A full-rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel's sail plan with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged.[1] A full-rigged ship is said to have a ship rig or be ship-rigged. Such vessels also have each mast stepped in three segments: lower mast, top mast, and topgallant mast.[2][3][4] Other large, multi-masted sailing vessels may be regarded as ships while lacking one of the elements of a full-rigged ship, e.g. having one or more masts support only a fore-and-aft sail or having a mast that only has two segments.[4]
Jiggermast, which may not be present but will be fourth tallest if so
If the masts are of wood, each mast is in three or more pieces. They are (in order, from bottom up):[3]
The lowest piece is called the mast or the lower.
Topmast
Topgallant mast
Royal mast, if fitted
On steel-masted vessels, the masts are not constructed in the same way, but the corresponding sections of the mast are still named after the traditional wooden sections.
Sails
Ship Garthsnaid at sea, c. 1920
Names of sails
The lowest and normally largest sail on a mast is the course sail of that mast, and is referred to simply by the mast name: Foresail, mainsail, mizzen sail, jigger sail or more commonly forecourse etc.
Note that even a full-rigged ship did not usually have a lateral (square) course on the mizzen mast below the mizzen topmast. Instead, the lowest sail on the mizzen was usually a fore/aft sail—originally a lateen sail, but later a gaff sail called a spanker or driver. The key distinction between a "ship" and "barque" (in modern usage) is that a "ship" carries a square-rigged mizzen topsail (and therefore that its mizzen mast has a topsail yard and a cross-jack yard) whereas the mizzen mast of a barque has only fore-and-aft rigged sails. The cross-jack yard was the lowest yard on a ship's mizzen mast. Unlike the corresponding yards on the fore and main mast it did not usually have fittings to hang a sail from: its purpose was to control the lower edge of the topsail. In the rare case, the cross-jack yard did carry a square sail, that sail would be called the cross-jack rather than the mizzen course.
The division of a sail into upper and lower sails was a matter of practicality, since undivided sails were larger and, consequently, more difficult to handle. Larger sails necessitated hiring, and paying, a larger crew. Additionally, the great size of some late-19th and 20th century vessels meant that their correspondingly large sails would have been impossible to handle had they not been divided.
Jibs are carried forward of the foremast, are tacked down on the bowsprit or jib-boom and have varying naming conventions.
Staysails may be carried between any other mast and the one in front of it or from the foremast to the bowsprit. They are named after the mast from which they are hoisted, so for example a staysail hoisted to the top of the mizzen topgallant on a stay running to the top of the main topmast would be called the mizzen topgallant staysail.
Evolution of ship rigging
Carrack (16–17th centuries), precursor to full-rigged ship
Full-rigged ship (mid-19th century—with one sail furled on mizzenmast)
In light winds studding sails (pronounced "stunsls") may be carried on either side of any or all of the square rigged sails except royals and skysails. They are named after the adjacent sail and the side of the vessel on which they are set, for example main topgallant starboard stu'nsail. One or more spritsails may also be set on booms set athwart and below the bowsprit.
One or two spankers are carried aft of the aftmost mast, if two they are called the upper spanker and lower spanker. A fore-and-aft topsail may be carried above the upper or only spanker, and is called the gaff sail.
To stop a full-rigged ship, except when running directly down wind, the sails of the foremast are oriented in the direction perpendicular to those of the mainmast. Thus, the masts cancel out of their push on the ship.[5] This allows the crew to stop and quickly restart the ship without retracting and lowering the sails, and to dynamically compensate for the push of the wind on the masts themselves and the yards. Running downwind the sails still need to be lowered to bring the ship to a halt.
^Quiller-Couch, Arthur Thomas (1895). The Story of the Sea. Vol. 1. Cassell and Company. p. 760.
^ abAnsted, A. (1898). A Dictionary of Sea Terms: For the Use of Yachtsmen, Amateur Boatmen, and Beginners. Gill. p. 96.
^ abAdmiralty (1883). Manual of seamanship for boys' training ships of the Royal navy. p. 20.
^ abThe New American Encyclopedic Dictionary: An Exhaustive Dictionary of the English Language, Practical and Comprehensive; Giving the Fullest Definition (encyclopedic in Detail), the Origin, Pronunciation and Use of Words ... J. A. Hill. 1907. p. 3664.
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This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel s sail plan with three or more masts all of them square rigged 1 A full rigged ship is said to have a ship rig or be ship rigged Such vessels also have each mast stepped in three segments lower mast top mast and topgallant mast 2 3 4 Other large multi masted sailing vessels may be regarded as ships while lacking one of the elements of a full rigged ship e g having one or more masts support only a fore and aft sail or having a mast that only has two segments 4 Full rigged sailing ship Christian Radich Amerigo Vespucci full rigged ship of the Italian Marina Militare Contents 1 Masts 2 Sails 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksMasts Edit HMS Lutine a French built ship rigged frigate of the late 18th century The masts of a full rigged ship from bow to stern are 2 Foremast which is the second tallest mast Mainmast the tallest Mizzenmast the third tallest Jiggermast which may not be present but will be fourth tallest if soIf the masts are of wood each mast is in three or more pieces They are in order from bottom up 3 The lowest piece is called the mast or the lower Topmast Topgallant mast Royal mast if fittedOn steel masted vessels the masts are not constructed in the same way but the corresponding sections of the mast are still named after the traditional wooden sections Sails Edit Ship Garthsnaid at sea c 1920 Names of sails The lowest and normally largest sail on a mast is the course sail of that mast and is referred to simply by the mast name Foresail mainsail mizzen sail jigger sail or more commonly forecourse etc Note that even a full rigged ship did not usually have a lateral square course on the mizzen mast below the mizzen topmast Instead the lowest sail on the mizzen was usually a fore aft sail originally a lateen sail but later a gaff sail called a spanker or driver The key distinction between a ship and barque in modern usage is that a ship carries a square rigged mizzen topsail and therefore that its mizzen mast has a topsail yard and a cross jack yard whereas the mizzen mast of a barque has only fore and aft rigged sails The cross jack yard was the lowest yard on a ship s mizzen mast Unlike the corresponding yards on the fore and main mast it did not usually have fittings to hang a sail from its purpose was to control the lower edge of the topsail In the rare case the cross jack yard did carry a square sail that sail would be called the cross jack rather than the mizzen course Above the course sail in order are Topsail or Lower topsail if fitted Upper topsail if fitted Topgallant sail or Lower topgallant sail if fitted Upper topgallant sail if fitted Royal sail if fitted Skysail if fitted Moonraker if fitted The division of a sail into upper and lower sails was a matter of practicality since undivided sails were larger and consequently more difficult to handle Larger sails necessitated hiring and paying a larger crew Additionally the great size of some late 19th and 20th century vessels meant that their correspondingly large sails would have been impossible to handle had they not been divided Jibs are carried forward of the foremast are tacked down on the bowsprit or jib boom and have varying naming conventions Staysails may be carried between any other mast and the one in front of it or from the foremast to the bowsprit They are named after the mast from which they are hoisted so for example a staysail hoisted to the top of the mizzen topgallant on a stay running to the top of the main topmast would be called the mizzen topgallant staysail Evolution of ship rigging Carrack 16 17th centuries precursor to full rigged ship Full rigged ship mid 19th century with one sail furled on mizzenmast In light winds studding sails pronounced stunsls may be carried on either side of any or all of the square rigged sails except royals and skysails They are named after the adjacent sail and the side of the vessel on which they are set for example main topgallant starboard stu nsail One or more spritsails may also be set on booms set athwart and below the bowsprit One or two spankers are carried aft of the aftmost mast if two they are called the upper spanker and lower spanker A fore and aft topsail may be carried above the upper or only spanker and is called the gaff sail To stop a full rigged ship except when running directly down wind the sails of the foremast are oriented in the direction perpendicular to those of the mainmast Thus the masts cancel out of their push on the ship 5 This allows the crew to stop and quickly restart the ship without retracting and lowering the sails and to dynamically compensate for the push of the wind on the masts themselves and the yards Running downwind the sails still need to be lowered to bring the ship to a halt See also EditGlossary of nautical terms A L Glossary of nautical terms M Z Rigging Sail Sail plan Types of sailing ships Yard sailing References Edit Quiller Couch Arthur Thomas 1895 The Story of the Sea Vol 1 Cassell and Company p 760 a b Ansted A 1898 A Dictionary of Sea Terms For the Use of Yachtsmen Amateur Boatmen and Beginners Gill p 96 a b Admiralty 1883 Manual of seamanship for boys training ships of the Royal navy p 20 a b The New American Encyclopedic Dictionary An Exhaustive Dictionary of the English Language Practical and Comprehensive Giving the Fullest Definition encyclopedic in Detail the Origin Pronunciation and Use of Words J A Hill 1907 p 3664 Willaumez p 434Bibliography EditWillaumez Jean Baptiste Philibert 1825 Dictionnaire de marine in French Bachelier Further reading EditRousmaniere John June 1998 The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters Paperback W W Norton amp Company p 174 ISBN 0393339181 ISBN 978 0393339185External links EditThe Development of the Full Rigged Ship From the Carrack to the Full Rigger Example of full rigged ship Stad Amsterdam Christian Radich Sorlandet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Full rigged ship amp oldid 1131956987, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
