GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, LibreCMC) and personal computers (for example, Debian GNU/Hurd) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).
Hurd is the official kernel developed for the GNU system (before Linux-libre also became an official GNU package). Debian GNU/Hurd was discussed for a release as technology preview with Debian 7.0 Wheezy, however these plans were discarded due to the immature state of the system.[8] However the maintainers of Debian GNU/Hurd decided to publish an unofficial release on the release date of Debian 7.0. Debian GNU/Hurd is not considered yet to provide the performance and stability expected from a production system. Among the open issues are incomplete implementation of Java and X.org graphical user interfaces and limited hardware driver support.[9] About two thirds of the Debian packages have been ported to Hurd.[10]
Arch Hurd is a derivative work of Arch Linux, porting it to the GNU Hurd system with packages optimised for the Intel P6 architecture. Their goal is to provide an Arch-like user environment (BSD-style init scripts, pacman package manager, rolling releases, and a simple set up) on the GNU Hurd, which is stable enough for at least occasional use. Currently it provides a LiveCD for evaluation purposes and installation guides for LiveCD and conventional installation.[11][12][13]
Linux kernel
Parabola is an example of a Linux-using GNU variant endorsed by the FSF as a "fully free" system.
The term GNU/Linux or GNU+Linux is used by the FSF and its supporters to refer to an operating system where the Linux kernel is distributed with a GNU system software. Such distributions are the primary installed base of GNU packages and programs and also of Linux. The most notable official use of this term for a distribution is Debian GNU/Linux.
As of 2018, the only GNU variants recommended by the GNU Project for regular use are Linux distributions committed to the Free System Distribution Guidelines; most of which refer to themselves as "GNU/Linux" (like Debian), and actually use a deblobbed version of the Linux kernel (like the Linux-libre kernel) and not the mainline Linux kernel.[14]
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is an operating system for IA-32 and x86-64 computer architectures. It is a distribution of GNU with Debian package management and the kernel of FreeBSD. The k in kFreeBSD is an abbreviation for kernel of,[15] and reflects the fact that only the kernel of the complete FreeBSD operating system is used. The operating system was officially released with Debian Squeeze (6.0) on February 6, 2011.[16] One Debian GNU/kFreeBSD live CD is Ging, which is no longer maintained.[17]
Debian GNU/NetBSD was an experimental port of GNU user-land applications to NetBSD kernel. No official release of this operating system was made; although work was conducted on ports for the IA-32[18] and DEC Alpha[19] architectures, it has not seen active maintenance since 2002 and is no longer available for download.[20]
As of September 2020, the GNU Project does not recommend or endorse any BSD operating systems.[21]
Nexenta OS is the first distribution that combines the GNU userland (with the exception of libc; OpenSolaris' libc is used) and Debian's packaging and organisation with the OpenSolaris kernel. Nexenta OS is available for IA-32 and x86-64 based systems. Nexenta Systems, Inc initiated the project and sponsors its continued development.[22] Nexenta OS is not considered a GNU variant, due to the use of OpenSolaris libc. Multiple Illumos distributions use GNU userland by default.[23]
The Cygwin project is an actively-developed compatibility layer in the form of a C library providing a substantial part of the POSIXAPI functionality for Windows, as well as a distribution of GNU and other Unix-like programs for such an ecosystem. It was first released in 1995 by Cygnus Solutions (now Red Hat).
In 2016 Microsoft and Canonical added an official compatibility layer to Windows 10 that translates Linux kernel calls into Windows NT ones, the reverse of what Wine does. This allows ELF executables to run unmodified on Windows, and is intended to provide web developers with the more familiar GNU userland on top of the Windows kernel.[24][25][26] The combination has been dubbed "Linux for Windows", even though Linux (i.e. the operating system family defined by its common use of the Linux kernel) is absent.
^"Guix: A New Package Manager & GNU Distribution - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
^ abUG, Awesome Developers. "Source Code & GPL Open Source". www.snom.com. Retrieved 2018-04-08. Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".
^"The GNU Operating System". LinuxReviews. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
^"Outreachy internships working with GNU Guix". www.outreachy.org. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
^"13 Lightweight Linux Distributions to Give Your Old PC a New Lease of Life". MakeUseOf. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
^Stallman, Richard (2007-06-19). "Linux and the GNU Project". About the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
^The Debian Project (2007-07-11). "What is Debian?". About Debian. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
^List of potential release architektures for Debian Wheezy
^"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". GNU Project. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
^Nexenta Systems, Inc. (2007-06-20). . Sponsors & Support. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-07-22. This work is initiated and sponsored by Nexenta Systems, Inc. Technical support is available from a variety of sources, including Community and Web Forums.
variants, also, called, distributions, distros, short, operating, systems, based, upon, operating, system, hurd, kernel, library, system, libraries, application, software, like, coreutils, bash, gnome, guix, package, manager, according, project, others, these,. GNU variants also called GNU distributions or distros for short are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system 1 2 3 4 5 the Hurd kernel the GNU C library system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils bash GNOME the Guix package manager etc According to the GNU project and others these also include most operating systems using the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD based kernels 6 7 2 GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices for example LibreCMC and personal computers for example Debian GNU Hurd to powerful supercomputers for example Rocks Cluster Distribution Contents 1 Hurd kernel 2 Linux kernel 3 BSD kernels 4 OpenSolaris Illumos kernel 5 Darwin kernel 6 Windows NT kernel 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHurd kernel Edit Screenshot of Debian GNU Hurd Hurd is the official kernel developed for the GNU system before Linux libre also became an official GNU package Debian GNU Hurd was discussed for a release as technology preview with Debian 7 0 Wheezy however these plans were discarded due to the immature state of the system 8 However the maintainers of Debian GNU Hurd decided to publish an unofficial release on the release date of Debian 7 0 Debian GNU Hurd is not considered yet to provide the performance and stability expected from a production system Among the open issues are incomplete implementation of Java and X org graphical user interfaces and limited hardware driver support 9 About two thirds of the Debian packages have been ported to Hurd 10 Arch Hurd is a derivative work of Arch Linux porting it to the GNU Hurd system with packages optimised for the Intel P6 architecture Their goal is to provide an Arch like user environment BSD style init scripts pacman package manager rolling releases and a simple set up on the GNU Hurd which is stable enough for at least occasional use Currently it provides a LiveCD for evaluation purposes and installation guides for LiveCD and conventional installation 11 12 13 Linux kernel Edit Parabola is an example of a Linux using GNU variant endorsed by the FSF as a fully free system Further information GNU Linux naming controversy Main article Linux distribution The term GNU Linux or GNU Linux is used by the FSF and its supporters to refer to an operating system where the Linux kernel is distributed with a GNU system software Such distributions are the primary installed base of GNU packages and programs and also of Linux The most notable official use of this term for a distribution is Debian GNU Linux As of 2018 the only GNU variants recommended by the GNU Project for regular use are Linux distributions committed to the Free System Distribution Guidelines most of which refer to themselves as GNU Linux like Debian and actually use a deblobbed version of the Linux kernel like the Linux libre kernel and not the mainline Linux kernel 14 BSD kernels Edit Debian GNU kFreeBSD Debian GNU kFreeBSD is an operating system for IA 32 and x86 64 computer architectures It is a distribution of GNU with Debian package management and the kernel of FreeBSD The k in kFreeBSD is an abbreviation for kernel of 15 and reflects the fact that only the kernel of the complete FreeBSD operating system is used The operating system was officially released with Debian Squeeze 6 0 on February 6 2011 16 One Debian GNU kFreeBSD live CD is Ging which is no longer maintained 17 Debian GNU NetBSD was an experimental port of GNU user land applications to NetBSD kernel No official release of this operating system was made although work was conducted on ports for the IA 32 18 and DEC Alpha 19 architectures it has not seen active maintenance since 2002 and is no longer available for download 20 As of September 2020 the GNU Project does not recommend or endorse any BSD operating systems 21 OpenSolaris Illumos kernel EditMain article Nexenta OS Nexenta OS is the first distribution that combines the GNU userland with the exception of libc OpenSolaris libc is used and Debian s packaging and organisation with the OpenSolaris kernel Nexenta OS is available for IA 32 and x86 64 based systems Nexenta Systems Inc initiated the project and sponsors its continued development 22 Nexenta OS is not considered a GNU variant due to the use of OpenSolaris libc Multiple Illumos distributions use GNU userland by default 23 Darwin kernel EditMain article GNU DarwinWindows NT kernel Edit GNU Bash running on Windows 10 Main articles Cygwin and MinGW The Cygwin project is an actively developed compatibility layer in the form of a C library providing a substantial part of the POSIX API functionality for Windows as well as a distribution of GNU and other Unix like programs for such an ecosystem It was first released in 1995 by Cygnus Solutions now Red Hat Main article Windows Subsystem for Linux In 2016 Microsoft and Canonical added an official compatibility layer to Windows 10 that translates Linux kernel calls into Windows NT ones the reverse of what Wine does This allows ELF executables to run unmodified on Windows and is intended to provide web developers with the more familiar GNU userland on top of the Windows kernel 24 25 26 The combination has been dubbed Linux for Windows even though Linux i e the operating system family defined by its common use of the Linux kernel is absent See also Edit Free and open source software portalComparison of Linux distributionsReferences Edit Guix A New Package Manager amp GNU Distribution Phoronix www phoronix com Retrieved 2018 04 02 a b UG Awesome Developers Source Code amp GPL Open Source www snom com Retrieved 2018 04 08 Variants of the GNU operating system which use the kernel Linux are now widely used though these systems are often referred to as Linux they are more accurately called GNU Linux systems The GNU Operating System LinuxReviews Retrieved 2018 04 02 Outreachy internships working with GNU Guix www outreachy org Retrieved 2018 04 02 13 Lightweight Linux Distributions to Give Your Old PC a New Lease of Life MakeUseOf Retrieved 2018 04 02 Stallman Richard 2007 06 19 Linux and the GNU Project About the GNU Project Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2007 07 22 The Debian Project 2007 07 11 What is Debian About Debian Retrieved 2007 07 22 List of potential release architektures for Debian Wheezy GNU Hurd news Debian Wiki Debian GNU Hurd Graphical livecd Desktop packages Arch Hurd 2010 12 07 archived from the original on 2012 03 14 retrieved 2011 12 08 A month of the Hurd CD images GNU 2010 12 31 retrieved 2011 12 08 Vervloesem Koen 2010 07 07 The Hurd GNU s quest for the perfect kernel LWN net Hurd distributions Retrieved 2011 12 08 Free GNU Linux distributions gnu org 2017 12 22 Debian GNU kFreeBSD FAQ Debian 6 0 Squeeze released The Ging FAQ Archived from the original on 2008 04 22 Retrieved 2008 02 22 Debian GNU NetBSD Debian org Retrieved 2012 07 20 Debian GNU NetBSD for Alpha Debian org Retrieved 2012 07 20 Debian GNU BSD News Debian org Retrieved 2012 07 20 Explaining Why We Don t Endorse Other Systems GNU Project Retrieved 2020 09 02 Nexenta Systems Inc 2007 06 20 Unix Portal Nexenta OS Nexenta OpenSolaris Sponsors amp Support Archived from the original on 2007 07 11 Retrieved 2007 07 22 This work is initiated and sponsored by Nexenta Systems Inc Technical support is available from a variety of sources including Community and Web Forums Illumos Foundation Distributions Default Userland Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn t Crazy WIRED Retrieved 2018 04 08 scooley Frequently Asked Questions FAQ docs microsoft com Retrieved 2018 04 08 Rogoff Zak 2018 03 14 Thoughts on GNU kWindows GNU programs running natively on top of the Windows kernel Medium Retrieved 2018 04 08 External links EditArch Hurd Superunprivileged org GNU Hurd based Live CD Debian GNU kFreeBSD Debian GNU NetBSD debian kbsd permanent dead link on OFTC Ging live CD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GNU variants amp oldid 1136028921 Debian GNU kFreeBSD, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
