GNU Privacy Guard

Not to be confused with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP).

GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free-software replacement for Symantec's PGP cryptographic software suite. The software is compliant with RFC 4880, the IETF standards-track specification of OpenPGP. Modern versions of PGP are interoperable with GnuPG and other OpenPGP-compliant systems.^[3] GnuPG is however expected to break compliance with the upcoming revision of OpenPGP and thus with other implementations that will continue to comply.^[4]

Key pair generation process in Unix terminal emulator
Original author(s)	Werner Koch
Developer(s)	GNU Project
Initial release	7 September 1999; 24 years ago (1999-09-07)
Stable release(s)
Stable 2.4.5^[1]  / 12 March 2024 LTS 2.2.42^[2]  / 28 November 2023
Repository	dev.gnupg.org/source/gnupg/
Written in	C
Operating system	Microsoft Windows, macOS, RISC OS, Android, Linux
Type	OpenPGP
License	2007: GPL-3.0-or-later^[a] 1997: GPL-2.0-or-later^[b]
Website	gnupg.org

GnuPG is part of the GNU Project and received major funding from the German government in 1999.^[5]

Overview

GnuPG is a hybrid-encryption software program because it uses a combination of conventional symmetric-key cryptography for speed, and public-key cryptography for ease of secure key exchange, typically by using the recipient's public key to encrypt a session key which is used only once. This mode of operation is part of the OpenPGP standard and has been part of PGP from its first version.

The GnuPG 1.x series uses an integrated cryptographic library, while the GnuPG 2.x series replaces this with Libgcrypt.

GnuPG encrypts messages using asymmetric key pairs individually generated by GnuPG users. The resulting public keys may be exchanged with other users in a variety of ways, such as Internet key servers. They must always be exchanged carefully to prevent identity spoofing by corrupting public key ↔ "owner" identity correspondences. It is also possible to add a cryptographic digital signature to a message, so the message integrity and sender can be verified, if a particular correspondence relied upon has not been corrupted.

GnuPG also supports symmetric encryption algorithms. By default, GnuPG uses the AES symmetrical algorithm since version 2.1,^[6] CAST5 was used in earlier versions. GnuPG does not use patented or otherwise restricted software or algorithms. Instead, GnuPG uses a variety of other, non-patented algorithms.^[7]

For a long time, it did not support the IDEA encryption algorithm used in PGP. It was in fact possible to use IDEA in GnuPG by downloading a plugin for it, however, this might require a license for some uses in countries in which IDEA was patented. Starting with versions 1.4.13 and 2.0.20, GnuPG supports IDEA because the last patent of IDEA expired in 2012. Support of IDEA is intended "to get rid of all the questions from folks either trying to decrypt old data or migrating keys from PGP to GnuPG",^[8] and hence is not recommended for regular use.

More recent releases of GnuPG 2.x ("modern" and the now deprecated "stable" series) expose most cryptographic functions and algorithms Libgcrypt (its cryptography library) provides, including support for elliptic curve cryptography (ECDH, ECDSA and EdDSA)^[9] in the "modern" series (i.e. since GnuPG 2.1).

Algorithms

As of 2.3 or 2.2 versions, GnuPG supports the following algorithms:

Public key

RSA, ElGamal, DSA, ECDH (cv25519, cv448,^[c] nistp256, nistp384, nistp521, brainpoolP256r1, brainpoolP384r1, brainpoolP512r1, secp256k1), ECDSA (nistp256, nistp384, nistp521, brainpoolP256r1, brainpoolP384r1, brainpoolP512r1, secp256k1), EdDSA (ed25519, ed448^[c])

Cipher

3DES, IDEA (for backward compatibility), CAST5, Blowfish, Twofish, AES-128, AES-192, AES-256, Camellia-128, -192 and -256

Hash

MD5, SHA-1, RIPEMD-160, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-224

Compression

Uncompressed, ZIP, ZLIB, BZIP2

History

GnuPG was initially developed by Werner Koch.^[10][11] The first production version, version 1.0.0, was released on September 7, 1999, almost two years after the first GnuPG release (version 0.0.0).^[12][10] The German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology funded the documentation and the port to Microsoft Windows in 2000.^[11]

GnuPG is a system compliant to the OpenPGP standard, thus the history of OpenPGP is of importance; it was designed to interoperate with PGP, an email encryption program initially designed and developed by Phil Zimmermann.^[13][14]

On February 7, 2014, a GnuPG crowdfunding effort closed, raising €36,732 for a new website and infrastructure improvements.^[15]

Branches

Since the release of a stable GnuPG 2.3, starting with version 2.3.3 in October 2021, three stable branches of GnuPG are actively maintained:^[16]

• A "stable branch", which currently is (as of 2021) the 2.3 branch.
• A "LTS (long-term support) branch", which currently is (as of 2021) the 2.2 branch (which was formerly called "modern branch", in comparison to the 2.0 branch).
• The old "legacy branch" (formerly called "classic branch"), which is and will stay the 1.4 branch.

Before GnuPG 2.3, two stable branches of GnuPG were actively maintained:

• "Modern" (2.2), with numerous new features, such as elliptic curve cryptography, compared to the former "stable" (2.0) branch, which it replaced with the release of GnuPG 2.2.0 on August 28, 2017.^[17] It was initially released on November 6, 2014.^[9]
• "Classic" (1.4), the very old, but still maintained stand-alone version, most suitable for outdated or embedded platforms. Initially released on December 16, 2004.^[18]

Different GnuPG 2.x versions (e.g. from the 2.2 and 2.0 branches) cannot be installed at the same time. However, it is possible to install a "classic" GnuPG version (i.e. from the 1.4 branch) along with any GnuPG 2.x version.^[9]

Before the release of GnuPG 2.2 ("modern"), the now deprecated "stable" branch (2.0) was recommended for general use, initially released on November 13, 2006.^[19] This branch reached its end-of-life on December 31, 2017;^[20] Its last version is 2.0.31, released on December 29, 2017.^[21]

Before the release of GnuPG 2.0, all stable releases originated from a single branch; i.e., before November 13, 2006, no multiple release branches were maintained in parallel. These former, sequentially succeeding (up to 1.4) release branches were:

• 1.2 branch, initially released on September 22, 2002,^[22] with 1.2.6 as the last version, released on October 26, 2004.^[23]
• 1.0 branch, initially released on September 7, 1999,^[12] with 1.0.7 as the last version, released on April 30, 2002.^[24]

(Note that before the release of GnuPG 2.3.0, branches with an odd minor release number (e.g. 2.1, 1.9, 1.3) were development branches leading to a stable release branch with a "+ 0.1" higher version number (e.g. 2.2, 2.0, 1.4); hence branches 2.2 and 2.1 both belong to the "modern" series, 2.0 and 1.9 both to the "stable" series, while the branches 1.4 and 1.3 both belong to the "classic" series.

With the release of GnuPG 2.3.0, this nomenclature was altered to be composed of a "stable" and "LTS" branch from the "modern" series, plus 1.4 as the last maintained "classic" branch. Also note that even or odd minor release numbers do not indicate a stable or development release branch, anymore.)

Platforms

 

Example of usage of GnuPG: As software repository signing key for openSUSE (with ZYpp)

Although the basic GnuPG program has a command-line interface, there exists various front-ends that provide it with a graphical user interface. For example, GnuPG encryption support has been integrated into KMail and Evolution, the graphical email clients found in KDE and GNOME, the most popular Linux desktops. There are also graphical GnuPG front-ends, for example Seahorse for GNOME and KGPG and Kleopatra for KDE.

GPGTools provides a number of front-ends for OS integration of encryption and key management as well as GnuPG installations via Installer packages^[25] for macOS. GPG Suite^[26] installs all related OpenPGP applications (GPG Keychain), plugins (GPG Mail) and dependencies (MacGPG), along with GPG Services (integration into macOS Services menu) to use GnuPG based encryption.

Instant messaging applications such as Psi and Fire can automatically secure messages when GnuPG is installed and configured. Web-based software such as Horde also makes use of it. The cross-platform extension Enigmail provides GnuPG support for Mozilla Thunderbird and SeaMonkey. Similarly, Enigform provides GnuPG support for Mozilla Firefox. FireGPG was discontinued June 7, 2010.^[27]

In 2005, g10 Code GmbH and Intevation GmbH released Gpg4win, a software suite that includes GnuPG for Windows, GNU Privacy Assistant, and GnuPG plug-ins for Windows Explorer and Outlook. These tools are wrapped in a standard Windows installer, making it easier for GnuPG to be installed and used on Windows systems.^[28]

Vulnerabilities

The OpenPGP standard specifies several methods of digitally signing messages. In 2003, due to an error in a change to GnuPG intended to make one of those methods more efficient, a security vulnerability was introduced.^[29] It affected only one method of digitally signing messages, only for some releases of GnuPG (1.0.2 through 1.2.3), and there were fewer than 1000 such keys listed on the key servers.^[30] Most people did not use this method, and were in any case discouraged from doing so, so the damage caused (if any, since none has been publicly reported) would appear to have been minimal. Support for this method has been removed from GnuPG versions released after this discovery (1.2.4 and later).

Two further vulnerabilities were discovered in early 2006; the first being that scripted uses of GnuPG for signature verification may result in false positives,^[31] the second that non-MIME messages were vulnerable to the injection of data which while not covered by the digital signature, would be reported as being part of the signed message.^[32] In both cases updated versions of GnuPG were made available at the time of the announcement.

In June 2017, a vulnerability (CVE-2017-7526) was discovered within Libgcrypt by Bernstein, Breitner and others: a library used by GnuPG, which enabled a full key recovery for RSA-1024 and about more than 1/8th of RSA-2048 keys. This side-channel attack exploits the fact that Libgcrypt used a sliding windows method for exponentiation which leads to the leakage of exponent bits and to full key recovery.^[33][34] Again, an updated version of GnuPG was made available at the time of the announcement.

In October 2017, the ROCA vulnerability was announced that affects RSA keys generated by YubiKey 4 tokens, which often are used with PGP/GPG. Many published PGP keys were found to be susceptible.^[35]

Around June 2018, the SigSpoof attacks were announced. These allowed an attacker to convincingly spoof digital signatures.^[36][37]

In January 2021, Libgcrypt 1.9.0 was released, which was found to contain a severe bug that was simple to exploit. A fix was released 10 days later in Libgcrypt 1.9.1.^[38]

See also

•  Free and open-source software portal

• Acoustic cryptanalysis
• Key signing party
• Off-the-Record Messaging – also known as OTR
• OpenPGP card – a smartcard with many GnuPG functions
• Package manager
• Retroshare – a friend-to-friend network based on PGP authentication
• Web of trust

Notes

1. GPL-3.0-or-later since 2007-07-04 for 2.x and 2007-10-23 for 1.x.
2. GPL-2.0-or-later from 1997-11-18 until 2007-07-04 for 2.x and 2007-10-23 for 1.x.
3. only available in 2.3

References

1. Werner Koch (12 March 2024). . Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
2. "Noteworthy changes in version 2.2.42". 28 November 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
3. "Gnu Privacy Guard". GnuPG.org. from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
4. "A schism in the OpenPGP world". Linux Weekly News. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
5. "Bundesregierung fördert Open Source" (in German). Heise Online. 1999-11-15. from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
6. "[Announce] The maybe final Beta for GnuPG 2.1". from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
7. "GnuPG Features". from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
8. Koch, Werner (2012-12-21). "GnuPG 1.4.13 released" (Mailing list). gnupg-users. from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
9. Koch, Werner (2014-11-06). "[Announce] GnuPG 2.1.0 "modern" released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
10. Angwin, Julia (5 February 2015). "The World's Email Encryption Software Relies on One Guy, Who is Going Broke". ProPublica. from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
11. Wayner, Peter (19 November 1999). "Germany Awards Grant for Encryption". The New York Times. from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
12. "Release Notes". GnuPG. from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
13. . OpenPGP.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
14. "Where to Get PGP". Philzimmermann.com. from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
15. "GnuPG: New web site and infrastructure". goteo.org. from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
16. "GnuPG 2.3.3 released".
17. Koch, Werner (2017-08-28). "[Announce] GnuPG 2.2.0 released". gnupg-announce (Mailing list). from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
18. Koch, Werner (2004-12-16). "[Announce] GnuPG stable 1.4 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2005-01-03. Retrieved 2004-12-16.
19. Koch, Werner (2006-11-13). "[Announce] GnuPG 2.0 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
20. Koch, Werner (2017-01-23). "[Announce] GnuPG 2.1.18 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
21. "GnuPG 2.0.31". 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
22. Koch, Werner (2002-09-06). "[Announce]GnuPG 1.2 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
23. Koch, Werner (2004-08-26). "[Announce] GnuPG 1.2.6 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
24. Koch, Werner (2002-04-30). "[Announce] GnuPG 1.0.7 released". gnupg.org. from the original on 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
25. "GPG Suite". GPGTools. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
26. "GPG Suite". GPGTools. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
27. "FireGPG's developers blog". 7 June 2010. from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
28. "Gpg4win – About Gpg4win". gpg4win.org. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
29. Nguyen, Phong Q. "Can We Trust Cryptographic Software? Cryptographic Flaws in GNU Privacy Guard v1.2.3". EUROCRYPT 2004: 555–570. from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
30. Koch, Werner (November 27, 2003). "GnuPG's ElGamal signing keys compromised". from the original on March 18, 2004. Retrieved May 14, 2004.
31. Koch, Werner (February 15, 2006). "False positive signature verification in GnuPG". from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
32. Koch, Werner (March 9, 2006). "GnuPG does not detect injection of unsigned data". from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
33. Edge, Jake (5 July 2017). "Breaking Libgcrypt RSA via a side channel". LWN.net. from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
34. "Sliding right into disaster: Left-to-right sliding windows leak" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
35. The Return of Coppersmith's Attack: Practical Factorization of Widely Used RSA Moduli 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Matus Nemec, Marek Sys, Petr Svenda, Dusan Klinec, Vashek Matyas, November 2017
36. "Decades-old PGP bug allowed hackers to spoof just about anyone's signature". 14 June 2018. from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
37. "Pass gets a fail: Simple Password Store suffers GnuPG spoofing bug". The Register. from the original on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
38. . Archived from the original on 2021-02-21.

External links

• Official website
• A Short History of the GNU Privacy Guard, written by Werner Koch, published on GnuPG's 10th birthday