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The Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) was a decade-long project to drill ice cores in Greenland that involved scientists and funding agencies from Denmark, Switzerland and the United States. Besides the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), funding was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations.
GISP2 logo
The preliminary GISP field work started in 1971 at Dye 3 (65°N43°W / 65°N 43°W / 65; -43 (Dye 3)), where a 372 meter deep, 10.2 cm diameter core was recovered. After this, annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the ice sheet. The first was a 398 m core at Milcent and another was a 405 m core at the Crete station in 1974. After working out various logistical and engineering problems related to the development of a more sophisticated drilling rig, drilling to bedrock at Dye 3 began in the summer[when?] of 1979 using a new Danish electro-mechanical ice drill. In the first year, an 18 cm diameter hole was drilled and cased to a depth of 80 m. Coring continued for two more seasons, and on August 10, 1981, bedrock was reached at a depth of 2037 m. The Dye 3 site was a compromise: glaciologically, a higher site on the ice divide with smooth bedrock would have been better; logistically, such a site would have been too remote.
CRREL thermal drill to 80 m to install casing; Danish ISTUK EM drill from 80 m to bedrock.[1]
GISP2edit
There was a follow-up U.S. GISP2 project, which drilled at a glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet. This hit bedrock (and drilled another 1.55 m into bedrock) on July 1, 1993 after five years of drilling, while European scientists produced a parallel core in the GRIP project. GISP2 produced an ice core 3053.44 meters in depth, the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time.[4]
The location of the GISP2 drilling was revisited annually during summer campaigns to investigate the post-depositional properties of gasses and aerosols in the firn. Eventually, GISP2 and Summit Camp became the site of a year-round NSF / NOAA climate observatory and research facility known as the Greenland Environmental Observatory or GEOSummit.[5]
Langway, Chester C.; Oeschger, H.; Dansgaard, W. (1985). "The Greenland Ice Sheet Program in Perspective". In Langway, Chester C.; Oeschger, H.; Dansgaard, W. (eds.). Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, geochemistry, and the environment. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union. pp. 1–8. ISBN0875900577.
Langway, Chester C. (January 2008). (PDF). CRREL Report (TR-08-1): 1–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18.
Talalay, Pavel G. (2016). Mechanical Ice Drilling Technology. Beijing: Springer. ISBN978-7-116-09172-6.
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Greenland Ice Sheet Project news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German July 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the German article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 118 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Greenland Ice Sheet Project see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Greenland Ice Sheet Project to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Greenland Ice Sheet Project GISP was a decade long project to drill ice cores in Greenland that involved scientists and funding agencies from Denmark Switzerland and the United States Besides the U S National Science Foundation NSF funding was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations GISP2 logo The preliminary GISP field work started in 1971 at Dye 3 65 N 43 W 65 N 43 W 65 43 Dye 3 where a 372 meter deep 10 2 cm diameter core was recovered After this annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the ice sheet The first was a 398 m core at Milcent and another was a 405 m core at the Crete station in 1974 After working out various logistical and engineering problems related to the development of a more sophisticated drilling rig drilling to bedrock at Dye 3 began in the summer when of 1979 using a new Danish electro mechanical ice drill In the first year an 18 cm diameter hole was drilled and cased to a depth of 80 m Coring continued for two more seasons and on August 10 1981 bedrock was reached at a depth of 2037 m The Dye 3 site was a compromise glaciologically a higher site on the ice divide with smooth bedrock would have been better logistically such a site would have been too remote Contents 1 GISP drilling operations 2 GISP2 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksGISP drilling operations editGISP drilling operations 1 Year Location Coordinates Type of drill Core diam cm Depth m Notes 1971 Dye 3 65 11 N 43 49 W 65 183 N 43 817 W 65 183 43 817 Thermal 10 2 372 CRREL thermal drill 2 1972 North Site 75 46 N 42 27 W 75 767 N 42 450 W 75 767 42 450 SIPRE 7 6 15 1972 Crete 71 07 N 37 19 W 71 117 N 37 317 W 71 117 37 317 SIPRE 7 6 15 1973 Milcent 70 18 N 45 35 W 70 300 N 45 583 W 70 300 45 583 Thermal 12 4 398 CRREL thermal drill 2 1973 Dye 2 66 23 N 46 11 W 66 383 N 46 183 W 66 383 46 183 Shallow 7 6 50 1974 Crete 71 07 N 37 19 W 71 117 N 37 317 W 71 117 37 317 Thermal 12 4 405 CRREL thermal drill 2 1974 Dye 2 66 23 N 46 11 W 66 383 N 46 183 W 66 383 46 183 Shallow 10 2 101 1974 Summit 71 17 N 37 56 W 71 283 N 37 933 W 71 283 37 933 Shallow 7 6 31 1975 Dye 3 65 11 N 43 49 W 65 183 N 43 817 W 65 183 43 817 Shallow 7 6 95 1975 South Dome 63 33 N 44 36 W 63 550 N 44 600 W 63 550 44 600 Shallow 7 6 80 1975 Hans Tausen 82 30 N 38 20 W 82 500 N 38 333 W 82 500 38 333 Shallow 7 6 60 1976 Dye 3 65 11 N 43 49 W 65 183 N 43 817 W 65 183 43 817 Wireline 10 0 93 CRREL wireline drill test hole prior to sending the drill to the Ross Ice Shelf 3 1976 Hans Tausen 82 30 N 38 20 W 82 500 N 38 333 W 82 500 38 333 Shallow 7 6 50 1977 Camp Century 77 10 N 61 08 W 77 167 N 61 133 W 77 167 61 133 Shallow 7 6 100 1977 Dye 2 66 23 N 46 11 W 66 383 N 46 183 W 66 383 46 183 Shallow 7 6 84 1977 North Central 74 37 N 39 36 W 74 617 N 39 600 W 74 617 39 600 Shallow 7 6 100 1977 Camp III 69 43 N 50 08 W 69 717 N 50 133 W 69 717 50 133 Shallow 7 6 49 1978 Dye 3 65 11 N 43 49 W 65 183 N 43 817 W 65 183 43 817 Shallow 10 2 90 1978 Camp III 69 43 N 50 08 W 69 717 N 50 133 W 69 717 50 133 Shallow 7 6 80 1979 1981 Dye 3 65 11 N 43 49 W 65 183 N 43 817 W 65 183 43 817 Thermal amp electromechanical 10 2 2037 CRREL thermal drill to 80 m to install casing Danish ISTUK EM drill from 80 m to bedrock 1 GISP2 editThere was a follow up U S GISP2 project which drilled at a glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet This hit bedrock and drilled another 1 55 m into bedrock on July 1 1993 after five years of drilling while European scientists produced a parallel core in the GRIP project GISP2 produced an ice core 3053 44 meters in depth the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time 4 The location of the GISP2 drilling was revisited annually during summer campaigns to investigate the post depositional properties of gasses and aerosols in the firn Eventually GISP2 and Summit Camp became the site of a year round NSF NOAA climate observatory and research facility known as the Greenland Environmental Observatory or GEOSummit 5 The bulk of the GISP2 ice core is archived at the National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood Colorado United States nbsp Photograph of a section of the GISP2 ice core from 1837 m depth with clearly visible annual layers See also editClair Patterson Dye 3 EPICA North Greenland Ice Core Project NGRIP References edit a b Langway et al 1985 p 3 a b c Langway 2008 p 28 Talalay 2016 p 80 The GISP2 Ice Coring Effort National Climatic Data Center NSF s Summit Greenland ObservatorySources editLangway Chester C Oeschger H Dansgaard W 1985 The Greenland Ice Sheet Program in Perspective In Langway Chester C Oeschger H Dansgaard W eds Greenland Ice Core Geophysics geochemistry and the environment Washington D C American Geophysical Union pp 1 8 ISBN 0875900577 Langway Chester C January 2008 The history of early polar ice cores PDF CRREL Report TR 08 1 1 47 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 11 18 Talalay Pavel G 2016 Mechanical Ice Drilling Technology Beijing Springer ISBN 978 7 116 09172 6 External links editGISP from the NOAA World Data Center for paleoclimatology GISP2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Greenland Ice Sheet Project amp oldid 995754046 GISP2, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
