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γ-Endorphin

November 23, 2023

γ-Endorphin (gamma-endorphin) is an opioid peptide that is characterized by the presence of 17 amino acids. The first 16 amino acids are identical to α-endorphin; leucine added at the end. In addition, γ-endorphin is identical to the first 17 amino acids of β-endorphin. Similar to other endorphins, research focusing upon γ-endorphin has been ongoing since its discovery in the 1970s. Yet, most of the information about the substance's exact role within the body is speculation that has yet to be proven. Some studies have indicated, however, that the polypeptide has antipsychotic effects on a certain category of patients with schizophrenia, while others suggest that γ-endorphin may act to help regulate blood pressure. Further research is needed, but if γ-endorphin does indeed possess such characteristics, the substance could eventually be utilized as a useful means of medical treatment.[1]

γ-Endorphin
Names
Other names
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu
Identifiers
  • 61512-77-4 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:80246
ChemSpider
  • 17294517
KEGG
  • C16018
  • 16138008
UNII
  • A65G32VJ2M Y
  • InChI=1S/C83H131N19O27S/c1-41(2)33-55(75(120)98-65(43(5)6)79(124)100-67(45(8)106)80(125)95-57(83(128)129)34-42(3)4)94-78(123)60-20-16-31-102(60)82(127)68(46(9)107)101-72(117)52(25-27-61(86)109)91-76(121)58(39-103)96-70(115)51(19-14-15-30-84)90-71(116)53(26-28-64(112)113)92-77(122)59(40-104)97-81(126)66(44(7)105)99-73(118)54(29-32-130-10)93-74(119)56(36-47-17-12-11-13-18-47)89-63(111)38-87-62(110)37-88-69(114)50(85)35-48-21-23-49(108)24-22-48/h11-13,17-18,21-24,41-46,50-60,65-68,103-108H,14-16,19-20,25-40,84-85H2,1-10H3,(H2,86,109)(H,87,110)(H,88,114)(H,89,111)(H,90,116)(H,91,121)(H,92,122)(H,93,119)(H,94,123)(H,95,125)(H,96,115)(H,97,126)(H,98,120)(H,99,118)(H,100,124)(H,101,117)(H,112,113)(H,128,129)/t44-,45-,46-,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+,56+,57+,58+,59+,60+,65+,66+,67+,68+/m1/s1
    Key: GASYAMBJHBRTOE-WHDBNHDESA-N
  • C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)N)O
Properties
C83H131N19O27S
Molar mass 1859.10434
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)

It has been hypothesized[by whom?] that γ-endorphin may play a role in substance abuse, as well a neurological problems.[citation needed] The DRD2 gene regulates dopamine[citation needed] to which any mutation in this gene can lead to neurological and psychological disorders. It has been shown in a that a lack of γ-endorphin in utero leads to the DRD2-A2 allele over-expression. the DRD2-A1 allele increases the desire for alcohol and has been shown to be associated with a low γ-endorphin count.[2] The argument of γ-endorphin relating to psychological issues is strong; however, more testing would need to be done to confirm this.

γ-Endorphin resides in the pituitary gland of humans, as well as in other animals such as rats. An experiment was performed where two human pituitary glands were made available, and through various procedures like gel filtration chromatography and high-performance chromatography, 0.7 nmol of gamma-endorphin was found.[3]

References edit

  1. ^ "Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope". Micro.magnet.fsu.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  2. ^ Blum, Kenneth; Oscar-Berman, Marlene; Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.; Palomo, Tomas; Gold, Mark S. (May 2014). "Hypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior". Medical Hypotheses. 82 (5): 606–614. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.019. ISSN 0306-9877. PMC 4039414. PMID 24636783.
  3. ^ Burbach, J.Peter H.; Wiegant, Victor M. (1984-01-30). "Isolation and characterization of α-endorphin and γ-endorphin from single human pituitary glands". FEBS Letters. 166 (2): 267–272. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(84)80093-9. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 6198214. S2CID 83851413.

November 23, 2023
endorphin, gamma, endorphin, opioid, peptide, that, characterized, presence, amino, acids, first, amino, acids, identical, endorphin, leucine, added, addition, endorphin, identical, first, amino, acids, endorphin, similar, other, endorphins, research, focusing. g Endorphin gamma endorphin is an opioid peptide that is characterized by the presence of 17 amino acids The first 16 amino acids are identical to a endorphin leucine added at the end In addition g endorphin is identical to the first 17 amino acids of b endorphin Similar to other endorphins research focusing upon g endorphin has been ongoing since its discovery in the 1970s Yet most of the information about the substance s exact role within the body is speculation that has yet to be proven Some studies have indicated however that the polypeptide has antipsychotic effects on a certain category of patients with schizophrenia while others suggest that g endorphin may act to help regulate blood pressure Further research is needed but if g endorphin does indeed possess such characteristics the substance could eventually be utilized as a useful means of medical treatment 1 g Endorphin NamesOther names Tyr Gly Gly Phe Met Thr Ser Glu Lys Ser Gln Thr Pro Leu Val Thr LeuIdentifiersCAS Number 61512 77 4 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 80246ChemSpider 17294517KEGG C16018PubChem CID 16138008UNII A65G32VJ2M YInChI InChI 1S C83H131N19O27S c1 41 2 33 55 75 120 98 65 43 5 6 79 124 100 67 45 8 106 80 125 95 57 83 128 129 34 42 3 4 94 78 123 60 20 16 31 102 60 82 127 68 46 9 107 101 72 117 52 25 27 61 86 109 91 76 121 58 39 103 96 70 115 51 19 14 15 30 84 90 71 116 53 26 28 64 112 113 92 77 122 59 40 104 97 81 126 66 44 7 105 99 73 118 54 29 32 130 10 93 74 119 56 36 47 17 12 11 13 18 47 89 63 111 38 87 62 110 37 88 69 114 50 85 35 48 21 23 49 108 24 22 48 h11 13 17 18 21 24 41 46 50 60 65 68 103 108H 14 16 19 20 25 40 84 85H2 1 10H3 H2 86 109 H 87 110 H 88 114 H 89 111 H 90 116 H 91 121 H 92 122 H 93 119 H 94 123 H 95 125 H 96 115 H 97 126 H 98 120 H 99 118 H 100 124 H 101 117 H 112 113 H 128 129 t44 45 46 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 65 66 67 68 m1 s1Key GASYAMBJHBRTOE WHDBNHDESA NSMILES C C H C H C O N C H CO C O N C H CCC O O C O N C H CCCCN C O N C H CO C O N C H CCC O N C O N C H C H C O C O N1CCC C H 1C O N C H CC C C C O N C H C C C C O N C H C H C O C O N C H CC C C C O O NC O C H CCSC NC O C H CC2 CC CC C2 NC O CNC O CNC O C H CC3 CC C C C3 O N OPropertiesChemical formula C83H131N19O27SMolar mass 1859 10434Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references It has been hypothesized by whom that g endorphin may play a role in substance abuse as well a neurological problems citation needed The DRD2 gene regulates dopamine citation needed to which any mutation in this gene can lead to neurological and psychological disorders It has been shown in a that a lack of g endorphin in utero leads to the DRD2 A2 allele over expression the DRD2 A1 allele increases the desire for alcohol and has been shown to be associated with a low g endorphin count 2 The argument of g endorphin relating to psychological issues is strong however more testing would need to be done to confirm this g Endorphin resides in the pituitary gland of humans as well as in other animals such as rats An experiment was performed where two human pituitary glands were made available and through various procedures like gel filtration chromatography and high performance chromatography 0 7 nmol of gamma endorphin was found 3 References edit Molecular Expressions Images from the Microscope Micro magnet fsu edu Retrieved 2012 07 25 Blum Kenneth Oscar Berman Marlene Badgaiyan Rajendra D Palomo Tomas Gold Mark S May 2014 Hypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior Medical Hypotheses 82 5 606 614 doi 10 1016 j mehy 2014 02 019 ISSN 0306 9877 PMC 4039414 PMID 24636783 Burbach J Peter H Wiegant Victor M 1984 01 30 Isolation and characterization of a endorphin and g endorphin from single human pituitary glands FEBS Letters 166 2 267 272 doi 10 1016 0014 5793 84 80093 9 ISSN 0014 5793 PMID 6198214 S2CID 83851413 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title G Endorphin amp oldid 1183878497, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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