Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) is a species of virus in the order Herpesvirales, family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Iltovirus.[2] Originally recognised in chickens in the United States in 1926, this virus causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis (abbreviated as AILT, ILT, or LT), a potentially fatal, economically deleterious disease, widely recognised as one of the most contagious diseases in the poultry industry.[3] The virus and its associated disease also occur in pheasants.[which?][4]
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 is classified in the genus Iltovirus. The only other species in this genus, and therefore its closest known relative, is Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1, which affects parrots.[2]
There are two other herpesviruses that affect chickens: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (cause of Marek's disease) and Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3. Both of these are in a separate genus to Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1; Mardivirus, which is united with Iltovirus under the same subfamily; Alphaherpesvirinae.[2]
Pathologyedit
Transmissionedit
GaHV-1 is shed in respiratory secretions and transmitted by droplet inhalation or via fomites. A previously unexposed flock will develop cases for two to eight weeks following introduction. The incubation period is two to eight days.[3]
Clinical signs and diagnosisedit
Uninfected domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus); a typical host
Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, head shaking, lethargy, discharge from the eyes and nostrils (sometimes bloody), and difficulty breathing. The name comes from the severe inflammation of the larynx and trachea. A diphtheritic membrane may form in the trachea, causing obstruction. There may be problems in egg laying and the production of abnormal or thin-shelled eggs. Mortality is typically less than 15 percent.[4]
A vaccine is available (ATCvet code: QI01AD08 (WHO)), but it is susceptible to undesired recombination and it does not prevent latent infections. It can be used during an outbreak to decrease morbidity and deaths.
A confirmed case will usually result in the establishment of a quarantine zone around the farm. Inside this quarantine zone, poultry workers will avoid poultry farms to prevent the spread of the virus. Biosecurity measures including quarantine, isolation, and disinfection are very important in controlling the spread of an outbreak.
Referencesedit
^Thureen and Keeler (2005). "Gallid herpesvirus 1, complete genome". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ abc"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
^ abFenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN0-12-253056-X.
^ abCarter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006). "Herpesviridae". A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved 2006-06-10.
Further readingedit
Coppo, Hartley, Devlin (2013). "Immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 41 (3): 454–462. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.022. PMID 23567343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Devlin, Browning, Gilkerson (2006). "A glycoprotein I- and glycoprotein E-deficient mutant of infectious laryngotracheitis virus exhibits impaired cell-to-cell spread in cultured cells". Archives of Virology. 151 (7): 1281–1289. doi:10.1007/s00705-005-0721-8. PMID 16502283. S2CID 1699293.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Devlin, Browning, Hartley, Kikpatrick, Mahmoudian, Noormohammadi, Gilkerson (2006). "Glycoprotein G is a virulence factor in infectious laryngotracheitis virus". Journal of General Virology. 87 (10): 2839–2847. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82194-0. PMID 16963741.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Loncoman, Hartley, Coppo, Browning, Beltran, Riblet, Freitas, Gracia, Devlin (2018). "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Analysis Shows That Vaccination Can Limit the Number and Diversity of Recombinant Progeny of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses from the United States". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 84 (23). Bibcode:2018ApEnM..84E1822L. doi:10.1128/AEM.01822-18. PMC6238068. PMID 30242009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Loncoman, Hartley, Coppo, Browning, Quinteros, Diaz-Mendez, Thilakarathne, Fakhri, Vaz, Devlin (2018). "Replication-independent reduction in the number and diversity of recombinant progeny viruses in chickens vaccinated with an attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine". Vaccine. 36 (38): 5709–5716. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.012. PMID 30104116. S2CID 51972915.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Loncoman, Hartley, Coppo, Vaz, Diaz-Mendez, Browning, Garcia, Spatz, Devlin (2017). "Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus during In Vivo Coinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 83 (23). Bibcode:2017ApEnM..83E1532L. doi:10.1128/AEM.01532-17. PMC5691407. PMID 28939604.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Loncoman, Hartley, Coppo, Vaz, Diaz-Mendez, Browning, Lee, Devlin (2017). "Development and application of a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay to study infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombination in the natural host". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0174590. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274590L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174590. PMC5370143. PMID 28350819.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikispecies has information related to Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1.
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, expert reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 07/10/2011
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae
February 15, 2024
gallid, alphaherpesvirus, gahv, species, virus, order, herpesvirales, family, herpesviridae, subfamily, alphaherpesvirinae, genus, iltovirus, originally, recognised, chickens, united, states, 1926, this, virus, causes, avian, infectious, laryngotracheitis, abb. Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 GaHV 1 is a species of virus in the order Herpesvirales family Herpesviridae subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and genus Iltovirus 2 Originally recognised in chickens in the United States in 1926 this virus causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis abbreviated as AILT ILT or LT a potentially fatal economically deleterious disease widely recognised as one of the most contagious diseases in the poultry industry 3 The virus and its associated disease also occur in pheasants which 4 Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1Transmission electron micrograph of virionsVirus classification unranked VirusRealm DuplodnaviriaKingdom HeunggongviraePhylum PeploviricotaClass HerviviricetesOrder HerpesviralesFamily OrthoherpesviridaeGenus IltovirusSpecies Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1SynonymsAvian herpesvirus 1 Gallid herpesvirus 1 Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus ILTV Genomic informationNCBI genome IDNC 006623Genome size148 687 nucleotidesYear of completion2005 1 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Pathology 2 1 Transmission 2 2 Clinical signs and diagnosis 2 3 Treatment and control 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksTaxonomy editGallid alphaherpesvirus 1 is classified in the genus Iltovirus The only other species in this genus and therefore its closest known relative is Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 which affects parrots 2 There are two other herpesviruses that affect chickens Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 cause of Marek s disease and Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 Both of these are in a separate genus to Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 Mardivirus which is united with Iltovirus under the same subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae 2 Pathology editTransmission edit GaHV 1 is shed in respiratory secretions and transmitted by droplet inhalation or via fomites A previously unexposed flock will develop cases for two to eight weeks following introduction The incubation period is two to eight days 3 Clinical signs and diagnosis edit nbsp Uninfected domestic chickens Gallus gallus domesticus a typical hostSymptoms include coughing sneezing head shaking lethargy discharge from the eyes and nostrils sometimes bloody and difficulty breathing The name comes from the severe inflammation of the larynx and trachea A diphtheritic membrane may form in the trachea causing obstruction There may be problems in egg laying and the production of abnormal or thin shelled eggs Mortality is typically less than 15 percent 4 Histopathology PCR ELISA immunofluorescent staining and viral isolation are all possible methods of diagnosis Treatment and control edit A vaccine is available ATCvet code QI01AD08 WHO but it is susceptible to undesired recombination and it does not prevent latent infections It can be used during an outbreak to decrease morbidity and deaths A confirmed case will usually result in the establishment of a quarantine zone around the farm Inside this quarantine zone poultry workers will avoid poultry farms to prevent the spread of the virus Biosecurity measures including quarantine isolation and disinfection are very important in controlling the spread of an outbreak References edit Thureen and Keeler 2005 Gallid herpesvirus 1 complete genome National Center for Biotechnology Information Retrieved 7 January 2019 a b c Virus Taxonomy 2020 Release International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV March 2021 Retrieved 10 May 2021 a b Fenner Frank J Gibbs E Paul J Murphy Frederick A Rott Rudolph Studdert Michael J White David O 1993 Veterinary Virology 2nd ed Academic Press Inc ISBN 0 12 253056 X a b Carter G R Flores E F Wise D J 2006 Herpesviridae A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology Retrieved 2006 06 10 Further reading editCoppo Hartley Devlin 2013 Immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus Developmental and Comparative Immunology 41 3 454 462 doi 10 1016 j dci 2013 03 022 PMID 23567343 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Devlin Browning Gilkerson 2006 A glycoprotein I and glycoprotein E deficient mutant of infectious laryngotracheitis virus exhibits impaired cell to cell spread in cultured cells Archives of Virology 151 7 1281 1289 doi 10 1007 s00705 005 0721 8 PMID 16502283 S2CID 1699293 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Devlin Browning Hartley Kikpatrick Mahmoudian Noormohammadi Gilkerson 2006 Glycoprotein G is a virulence factor in infectious laryngotracheitis virus Journal of General Virology 87 10 2839 2847 doi 10 1099 vir 0 82194 0 PMID 16963741 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Loncoman Hartley Coppo Browning Beltran Riblet Freitas Gracia Devlin 2018 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Analysis Shows That Vaccination Can Limit the Number and Diversity of Recombinant Progeny of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses from the United States Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84 23 Bibcode 2018ApEnM 84E1822L doi 10 1128 AEM 01822 18 PMC 6238068 PMID 30242009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Loncoman Hartley Coppo Browning Quinteros Diaz Mendez Thilakarathne Fakhri Vaz Devlin 2018 Replication independent reduction in the number and diversity of recombinant progeny viruses in chickens vaccinated with an attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine Vaccine 36 38 5709 5716 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2018 08 012 PMID 30104116 S2CID 51972915 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Loncoman Hartley Coppo Vaz Diaz Mendez Browning Garcia Spatz Devlin 2017 Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus during In Vivo Coinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83 23 Bibcode 2017ApEnM 83E1532L doi 10 1128 AEM 01532 17 PMC 5691407 PMID 28939604 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Loncoman Hartley Coppo Vaz Diaz Mendez Browning Lee Devlin 2017 Development and application of a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay to study infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombination in the natural host PLOS ONE 12 3 e0174590 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1274590L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0174590 PMC 5370143 PMID 28350819 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Morales Ruiz Bendezu Eguis Montesinos Tataje Lavanda Fernandez Diaz 2018 Full Genome Sequence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Gallid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Strain VFAR 043 Isolated in Peru Microbiology Resource Announcements 6 10 doi 10 1128 genomeA 00078 18 PMC 5843735 PMID 29519822 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 Avian infectious laryngotracheitis expert reviewed and published by WikiVet accessed 07 10 2011 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource ViPR Herpesviridae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 amp oldid 1149117609, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
