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Wikipedia

GEM (desktop environment)

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Graphics Environment for Multimedia.

GEM (for Graphics Environment Manager[2]) is a discontinued operating environment released by Digital Research in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native graphical user interface of the Atari ST series of computers, providing a WIMP desktop. It was also available for IBM PC compatibles[3][4] and shipped with some models from Amstrad. GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable being Ventura Publisher. It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.

GEM
IBM PC displaying GEM desktop in EGA on a monochrome monitor
Developer(s)Digital Research
Lee Jay Lorenzen
Initial release28 February 1985; 39 years ago (1985-02-28)[1]
Stable release
GEM/3 3.11 / 3 November 1988; 35 years ago (1988-11-03)
Operating systemMS-DOS, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS, CP/M-68K, GEMDOS, TOS
PlatformIntel 8088, Motorola 68000
TypeWindowing system
LicenseGPL-2.0-only
Websitewww.deltasoft.com

Digital Research later produced X/GEM for their FlexOS[3][5] real-time operating system with adaptations for OS/2 Presentation Manager[6][3] and the X Window System under preparation as well.[3]

History edit

GSX edit

 
GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram
 
GSX advertisement in 1982

In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System Extension),[7] written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982.[8] Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently left Xerox PARC (the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of the GKS graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the 8-bit and 16-bit platforms CP/M-80, Concurrent CP/M, CP/M-86 and MS-DOS (NEC APC-III) would run on,[9] a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.[7]

GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known as GDOS (Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter as GIOS (Graphics Input/Output System),[10] a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independent BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specific BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).[7] GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.[7]

Known 8-bit device drivers edit

Known 16-bit device drivers edit

The DOS version of GSX supports loading drivers in the CP/M-86 CMD format. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.[14]

GEM edit

Intel versions edit

The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3[7][9] evolved into one part of what would later be known as GEM, which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as Crystal as a play on an IBM project called Glass, the name was later changed to GEM.

Under GEM, GSX became GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.[10] VDI also added the ability to work with multiple fonts and added a selection of raster drawing commands to the formerly vector-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple viewports, a key addition for use with windows.[15]

A new module, GEM AES (Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and GEM Desktop used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.[16] The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at COMDEX in November 1984,[4][3] following a demonstration on the 80286-based Acorn Business Computer in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,[17] and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.[1]

GEM/1 edit
 
GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640×350 EGA resolution

GEM Desktop 1.0 was released on 28 February 1985.[1] GEM Desktop 1.1 was released on 10 April 1985 with support for CGA and EGA displays.[18][19] A version for the Apricot Computers F-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as GEM Desktop 1.2.[20]

Digital Research also positioned Concurrent DOS 4.1 with GEM as alternative for IBM's TopView.[21]

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not PC compatibles like those from Compaq, as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what BYTE described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.[22] Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software's GEM Write.[23]

At this point, Apple Computer sued DRI[24][unreliable source?] in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of Macintosh (with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier Lisa, available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.[25][26][27][28][24] (See also: Apple v. Digital Research.) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP.

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the Polaroid Palette.[13]

GEM/2 edit
 
GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640×480 16-color VGA.

DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly" GEM Desktop 2.0, released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for VGA, sometime after its release in 1987.[29] It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.[30]

GEM XM edit

GEM XM with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for DOS (including DOS Plus) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to expanded memory (XM) through EMS/EEMS or to disk (including RAM disks, thereby also allowing the use of extended memory).[31][32][33][34] Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a clipboard with filter function (a feature later also found in TaskMAX under DR DOS 6.0).[32] Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM Draw Plus users and through OEM channels.[31]

The GEM XM source code is now freely available under the terms of GNU General Public License.

See also: Concurrent DOS XM
GEM/3 edit
 
GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog

The last retail release was GEM/3 Desktop, released on 3 November 1988,[35] which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.[10]

GEM/4 for CCP Artline edit

GEM/4, released in 1990, included the ability to work with Bézier curves, a feature still not commonly found outside the PostScript world.[citation needed] This version was produced specifically for Artline 2, a drawing program from the German company CCP Development GmbH.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of Timeworks Publisher.

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.[39]

GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher edit

Another version of GEM called GEM/5[43] was produced by GST Software Products for Timeworks' Publisher 2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

ViewMAX for DR DOS edit
Main article: ViewMAX
 
Screenshot of ViewMAX file manager with user-defined colors

GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as ViewMAX which was used solely as a file management shell under DR DOS. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own statically linked copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991, ViewMAX 2 was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by Novell in June 1991[44][45] and all GEM development was cancelled.

X/GEM edit

Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with X/GEM based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems.[clarification needed] DRI also produced X/GEM for their FlexOS[3][5] real-time operating system with adaptations for OS/2 Presentation Manager[6][3] and the X Window System under preparation as well.[3]

Ventura Publisher edit

Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start Ventura Software. They developed Ventura Publisher (which was later marketed by Xerox and eventually by Corel), which would go on to be a very popular desktop publishing program for some time.

Atari versions edit

 
TOS 4.92 (Atari Falcon) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop
Main article: Atari TOS

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to Digital Research to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of CP/M-68K, both ostensibly ported to Motorola 68000 by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM DOS), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for 8086 and 68000 processors and had been adapted to the Apple Lisa 2/5 and the Motorola VME/10[46] development system.[47] Atari decided in January 1985[48] to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as TOS.[49]

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992 Atari released TOS 4, or MultiTOS, along with their final computer system, the Falcon030. In combination with MiNT, TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

Continued development edit

 
Screenshot of OpenGEM 5

When Caldera bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,[50] initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for OpenDOS in mobile applications[51][52] as Caldera View, but these plans were abandoned by Caldera UK in favour of DR-WebSpyder and GROW. Caldera Thin Clients (later known as Lineo) released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms of GNU GPL-2.0-only in April 1999.[52] The development of GEM for PC continues as FreeGEM and OpenGEM.

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source TOS clone EmuTOS. New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of XaAES, and MyAES,[53] both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the FreeMiNT multitasking extensions to TOS.

Description edit

The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:

  1. GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
  2. GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
  3. GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)

GEM VDI was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.

These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.

One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer (QuickDraw) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each window for instance.

GEM AES provided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.

AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.

GEM Desktop was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS (MS-DOS, DOS Plus or DR DOS on the PC, GEMDOS on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.

Native PC GEM applications use the file extension .APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension .ACC instead.[54][55] All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.[54][55]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Malloy, C. E., ed. (1985-07-02) [1985-03-20]. "DRI Ships GEM". A.N.A.L.O.G. TCS #1. Newsgroup: net.micro.atari. ihlpa.704. Retrieved 2020-01-11. Digital Research Inc.'s (DRI) new Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) system software was shipped as scheduled to original-equipment manufacturers (OEMs) February 28, the company announced March 11, 1985.
  2. ^ "Concurrent DOS - Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems" (PDF). Digital Research Inc. 1988 [1987]. 1090-1411-002. (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitler, Bill (March 1989). . Dr. Dobb's Journal. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  4. ^ a b . Corporate Histories Collection - Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
  5. ^ a b "Der GEM-Oldie von Digital Research läuft und läuft: Eine Benutzeroberfläche für diverse Rechnerarchitekturen". Computerwoche (in German). IDG Business Media GmbH. 1989-08-18. ISSN 0170-5121. from the original on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  6. ^ a b Barney, Douglas (1987-11-02). "Microbits: Waiting is hardest part". Computerworld. Vol. XXI, no. 44. CW Publishing, Inc. pp. 37, 45. ISSN 0010-4841. from the original on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  7. ^ a b c d e Wong, William G. (July 1984). "Digital Research's GSX: Graphics Portability". Microsystems. p. 74. GSX13ART.TXT. from the original on 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  8. ^ (PDF). Digital Dialogue - Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc. Vol. 3, no. 4. Digital Research. August 1984. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  9. ^ a b "Language bindings available on data base services" (PDF). Micro Notes - Technical information on Digital Research products. Vol. 2, no. 3. Pacific Grove, California, USA: Digital Research, Inc. July 1984. p. 4. NWS-106-003. (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11. […] Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language Reference manual is available for 16-bit DRI languages inside the GSX-86 Programmer's Toolkit. The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1.3 - one for CP/M-86 (including Concurrent CP/M) and the other for PC-DOS. […]
  10. ^ a b c Elliott, John C., ed. (2014-07-07). "The Graphics System eXtension". Seasip.info. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  11. ^ . 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  12. ^ "UMC UM85C408AF 16-bit ISA Dram VGA Drivers | Device Drivers". oemdrivers.com. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  13. ^ a b "DRI promotes graphics standard" (PDF). Micro Notes - Technical information on Digital Research products. Vol. 2, no. 2. Pacific Grove, California, USA: Digital Research, Inc. May 1984. p. 12. NWS-106-002. (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11. […] Polaroid Palette (part of the Presentation Master package from Digital Research), Diablo Cl30 Color InkJet printer, Transtar color printer, Houston Instruments CMP-29/40/41/42 plotter series. Strobe 100/260 plotter series, the Hewlett-Packard 7473A plotter and Philips GP 300L Hi and Lo Res printers. […]
  14. ^ Lineback, Nathan. "GSX Screen Shots". Toastytech.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  15. ^ Elliott, John C., ed. (2014-07-07). "The Virtual Device Interface". Seasip.info. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  16. ^ Elliott, John C.; H., Thomas, eds. (2014-07-07). "The Application Environment Services". Seasip.info. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
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  20. ^ Elliott, John C. (ed.). "Screenshots of Apricot GEM/1". Seasip.info. from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  21. ^ "Concurrent DOS 4.1 in den USA angekündigt". Computerwoche (in German). IDG Business Media GmbH. 1985-06-21. ISSN 0170-5121. from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  22. ^ Markoff, John Gregory; Robinson, Phillip (June 1985). "A GEM Seminar". BYTE. p. 455. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
  23. ^ Kisor, Henry (1985-11-16). "GEM Write Gives IBM Owners Apple-styled Word Processing". Orlando Sentinel. from the original on 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
  24. ^ a b Dilger, Daniel Eran (2007-09-10). . RoughlyDrafted Magazine. San Francisco, California, USA. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  25. ^ "Digital Research To Modify GEM". The New York Times (National ed.). 1985-10-01. p. D-4. from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  26. ^ Watt, Peggy (1985-10-07). "Apple forces rewrite of GEM". Computerworld. News. Vol. XIX, no. 40. Monterey, California, USA: CW Publishing, Inc. p. 2. ISSN 0010-4841. from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  27. ^ Watt, Peggy (1986-10-27). "Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines". Computerworld - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community. Computer Industry. Vol. XX, no. 43. Monterey, California, USA: CW Communications, Inc. p. 95. ISSN 0010-4841. from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  28. ^ Reimer, Jeremy (2005-05-05). (PDF). Ars Technica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-23. (28 pages)
  29. ^ Lineback, Nathan. "GEM 2.0 Screen Shots". Toastytech.com. from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  30. ^ Alsop, Stewart II (1988-01-18). "WUI: The War Over User Interface" (PDF). P.C. Letter - the Insider's Guide to the Personal Computer Industry. 4 (2). PCW Communications Inc.: 1–4. ISSN 8756-7822. (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  31. ^ a b Schemenaur, P. J. (1986-10-27). "Digital Research to Unveil Gem Option That Switches Between Applications". InfoWorld - The PC News Weekly. Vol. 8, no. 42. Monterey, California, USA: Popular Computing, Inc. p. 5. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  32. ^ a b Elliott, John C. (2013). "GEM/XM screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  33. ^ "GEM XM switches programs under DOS and DOS Plus" (PDF). European Review (20). Digital Research: 1. January 1987. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  34. ^ Harris, Dylan, ed. (2000). "download - XM". Digital Research. Retrieved 2001-09-12. GEM XM Desktop allows you to run several applications at once. You can switch at will between them and even pass data from application to application. No longer need you finish one job before starting another. No more errors in typing the output of one programme as input to the next. Even for DOS applications that were not specially written for GEM. These new capabilities are in addition to the easy–to–use GEM Desktop functions of organising and displaying the contents of your discs. All commands use drop–down menus so need no memorizing. Discs and files are represented by icons which are unambiguous and easy to select, especially with a mouse. GEM XM Desktop is delivered complete with the indispensable GEM Diary which has alarm clock, calendar, diary and card index functions constantly available.
  35. ^ Lineback, Nathan. "GEM 3.11 Screen Shots". Toastytech.com. from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  36. ^ Digital Research Artline User Reference Guide (PDF) (2 ed.). Digital Research / CCP Development GmbH. November 1990 [1988]. 5161-2062-002. (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  37. ^ . Computerwoche (in German). Munich, Germany: IDG Business Media GmbH. 1990-02-09. ISSN 0170-5121. Archived from the original on 2020-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  38. ^ Elliott, John C. (ed.). "Screenshots of GEM/4". Seasip.info. from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  39. ^ a b Krautter, Thomas; Barnes, Chris J. (2006-06-14) [1999-12-29]. "GEM/4". GEM Development. from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12. […] In general, I like the idea of releasing Artline 1 and/or 2 to the public domain, given, some general things are discussed. […] comments on Artline, because the application all the time has been our own copyright, all code was written at CCP, the trademark has been Digital Research's (now it's ours) and the Artline 2 Operating System has been GEM/4. Artline 1 needs GEM 3.1, while all changes to GEM/4 have been made in cooperation with Lee Lorenzen and Don Heiskell to keep compatibility with ventura publisher. Bill Herndon is currently checking his archive to see, if he may contribute GEM/4 VDI and driver sources. […]
  40. ^ Digital Research Artline Installation / Startup (2 ed.). Digital Research / CCP Development GmbH. November 1990 [1988]. 5161-2052-002. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  41. ^ Digital Research Artline Graphics Utilities Guide (1 ed.). Digital Research / CCP Development GmbH. August 1990 [1988]. 5161-2042-002. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  42. ^ Artline Release Note (3 ed.). January 1991. 5161-1001-003. Archived from the original on 2020-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-12. [3]
  43. ^ Elliott, John C. (ed.). "Screenshots of GEM/5". Seasip.info. from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  44. ^ Scott, Karyl (1991-07-29). "Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management". InfoWorld. Networking. Vol. 13, no. 30. InfoWorld Publishing Co. p. 33. ISSN 0199-6649. from the original on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  45. ^ "Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement". Business Wire. 1991-07-17. from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  46. ^ "Motorola VME/10 Microcomputer System Overview Manual" (PDF) (1 ed.). Motorola Inc. February 1984. M68KVSOM/D1. (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  47. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2018-09-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. ^ Dyer, Landon. . Archived from the original on 2018-10-10.
  49. ^ Daniels, Jeffrey (Summer 1988). "3 Years With the ST - An exclusive look inside Tramiel's Atari". STart - The ST Quarterly. START Magazine Archive. Vol. 3, no. 1. Antic Publishing. p. 22. from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  50. ^ Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). "Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft". InfoWorld. News. Vol. 18, no. 31. InfoWorld Publishing Co. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08. [4]; Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). . Computerworld New Zealand. IDG Communications. ISSN 0113-1494. CMPWNZ. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  51. ^ Morris, Joseph P., ed. (1997-05-23) [1997-05-19]. "Caldera Announces OEM Availability of "Web-TV"-like Functionality Using OpenDOS - Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter/Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions". Provo, Utah, USA: Caldera, Inc. from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26 – via www.delorie.com/opendos.
  52. ^ a b Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). "Caldera releases GEM under the GPL". Deltasoft - GEM News. from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR-DOS in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.
  53. ^ Landemarre, Olivier; Rivière, Vincent; Méquignon, Didier; Reboux, Eric; Bercegeay, Arnaud; Béréziat, Dominique; Zorro; Donzé, Philipp; Lemaire, Jean Francois; Sevin, Roland; Stocklausen, Jean-Marc; Boudet, Frédéric; Mandin, Patrice, eds. (2017-12-10) [2011]. "MyAES". Release: 0.97. from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  54. ^ a b Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0. MPDOSTIP (in German) (60 ed.). from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  55. ^ a b Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7. MPDOSTIP (in German) (85 ed.). from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.

Further reading edit

  • Apricot Portable - Technical Reference Manual. Vol. Section 3: Software. ACT (International) Limited. 1984. Retrieved 2020-01-13. [5][6] (228 pages)
  • GSX Graphics Extension - Programmer's Guide (PDF) (2 ed.). Digital Research Inc. September 1983. 5000-2024. (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-01-13. [7][8][9]

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphics Environment Manager.
  • GEM - history, documentation and links to various open-source GEM projects
  • GEM (desktop environment) at Curlie
  • Afros - a distribution of Atari OS components (consisting of for example EmuTOS), aimed specifically at ARAnyM
  • Aranym Atari Running on Any Machine: an open source emulator/virtual machine that can run Atari GEM applications
  • "GEM : THE PROJECT".
  • Creating of TOS (part 1) 2011-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
  • Creating of TOS (part 2) 2010-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
  • GEM demo 1985 Most of the program is about the MAC
  • John C. Elliott. "Intel GEM main page".

January 01, 1970
desktop, environment, confused, with, graphics, environment, multimedia, graphics, environment, manager, discontinued, operating, environment, released, digital, research, 1985, known, primarily, native, graphical, user, interface, atari, series, computers, pr. Not to be confused with Graphics Environment for Multimedia GEM for Graphics Environment Manager 2 is a discontinued operating environment released by Digital Research in 1985 GEM is known primarily as the native graphical user interface of the Atari ST series of computers providing a WIMP desktop It was also available for IBM PC compatibles 3 4 and shipped with some models from Amstrad GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS DOS programs the most notable being Ventura Publisher It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces but never gained traction The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988 GEMIBM PC displaying GEM desktop in EGA on a monochrome monitorDeveloper s Digital Research Lee Jay LorenzenInitial release28 February 1985 39 years ago 1985 02 28 1 Stable releaseGEM 3 3 11 3 November 1988 35 years ago 1988 11 03 Operating systemMS DOS Concurrent DOS FlexOS CP M 68K GEMDOS TOSPlatformIntel 8088 Motorola 68000TypeWindowing systemLicenseGPL 2 0 onlyWebsitewww wbr deltasoft wbr com Digital Research later produced X GEM for their FlexOS 3 5 real time operating system with adaptations for OS 2 Presentation Manager 6 3 and the X Window System under preparation as well 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 GSX 1 1 1 Known 8 bit device drivers 1 1 2 Known 16 bit device drivers 1 2 GEM 1 2 1 Intel versions 1 2 1 1 GEM 1 1 2 1 2 GEM 2 1 2 1 3 GEM XM 1 2 1 4 GEM 3 1 2 1 5 GEM 4 for CCP Artline 1 2 1 6 GEM 5 for GST Timeworks Publisher 1 2 1 7 ViewMAX for DR DOS 1 2 1 8 X GEM 1 2 1 9 Ventura Publisher 1 2 2 Atari versions 1 2 3 Continued development 2 Description 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory editGSX edit nbsp GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram nbsp GSX advertisement in 1982 In late 1984 GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general purpose graphics library known as GSX Graphics System Extension 7 written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982 8 Lee Jay Lorenzen at Graphic Software Systems who had recently left Xerox PARC the birthplace of the modern GUI wrote much of the code GSX was essentially a DRI specific implementation of the GKS graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs charting etc for any of the 8 bit and 16 bit platforms CP M 80 Concurrent CP M CP M 86 and MS DOS NEC APC III would run on 9 a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware and concepts between the various systems of that era 7 GSX consisted of two parts a selection of routines for common drawing operations and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output The former was known as GDOS Graphics Device Operating System and the latter as GIOS Graphics Input Output System 10 a play on the division of CP M into the machine independent BDOS Basic Disk Operating System and the machine specific BIOS Basic Input Output System 7 GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output 7 Known 8 bit device drivers edit DDMODE0 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 0 DDMODE1 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 1 DDMODE2 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 2 DDSCREEN Amstrad PCW screen DDBBC0 BBC Micro screen in mode 0 DDBBC1 BBC Micro screen in mode 1 DDGDC DDNCRDMV NEC µPD7220 DDVRET VT100 Retro Graphics GEN II aka 4027 4010 DDTS803 TeleVideo screen DDHP26XX HP 2648 and 2627 terminals 11 DDQX10 QX 10 screen DDFXLR8 Epson lo res 8 bit DDFXHR8 Epson hi res 8 bit DDFXLR7 Epson and Epson compatible printers DDCITOLR C Itoh 8510A lo res DDCITOH C Itoh 8510A DD DMP1 Amstrad DMP1 printer aka Seikosha GP500M 2 DDSHINWA Printers using Shinwa Industries mechanism DDHP7470 DD7470 Hewlett Packard HP 7470 and compatible pen plotters HP GL 2 DD7220 Hewlett Packard HP 7220 HP GL DDGEN2 Retro Graphics GEN II Ratfor source code in Programmer s Guide DDHI3M Houston Instrument HiPlot DMP DDHI7M Houston Instrument HiPlot DMP DDMX80 Epson MX 80 Graftrax Plus DDESP Electric Studio Light Pen Amstrad PCW DDOKI84 Oki Data Microline DDMF GEM metafile DDPS PostScript metafile Known 16 bit device drivers edit DDLA100 DEC DDLA50 DEC DDNECAPC NEC APC NCRPC4 NCR DecisionMate V IBMBLMP2 IBMBLMP3 IBM CGA monochrome mode IBMBLCP2 IBMBLCP3 IBM CGA color mode IBMCHMP6 IBMEHFP6 IBMEHMP6 IBMELFP6 IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter HERMONP2 IBMHERP3 HERMONP6 Hercules Graphics Card 720 348 UM85C408AF UMC VGA Graphics 12 DDIDSM IDS Monochrome DDANADXM Anadex DP 9501 and DP 9001A DDCITOLR C Itoh 8510A lo res DDCNTXM Centronics 351 352 and 353 DDDS180 Datasouth DDOKI84 Oki Data Microline DDPMVP Printronix MVP DD3EPSNL IBM Epson FX 80 lo res Printer see DDFXLR7 and DDFXLR8 DD3EPSNH IBM Epson FX 80 hi res Printer see DDFXHR8 DD75XHM1 Regnecentralen RC759 Piccoline DDGSXM Metafile EPSMONH6 IBMHP743 Hewlett Packard 7470A 7475A Plotter see DDHP7470 and DD7470 METAFIL6 Metafile PALETTE Polaroid camera 13 The DOS version of GSX supports loading drivers in the CP M 86 CMD format Consequently the same driver binary may operate under both CP M 86 and DOS 14 GEM edit Intel versions edit The 16 bit version of GSX 1 3 7 9 evolved into one part of what would later be known as GEM which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis Originally known as Crystal as a play on an IBM project called Glass the name was later changed to GEM Under GEM GSX became GEM VDI Virtual Device Interface responsible for basic graphics and drawing 10 VDI also added the ability to work with multiple fonts and added a selection of raster drawing commands to the formerly vector only GKS based drawing commands VDI also added multiple viewports a key addition for use with windows 15 A new module GEM AES Application Environment Services provided the window management and UI elements and GEM Desktop used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI 16 The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at COMDEX in November 1984 4 3 following a demonstration on the 80286 based Acorn Business Computer in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn 17 and the system was shipped as GEM 1 on 28 February 1985 1 GEM 1 edit nbsp GEM 1 1 Desktop running in 640 350 EGA resolution GEM Desktop 1 0 was released on 28 February 1985 1 GEM Desktop 1 1 was released on 10 April 1985 with support for CGA and EGA displays 18 19 A version for the Apricot Computers F Series supporting 640 200 in up to 8 colors was also available as GEM Desktop 1 2 20 Digital Research also positioned Concurrent DOS 4 1 with GEM as alternative for IBM s TopView 21 DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers and not PC compatibles like those from Compaq as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers Developers reacted with what BYTE described as a small explosion it reported that at a DRI hosted seminar in February 1985 more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM s incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation Later that month the company removed the restriction 22 Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software s GEM Write 23 At this point Apple Computer sued DRI 24 unreliable source in what would turn into a long dispute over the look and feel of the GEM 1 system which was an almost direct copy of Macintosh with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier Lisa available since January 1983 This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system 25 26 27 28 24 See also Apple v Digital Research Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues including their copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the Polaroid Palette 13 GEM 2 edit nbsp GEM 2 0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog This version of GEM supports 640 480 16 color VGA DRI responded with the lawsuit friendly GEM Desktop 2 0 released on 24 March 1986 which eventually added support for VGA sometime after its release in 1987 29 It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the desktop though other programs could do what they wished changed the trash can icon and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows It was otherwise similar to GEM 1 but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that have already been knocked out of the market by Apple IBM Microsoft and others 30 GEM XM edit GEM XM with GEM Desktop 3 0 was an updated version of GEM 2 in 1986 1987 for DOS including DOS Plus which allowed task switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once swapping out to expanded memory XM through EMS EEMS or to disk including RAM disks thereby also allowing the use of extended memory 31 32 33 34 Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a clipboard with filter function a feature later also found in TaskMAX under DR DOS 6 0 32 Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM Draw Plus users and through OEM channels 31 The GEM XM source code is now freely available under the terms of GNU General Public License See also Concurrent DOS XM GEM 3 edit nbsp GEM 3 11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog The last retail release was GEM 3 Desktop released on 3 November 1988 35 which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM 3 the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI s leading customers While GEM 2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API GEM 3 no longer did 10 GEM 4 for CCP Artline edit GEM 4 released in 1990 included the ability to work with Bezier curves a feature still not commonly found outside the PostScript world citation needed This version was produced specifically for Artline 2 a drawing program from the German company CCP Development GmbH 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 The system also included changes to the font management system which made it incompatible with the likes of Timeworks Publisher Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3 1 39 GEM 5 for GST Timeworks Publisher edit Another version of GEM called GEM 5 43 was produced by GST Software Products for Timeworks Publisher 2 1 It contained an updated look with 3D buttons along with features such as on the fly font scaling It came complete with all the standard GEM 3 1 tools This version was produced from GEM 3 13 with only the Bezier handling taken from GEM 4 ViewMAX for DR DOS edit Main article ViewMAX nbsp Screenshot of ViewMAX file manager with user defined colors GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as ViewMAX which was used solely as a file management shell under DR DOS In this form the system could not run other GEM programs This led to a situation where a number of applications including ViewMAX could exist all with their own statically linked copy of the GEM system This scenario was actually rare as few native GEM programs were published In 1991 ViewMAX 2 was released In these forms GEM survived until DRI was purchased by Novell in June 1991 44 45 and all GEM development was cancelled X GEM edit Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking This started with X GEM based on GEM 1 but this required use of one of the multitasking CP M based operating systems clarification needed DRI also produced X GEM for their FlexOS 3 5 real time operating system with adaptations for OS 2 Presentation Manager 6 3 and the X Window System under preparation as well 3 Ventura Publisher edit Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM 1 when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development He then joined with two other former DRI employees Don Heiskell and John Meyer to start Ventura Software They developed Ventura Publisher which was later marketed by Xerox and eventually by Corel which would go on to be a very popular desktop publishing program for some time Atari versions edit nbsp TOS 4 92 Atari Falcon running HomePage Penguin and Desktop Main article Atari TOS Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984 when Atari sent a team called The Monterey Group to Digital Research to begin work on porting GEM Originally the plan was to run GEM on top of CP M 68K both ostensibly ported to Motorola 68000 by DRI prior to the ST design being created In fact these ports were unusable and would require considerable development Digital Research also offered GEMDOS originally written as GEM DOS a DOS like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms It was available for 8086 and 68000 processors and had been adapted to the Apple Lisa 2 5 and the Motorola VME 10 46 development system 47 Atari decided in January 1985 48 to give up on the existing CP M 68K code and instead port GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform referring to it as TOS 49 As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse license it back to DRI As a result the Apple DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM and they were allowed to keep a more Mac like UI Over the next seven years from 1985 to 1992 new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster side of the system but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support In 1992 Atari released TOS 4 or MultiTOS along with their final computer system the Falcon030 In combination with MiNT TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM Continued development edit nbsp Screenshot of OpenGEM 5 When Caldera bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996 50 initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low footprint user interface for OpenDOS in mobile applications 51 52 as Caldera View but these plans were abandoned by Caldera UK in favour of DR WebSpyder and GROW Caldera Thin Clients later known as Lineo released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms of GNU GPL 2 0 only in April 1999 52 The development of GEM for PC continues as FreeGEM and OpenGEM On the Atari ST platform the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source TOS clone EmuTOS New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of XaAES and MyAES 53 both of which are fully re entrant and support multitasking on top of the FreeMiNT multitasking extensions to TOS Description editThe full GEM system consisted of three main parts GEM VDI Virtual Device Interface GEM AES Application Environment Services GEM Desktop an application providing drag and drop file management GEM VDI was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine It was responsible for low level drawing in the form of draw line from here to here VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface VDI also included environment information state or context current color line thickness output device etc These commands were then examined by GDOS whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering For instance if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed in theory to print dramatically reducing the developer workload they formerly had to do printing by hand in all applications GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre emptive multitasking as the drawing layer QuickDraw needed to have direct memory access into all programs In GEM VDI however such information was stored in the device itself with GDOS creating virtual devices for every context each window for instance GEM AES provided the window system window manager UI style and other GUI elements widgets For performance reasons many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics Compared to the Macintosh AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font AES performs its operations by calling the VDI but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window GEM Desktop was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher the traditional desktop environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh Unlike the Macintosh the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS MS DOS DOS Plus or DR DOS on the PC GEMDOS on the Atari and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer like items including path names and wildcards In general GEM was much more geeky than the Mac but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own Otherwise GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders Native PC GEM applications use the file extension APP for executables whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension ACC instead 54 55 All desktop accessories and also a few simple applications can be run under ViewMAX without modification 54 55 See also edit nbsp Free and open source software portal Atari TOS EmuTOS FreeGEM OpenGEM GEM character set Atari ST character set Resource construction set RCS Pantone Color Computer GraphicsReferences edit a b c Malloy C E ed 1985 07 02 1985 03 20 DRI Ships GEM A N A L O G TCS 1 Newsgroup net micro atari ihlpa 704 Retrieved 2020 01 11 Digital Research Inc s DRI new Graphics Environment Manager GEM system software was shipped as scheduled to original equipment manufacturers OEMs February 28 the company announced March 11 1985 Concurrent DOS Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems PDF Digital Research Inc 1988 1987 1090 1411 002 Archived PDF from the original on 2019 11 26 Retrieved 2018 10 16 a b c d e f g h Fitler Bill March 1989 Writing portable applications with X GEM How does X GEM compare with other windowing systems Dr Dobb s Journal Archived from the original on 2014 08 11 Retrieved 2016 11 24 a b Digital Research Announces GEM Corporate Histories Collection Computer History Museum Archived from the original on 2011 07 25 a b Der GEM Oldie von Digital Research lauft und lauft Eine Benutzeroberflache fur diverse Rechnerarchitekturen Computerwoche in German IDG Business Media GmbH 1989 08 18 ISSN 0170 5121 Archived from the original on 2016 11 24 Retrieved 2016 11 24 a b Barney Douglas 1987 11 02 Microbits Waiting is hardest part Computerworld Vol XXI no 44 CW Publishing Inc pp 37 45 ISSN 0010 4841 Archived from the original on 2020 01 11 Retrieved 2020 01 11 a b c d e Wong William G July 1984 Digital Research s GSX Graphics Portability Microsystems p 74 GSX13ART TXT Archived from the original on 2019 10 20 Retrieved 2020 01 12 One man s drive to standardize GSX PDF Digital Dialogue Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc Vol 3 no 4 Digital Research August 1984 p 3 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 06 16 Retrieved 2022 09 19 a b Language bindings available on data base services PDF Micro Notes Technical information on Digital Research products Vol 2 no 3 Pacific Grove California USA Digital Research Inc July 1984 p 4 NWS 106 003 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 02 11 Retrieved 2020 02 11 Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language Reference manual is available for 16 bit DRI languages inside the GSX 86 Programmer s Toolkit The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1 3 one for CP M 86 including Concurrent CP M and the other for PC DOS 1 a b c Elliott John C ed 2014 07 07 The Graphics System eXtension Seasip info Retrieved 2020 01 13 New driver source 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 07 28 Retrieved 2020 07 28 UMC UM85C408AF 16 bit ISA Dram VGA Drivers Device Drivers oemdrivers com Retrieved 2020 07 27 a b DRI promotes graphics standard PDF Micro Notes Technical information on Digital Research products Vol 2 no 2 Pacific Grove California USA Digital Research Inc May 1984 p 12 NWS 106 002 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 02 11 Retrieved 2020 02 11 Polaroid Palette part of the Presentation Master package from Digital Research Diablo Cl30 Color InkJet printer Transtar color printer Houston Instruments CMP 29 40 41 42 plotter series Strobe 100 260 plotter series the Hewlett Packard 7473A plotter and Philips GP 300L Hi and Lo Res printers 2 Lineback Nathan GSX Screen Shots Toastytech com Archived from the original on 2020 01 15 Retrieved 2020 01 15 Elliott John C ed 2014 07 07 The Virtual Device Interface Seasip info Retrieved 2020 01 13 Elliott John C H Thomas eds 2014 07 07 The Application Environment Services Seasip info Retrieved 2020 01 13 Kewney Guy January 1985 Newsprint Personal Computer World p 108 Retrieved 2021 03 19 Lineback Nathan GEM 1 1 screenshots Toastytech com Archived from the original on 2019 12 25 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Elliott John C ed 2007 03 18 Screenshots of GEM Seasip info Archived from the original on 2019 05 21 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Elliott John C ed Screenshots of Apricot GEM 1 Seasip info Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Concurrent DOS 4 1 in den USA angekundigt Computerwoche in German IDG Business Media GmbH 1985 06 21 ISSN 0170 5121 Archived from the original on 2017 01 18 Retrieved 2017 01 18 Markoff John Gregory Robinson Phillip June 1985 A GEM Seminar BYTE p 455 Retrieved 2013 10 27 Kisor Henry 1985 11 16 GEM Write Gives IBM Owners Apple styled Word Processing Orlando Sentinel Archived from the original on 2019 02 13 Retrieved 2015 01 05 a b Dilger Daniel Eran 2007 09 10 Office Wars 3 How Microsoft Got Its Office Monopoly RoughlyDrafted Magazine San Francisco California USA Archived from the original on 2013 08 19 Retrieved 2013 08 15 Digital Research To Modify GEM The New York Times National ed 1985 10 01 p D 4 Archived from the original on 2018 09 30 Retrieved 2020 01 12 Watt Peggy 1985 10 07 Apple forces rewrite of GEM Computerworld News Vol XIX no 40 Monterey California USA CW Publishing Inc p 2 ISSN 0010 4841 Archived from the original on 2020 02 12 Retrieved 2020 02 12 Watt Peggy 1986 10 27 Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs reorganization Realign business units product lines Computerworld The Newsweekly for the Computer Community Computer Industry Vol XX no 43 Monterey California USA CW Communications Inc p 95 ISSN 0010 4841 Archived from the original on 2020 02 16 Retrieved 2020 02 16 Reimer Jeremy 2005 05 05 A History of the GUI PDF Ars Technica Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 19 Retrieved 2012 07 23 28 pages Lineback Nathan GEM 2 0 Screen Shots Toastytech com Archived from the original on 2019 08 22 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Alsop Stewart II 1988 01 18 WUI The War Over User Interface PDF P C Letter the Insider s Guide to the Personal Computer Industry 4 2 PCW Communications Inc 1 4 ISSN 8756 7822 Archived PDF from the original on 2019 08 23 Retrieved 2020 01 11 a b Schemenaur P J 1986 10 27 Digital Research to Unveil Gem Option That Switches Between Applications InfoWorld The PC News Weekly Vol 8 no 42 Monterey California USA Popular Computing Inc p 5 ISSN 0199 6649 Retrieved 2018 09 12 a b Elliott John C 2013 GEM XM screenshots Seasip info Archived from the original on 2018 09 12 Retrieved 2018 09 12 GEM XM switches programs under DOS and DOS Plus PDF European Review 20 Digital Research 1 January 1987 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 2018 09 12 Harris Dylan ed 2000 download XM Digital Research Retrieved 2001 09 12 GEM XM Desktop allows you to run several applications at once You can switch at will between them and even pass data from application to application No longer need you finish one job before starting another No more errors in typing the output of one programme as input to the next Even for DOS applications that were not specially written for GEM These new capabilities are in addition to the easy to use GEM Desktop functions of organising and displaying the contents of your discs All commands use drop down menus so need no memorizing Discs and files are represented by icons which are unambiguous and easy to select especially with a mouse GEM XM Desktop is delivered complete with the indispensable GEM Diary which has alarm clock calendar diary and card index functions constantly available Lineback Nathan GEM 3 11 Screen Shots Toastytech com Archived from the original on 2019 11 18 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Digital Research Artline User Reference Guide PDF 2 ed Digital Research CCP Development GmbH November 1990 1988 5161 2062 002 Archived PDF from the original on 2019 12 04 Retrieved 2020 01 10 Digital Research stellt Artline 2 vor Unter GEM Oberflache illustrieren und prasentieren Computerwoche in German Munich Germany IDG Business Media GmbH 1990 02 09 ISSN 0170 5121 Archived from the original on 2020 01 12 Retrieved 2020 01 12 Elliott John C ed Screenshots of GEM 4 Seasip info Archived from the original on 2019 06 10 Retrieved 2016 08 01 a b Krautter Thomas Barnes Chris J 2006 06 14 1999 12 29 GEM 4 GEM Development Archived from the original on 2013 03 16 Retrieved 2020 01 12 In general I like the idea of releasing Artline 1 and or 2 to the public domain given some general things are discussed comments on Artline because the application all the time has been our own copyright all code was written at CCP the trademark has been Digital Research s now it s ours and the Artline 2 Operating System has been GEM 4 Artline 1 needs GEM 3 1 while all changes to GEM 4 have been made in cooperation with Lee Lorenzen and Don Heiskell to keep compatibility with ventura publisher Bill Herndon is currently checking his archive to see if he may contribute GEM 4 VDI and driver sources Digital Research Artline Installation Startup 2 ed Digital Research CCP Development GmbH November 1990 1988 5161 2052 002 Retrieved 2020 01 12 Digital Research Artline Graphics Utilities Guide 1 ed Digital Research CCP Development GmbH August 1990 1988 5161 2042 002 Retrieved 2020 01 12 Artline Release Note 3 ed January 1991 5161 1001 003 Archived from the original on 2020 01 12 Retrieved 2020 01 12 3 Elliott John C ed Screenshots of GEM 5 Seasip info Archived from the original on 2019 06 10 Retrieved 2016 08 01 Scott Karyl 1991 07 29 Novell DRI merger to reap better client management InfoWorld Networking Vol 13 no 30 InfoWorld Publishing Co p 33 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on 2020 02 09 Retrieved 2017 01 21 Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement Business Wire 1991 07 17 Archived from the original on 2018 08 18 Retrieved 2017 01 24 Motorola VME 10 Microcomputer System Overview Manual PDF 1 ed Motorola Inc February 1984 M68KVSOM D1 Archived PDF from the original on 2019 11 27 Retrieved 2020 01 11 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2006 07 13 Retrieved 2018 09 12 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Dyer Landon The Atari ST Part 2 Archived from the original on 2018 10 10 Daniels Jeffrey Summer 1988 3 Years With the ST An exclusive look inside Tramiel s Atari STart The ST Quarterly START Magazine Archive Vol 3 no 1 Antic Publishing p 22 Archived from the original on 2019 11 02 Retrieved 2020 01 11 Leon Mark 1996 07 29 Caldera reopens settled suit buys DR DOS Antitrust suit against Microsoft InfoWorld News Vol 18 no 31 InfoWorld Publishing Co p 3 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on 2020 02 08 Retrieved 2020 02 08 4 Leon Mark 1996 07 29 Caldera reopens settled suit buys DR DOS Microsoft s response lawsuit is ironic and sad Computerworld New Zealand IDG Communications ISSN 0113 1494 CMPWNZ Archived from the original on 2018 08 23 Retrieved 2018 02 13 Morris Joseph P ed 1997 05 23 1997 05 19 Caldera Announces OEM Availability of Web TV like Functionality Using OpenDOS Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions Provo Utah USA Caldera Inc Archived from the original on 2018 08 26 Retrieved 2018 08 26 via www delorie com opendos a b Jemmett Ben A L April 1999 Caldera releases GEM under the GPL Deltasoft GEM News Archived from the original on 2016 11 07 Retrieved 2016 11 07 Caldera Thin Clients Inc released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April following years of speculation over GEM s future Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR DOS in 1996 at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients However these plans were dropped and GEM was instead released into the open source community Landemarre Olivier Riviere Vincent Mequignon Didier Reboux Eric Bercegeay Arnaud Bereziat Dominique Zorro Donze Philipp Lemaire Jean Francois Sevin Roland Stocklausen Jean Marc Boudet Frederic Mandin Patrice eds 2017 12 10 2011 MyAES Release 0 97 Archived from the original on 2019 11 02 Retrieved 2020 01 11 a b Paul Matthias R 1997 04 13 1993 DRDOS6UN TXT Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fahigkeiten von DR DOS 6 0 MPDOSTIP in German 60 ed Archived from the original on 2016 11 07 Retrieved 2016 11 07 a b Paul Matthias R 1997 06 07 1994 NWDOS7UN TXT Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fahigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 MPDOSTIP in German 85 ed Archived from the original on 2016 11 07 Retrieved 2016 11 07 Further reading editApricot Portable Technical Reference Manual Vol Section 3 Software ACT International Limited 1984 Retrieved 2020 01 13 5 6 228 pages GSX Graphics Extension Programmer s Guide PDF 2 ed Digital Research Inc September 1983 5000 2024 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 02 11 Retrieved 2020 01 13 7 8 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphics Environment Manager GEM history documentation and links to various open source GEM projects GEM desktop environment at Curlie Afros a distribution of Atari OS components consisting of for example EmuTOS aimed specifically at ARAnyM Aranym Atari Running on Any Machine an open source emulator virtual machine that can run Atari GEM applications GEM THE PROJECT Creating of TOS part 1 Archived 2011 05 12 at the Wayback Machine Landon Dyer one of original member of The Monterey Group Creating of TOS part 2 Archived 2010 09 21 at the Wayback Machine Landon Dyer one of original member of The Monterey Group GEM demo 1985 Most of the program is about the MAC John C Elliott Intel GEM main page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GEM desktop environment amp oldid 1209695016, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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