Land

Vistula Land,[1][2] also known as Vistula Country (Russian: Привислинский край, romanizedPrivislinskiy kray; Polish: Kraj Nadwiślański),[3] was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867, following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and January Uprising (1863–1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into Imperial Russia. It also continued to be formally known as the Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie) until the fall of the Russian Empire.[a]

Vistula Land
  • Привислинский край (Russian)
  • Kraj Nadwiślański (Polish)
Krai of the Russian Empire
1867–1915

Russian map of Vistula Land from 1896
CapitalWarsaw
History 
• Established
1867
• Disestablished
1915
Today part of
Russian Poland was officially yielded on terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (marked in red).

Russia lost control of the region in 1915, during the course of the First World War. Following the 1917 October Revolution, it was officially ceded to the Central Powers under the terms of the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

History edit

In 1831, in the aftermath of the November Uprising, the Polish Army, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, its parliament (Sejm) and local self-administration were disbanded. The constitution was replaced by the much less liberal and never fully implemented Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland. Also all universities were closed, and replaced several years later by purely Russian-language high schools.

For a short time the territory maintained certain degree of autonomy. The former Kingdom of Poland continued to use the Polish currency (złoty) and the Administrative Council retained some of its privileges (although it was directly controlled by the Russian governor Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich). However, by 1832 the currency and the customs border were abolished, as was the metric system and the Polish penal code (which was replaced by the Russian penal code, de facto in use since the Uprising began). Also the Catholic Church was persecuted and most monasteries were closed and nationalized. In 1839, following the Synod of Polotsk, the Greek Catholic Church disbanded itself and united with the Russian Orthodox Church.

After 1837 all voivodeships that constituted the Kingdom of Poland were turned into gubernias and became an integral part of Russian administrative division, ruled directly by the Russian tsars.

After the January Uprising in 1863, the coat of arms of the Congress Kingdom was abandoned, the Polish language was banned from office and education and the process of incorporation of the Polish gubernias and Russification of its administration was completed.

The 1867 reform, initiated after the failure of the January Uprising, was designed to tie the Kingdom of Poland more tightly to the administration structure of the Russian Empire. It divided larger governorates into smaller ones and introduced a new lower-level entity, gminas. There were 10 Governorates: five on the right bank of the Vistula River—Сувалкская (Suvalkskaya), Ломжинская (Lomzhinskaya), Плоцкая (Plotskaya), Седлецкая (Sedletskaya) and Люблинская (Lublinskaya)—and the remaining five on the left bank: Калишская (Kalishskaya), Варшавская (Varshavskaya), Петроковская (Petrokovskaya), Радомская (Radomskaya) and Келецкая (Keletskaya).

The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland was abolished at this time.

Despite the abolition of the Kingdom of Poland, the tsars of Russia retained the title "Tsar of Poland".

The territory was a namestnichestvo until 1875 and later Governorate General, ruled by the Namestniks and Governor Generals of Poland.

In the 1880s, the official language was changed to Russian, and Polish was banned both from official use and education.

The name Vistula Land first appeared in official documents in 1888[4] although more recent scholarship traced it back to 1883.[5]

A minor reform of 1893 transferred some territory from the Płock and Łomża Governorates to Warsaw Governorate. A more extensive 1912 reform created a new governorate—Chełm Governorate (Kholmskaya Guberniya in Russian)—from parts of the Siedlce and Lublin Governorates. However this was split off from the Privislinsky Krai and made part of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire, in order to facilitate its russification.

World War I edit

The First World War initially expanded Russian control of Poland after the Imperial Russian Army scored a series of early defeats against Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front and occupied Eastern Galicia. Within a year the Austro-Hungarian Army and the Imperial German Army reoccupied the territory and counterattacked into Russian Poland in the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive.[6] During the Imperial Russian Army's subsequent Great Retreat, it looted and abandoned the Kingdom of Poland, trying to emulate the scorched-earth policy adopted during the 1812 invasion.[7][8] The Russians also evicted and deported hundreds of thousands of the area's inhabitants whom they suspected of collaborating with the enemy.[7][9][10]

As the Russians retreated, the Central Powers occupied the area (1915); subsequently, they proposed the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. In the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia (by then embroiled in a civil war), effectively ceded all Polish territories it had formerly possessed to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.

Administrative divisions edit

See also edit

Notes edit

a ^ Sources agree that after the fall of the January Uprising in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced. However, they disagree on whether the state of the Kingdom of Poland (colloquially known as Congress Poland) was officially replaced by the Vistula land as a province of the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. The sources are also unclear as to when the Kingdom of Poland (or Vistula land) officially ceased to exist; some argue it ended with the assumption of control by the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities; others, that it ended with the proclamation of the Regency Kingdom of Poland in 1916; finally, some argue that it occurred only with the creation of the independent Second Polish Republic in 1918. Examples:

  • Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geographical and Spatial Organization, p. 539,
    • (in Polish) Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywiślański terminy Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe lub w skrócie Kongresówka były nadal używane, zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach.
    • (in English) Despite the introduction of the official name Vistula Land, terms such as, Kingdom of Poland, Congress Poland, or in short Kongresówka were still in use, both in everyday language and in some publications.
  • POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE, Encyklopedia Interia:
    • (in Polish) po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Królestwa Pol. (łącznie z nazwą), przekształcając je w "Kraj Przywiślański";
    • (in English) after the fall of the uprising the last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland (including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land";
  • Królestwo Polskie. Encyklopedia WIEM:
    • (in Polish) "Królestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazwę Królestwa Polskiego zastąpiła, w urzędowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywiślański." [...] "Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim ..." [...] "W latach 1914-1916 Królestwo Polskie stało się...".
    • (in English) "Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land." However the same article also inconsistently states: "After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland" and "In the years 1914-1916 the Kingdom of Poland became...".
  • Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe, Encyklopedia PWN:
    • (in Polish) 1915–18 pod okupacją niem. i austro-węgierską; K.P. przestało istnieć po powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).
    • (in English) [Congress Poland was] under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918; K.P [abbreviation for Królestwo Polskie (Kingdom of Poland)] was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918

References edit

  1. ^ The name of the kingdom was changed to Vistula Land, which was reduced to a tsarist province; it lost all autonomy and separate administrative institutions. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. 2005
  2. ^ The name of the territory, which had been Congress Poland, was changed to the more innocuous Vistula Land. Vistula Land was administered by Russians; Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia , 2005
  3. ^ The name of Poland ceased to be used by the Russian authorities, who designated the region once occupied by the kingdom as the "Vistula Country", John Clark Ridpath: Ridpath's History of the World: Being an Account of the Principal Events in ... 1910
  4. ^ Wojciech Bartel et al. Historia państwa i prawa Polski. Juliusz Bardach i Monika Senkowska-Gluck (ed.). T. III: od rozbiorów do uwłaszczenia. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1981, p. 67. ISBN 83-01-02658-8
  5. ^ Andrzej Szwarc. Od Wielopolskiego do Stronnictwa Polityki Realnej zwolennicy ugody z Rosją, ich poglądy i próby działalności politycznej (1864–1905). Warszawa: Wydział Historyczny UW, 1990, pp. 208-209.
  6. ^ Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 21–30. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2 – via Archive Foundation.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ a b John N. Horne, Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial, Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-300-10791-9, Google Print, p. 83
  8. ^ Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914-1918, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-77352-0, Google Print, p.160
  9. ^ Barnett R. Rubin, Jack L. Snyder, Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-17069-9, Google Print, p.43
  10. ^ Alan Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-280342-5, Google Print, p.151

Further reading edit

  • Manfred Alexander: Kleine Geschichte Polens. Stuttgart: Reclam 2003 (Quelle)
  • Roman Dmowski: Deutschland, Rußland und die polnische Frage (Auszüge). In: Polen und der Osten. Texte zu einem spannungsreichen Verhältnis. Hrg. Andrzej Chwalba, ISBN 3-518-41731-2 (Denken und Wissen. Eine Polnische Bibliothek. Band 7)
  • Hensel, Jürgen (ed.): Polen, Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820 - 1939. Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft, Osnabrück: fibre Verlag 1996

External links edit

  • Sammlung historischer Landkarten zur deutsch-polnischen Geschichte

vistula, land, also, known, vistula, country, russian, Привислинский, край, romanized, privislinskiy, kray, polish, kraj, nadwiślański, name, applied, lands, congress, poland, from, 1867, following, defeats, november, uprising, 1830, 1831, january, uprising, 1. Vistula Land 1 2 also known as Vistula Country Russian Privislinskij kraj romanized Privislinskiy kray Polish Kraj Nadwislanski 3 was the name applied to the lands of Congress Poland from 1867 following the defeats of the November Uprising 1830 1831 and January Uprising 1863 1864 as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into Imperial Russia It also continued to be formally known as the Kingdom of Poland Polish Krolestwo Polskie until the fall of the Russian Empire a Vistula LandPrivislinskij kraj Russian Kraj Nadwislanski Polish Krai of the Russian Empire1867 1915Flag Coat of armsRussian map of Vistula Land from 1896CapitalWarsawHistory Established1867 Disestablished1915Preceded by Succeeded by Congress Poland Government General of Warsaw Military Government of LublinToday part ofPoland Lithuania Belarus Russian Poland was officially yielded on terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk marked in red Russia lost control of the region in 1915 during the course of the First World War Following the 1917 October Revolution it was officially ceded to the Central Powers under the terms of the 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk Contents 1 History 1 1 World War I 2 Administrative divisions 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editIn 1831 in the aftermath of the November Uprising the Polish Army the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland its parliament Sejm and local self administration were disbanded The constitution was replaced by the much less liberal and never fully implemented Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland Also all universities were closed and replaced several years later by purely Russian language high schools For a short time the territory maintained certain degree of autonomy The former Kingdom of Poland continued to use the Polish currency zloty and the Administrative Council retained some of its privileges although it was directly controlled by the Russian governor Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich However by 1832 the currency and the customs border were abolished as was the metric system and the Polish penal code which was replaced by the Russian penal code de facto in use since the Uprising began Also the Catholic Church was persecuted and most monasteries were closed and nationalized In 1839 following the Synod of Polotsk the Greek Catholic Church disbanded itself and united with the Russian Orthodox Church After 1837 all voivodeships that constituted the Kingdom of Poland were turned into gubernias and became an integral part of Russian administrative division ruled directly by the Russian tsars After the January Uprising in 1863 the coat of arms of the Congress Kingdom was abandoned the Polish language was banned from office and education and the process of incorporation of the Polish gubernias and Russification of its administration was completed The 1867 reform initiated after the failure of the January Uprising was designed to tie the Kingdom of Poland more tightly to the administration structure of the Russian Empire It divided larger governorates into smaller ones and introduced a new lower level entity gminas There were 10 Governorates five on the right bank of the Vistula River Suvalkskaya Suvalkskaya Lomzhinskaya Lomzhinskaya Plockaya Plotskaya Sedleckaya Sedletskaya and Lyublinskaya Lublinskaya and the remaining five on the left bank Kalishskaya Kalishskaya Varshavskaya Varshavskaya Petrokovskaya Petrokovskaya Radomskaya Radomskaya and Keleckaya Keletskaya The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland was abolished at this time Despite the abolition of the Kingdom of Poland the tsars of Russia retained the title Tsar of Poland The territory was a namestnichestvo until 1875 and later Governorate General ruled by the Namestniks and Governor Generals of Poland In the 1880s the official language was changed to Russian and Polish was banned both from official use and education The name Vistula Land first appeared in official documents in 1888 4 although more recent scholarship traced it back to 1883 5 A minor reform of 1893 transferred some territory from the Plock and Lomza Governorates to Warsaw Governorate A more extensive 1912 reform created a new governorate Chelm Governorate Kholmskaya Guberniya in Russian from parts of the Siedlce and Lublin Governorates However this was split off from the Privislinsky Krai and made part of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire in order to facilitate its russification World War I edit Further information Poland during World War I The First World War initially expanded Russian control of Poland after the Imperial Russian Army scored a series of early defeats against Austria Hungary on the Eastern Front and occupied Eastern Galicia Within a year the Austro Hungarian Army and the Imperial German Army reoccupied the territory and counterattacked into Russian Poland in the Gorlice Tarnow offensive 6 During the Imperial Russian Army s subsequent Great Retreat it looted and abandoned the Kingdom of Poland trying to emulate the scorched earth policy adopted during the 1812 invasion 7 8 The Russians also evicted and deported hundreds of thousands of the area s inhabitants whom they suspected of collaborating with the enemy 7 9 10 As the Russians retreated the Central Powers occupied the area 1915 subsequently they proposed the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland In the March 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk Russia by then embroiled in a civil war effectively ceded all Polish territories it had formerly possessed to the German Empire and Austria Hungary Administrative divisions editMain article Administrative division of Congress PolandSee also editKresy Western KraiNotes edita Sources agree that after the fall of the January Uprising in 1864 the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced However they disagree on whether the state of the Kingdom of Poland colloquially known as Congress Poland was officially replaced by the Vistula land as a province of the Russian Empire as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post 1864 period The sources are also unclear as to when the Kingdom of Poland or Vistula land officially ceased to exist some argue it ended with the assumption of control by the German and Austro Hungarian occupying authorities others that it ended with the proclamation of the Regency Kingdom of Poland in 1916 finally some argue that it occurred only with the creation of the independent Second Polish Republic in 1918 Examples Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographical and Spatial Organization p 539 1 in Polish Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywislanski terminy Krolestwo Polskie Krolestwo Kongresowe lub w skrocie Kongresowka byly nadal uzywane zarowno w jezyku potocznym jak i w niektorych publikacjach in English Despite the introduction of the official name Vistula Land terms such as Kingdom of Poland Congress Poland or in short Kongresowka were still in use both in everyday language and in some publications POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE Encyklopedia Interia in Polish po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Krolestwa Pol lacznie z nazwa przeksztalcajac je w Kraj Przywislanski in English after the fall of the uprising the last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland including the name were abolished transforming it into the Vistula land Krolestwo Polskie Encyklopedia WIEM in Polish Krolestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym Nazwe Krolestwa Polskiego zastapila w urzedowej terminologii nazwa Kraj Przywislanski Po rewolucji 1905 1907 w Krolestwie Polskim W latach 1914 1916 Krolestwo Polskie stalo sie in English Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced in official documents by the name of Vistula land However the same article also inconsistently states After the revolution 1905 1907 in the Kingdom of Poland and In the years 1914 1916 the Kingdom of Poland became Krolestwo Polskie Krolestwo Kongresowe Encyklopedia PWN in Polish 1915 18 pod okupacja niem i austro wegierska K P przestalo istniec po powstaniu II RP XI 1918 in English Congress Poland was under German and Austro Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918 K P abbreviation for Krolestwo Polskie Kingdom of Poland was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918References edit The name of the kingdom was changed to Vistula Land which was reduced to a tsarist province it lost all autonomy and separate administrative institutions Richard C Frucht Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People Lands and Culture 2005 The name of the territory which had been Congress Poland was changed to the more innocuous Vistula Land Vistula Land was administered by Russians Alison Fleig Frank Oil Empire Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia 2005 The name of Poland ceased to be used by the Russian authorities who designated the region once occupied by the kingdom as the Vistula Country John Clark Ridpath Ridpath s History of the World Being an Account of the Principal Events in 1910 Wojciech Bartel et al Historia panstwa i prawa Polski Juliusz Bardach i Monika Senkowska Gluck ed T III od rozbiorow do uwlaszczenia Warszawa Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1981 p 67 ISBN 83 01 02658 8 Andrzej Szwarc Od Wielopolskiego do Stronnictwa Polityki Realnej zwolennicy ugody z Rosja ich poglady i proby dzialalnosci politycznej 1864 1905 Warszawa Wydzial Historyczny UW 1990 pp 208 209 Robson Stuart 2007 The First World War 1 ed Harrow England Pearson Longman pp 21 30 ISBN 978 1 4058 2471 2 via Archive Foundation a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link a b John N Horne Alan Kramer German Atrocities 1914 A History of Denial Yale University Press 2001 ISBN 0 300 10791 9 Google Print p 83 Roger Chickering Stig Forster Great War Total War Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front 1914 1918 Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0 521 77352 0 Google Print p 160 Barnett R Rubin Jack L Snyder Post Soviet Political Order Conflict and State Building Routledge 1998 ISBN 0 415 17069 9 Google Print p 43 Alan Kramer Dynamic of Destruction Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 19 280342 5 Google Print p 151Further reading editManfred Alexander Kleine Geschichte Polens Stuttgart Reclam 2003 Quelle Roman Dmowski Deutschland Russland und die polnische Frage Auszuge In Polen und der Osten Texte zu einem spannungsreichen Verhaltnis Hrg Andrzej Chwalba ISBN 3 518 41731 2 Denken und Wissen Eine Polnische Bibliothek Band 7 Hensel Jurgen ed Polen Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820 1939 Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft Osnabruck fibre Verlag 1996External links editSammlung historischer Landkarten zur deutsch polnischen Geschichte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vistula Land amp oldid 1221504545 Government, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.