Rigging comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat's masts and sails. Standing rigging is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays. Running rigging is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel's sails and spars including halyards, braces, sheets and vangs.[1]
The rigging of a square rigger in London.Standing rigging on a fore-and-aft rigged sailboat. Key: 1. Forestay 2. Shroud 3. (Spreaders) 4. Backstay 5. Inner forestay 6. Sidestay 7. (Boom) 8. Running backstaysBermuda rigged sloop at Convict Bay, Bermuda, circa 1879Standing rigging on a square-rigged vessel.Running rigging on a sailing yacht: 1. Main sheet 2. Jib sheet 3. Boom vang 4. Downhaul 5. Jib halyard
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition "rigging" derives from Anglo-Saxonwrigan or wringing, "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging" a sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging.[2]
Rigging is divided into two classes, standing, which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and running, which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing. Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels.
Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging is almost always between a mast and the deck, using tension to hold the mast firmly in place. Due to its role, standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable. It was historically made of the same materials as running rigging, only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements.[5]
Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay, a backstay, and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under the load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals, swage terminals, shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators.[6]
Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast, top mast, and topgallant mast. This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes, circular blocks that have the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line—lanyards—to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform, called a "top", or cross-wise beams, called "crosstrees". Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds.[7]
Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from the use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers, which include dacron, nylon and kevlar.[8] Running rigging varies between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails, halyards (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On gaff-rigged vessels, topping lifts hold the yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the outhaul at the clew and the downhaul at the tack on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by sheets,[8] but also by braces, which position the yard arms with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels.[7]
^ . en.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-02. The system of ropes or chains employed to support a ship's masts (standing rigging) and to control or set the yards and sails (running rigging).
^Theophrastus (1916) [c. 300 BCE]. Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs. Loeb Classical Library, 70. Translated by Hort, A. F. London; New York: W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN978-0-674-99077-7. OCLC 685104.
^Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). "Papyrus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–745.
^ Ward, Aaron (1884). Text-book of Seamanship: The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail Or Steam. For the Use of the United States Naval Academy. D. Van Nostrand. p. 673.
^ Westerhuis, Rene (2013). Skipper's Mast and Rigging Guide. Adlard Coles Nautical. London: Bloomsbury. p. 5. ISBN9781472901491.
^ ab zu Mondfeld, Wolfram (2005). Historic Ship Models. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 352. ISBN9781402721861.
^ ab Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468. ISBN9781574090932.
Further readingedit
Harland, John (1984). Seamanship in the Age of Sail. Illus. by Mark Myers. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-955-3. OCLC 11036800.
Lees, James (1984). The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1625–1860 (revised ed.). Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-948-0. OCLC 11908132.
Marchaj, C. A. (2000). Aero-Hydrodynamics of Sailing (3rd ed.). Saint Michaels, Md.: Tiller Publishing. ISBN1-888671-18-1. OCLC 62546510.
Marchaj, C. A. (2003). Sail Performance: Theory and Practice (Revised ed.). Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hill. ISBN0-07-141310-3. OCLC 51913243.
Underhill, Harold A. (1964). Masting and Rigging: The Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN9780851741734.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rigging.
January 01, 1970
rigging, other, uses, disambiguation, comprises, system, ropes, cables, chains, which, support, control, sailing, ship, sail, boat, masts, sails, standing, rigging, fixed, rigging, that, supports, masts, including, shrouds, stays, running, rigging, rigging, wh. For other uses see Rigging disambiguation Rigging comprises the system of ropes cables and chains which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat s masts and sails Standing rigging is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays Running rigging is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel s sails and spars including halyards braces sheets and vangs 1 The rigging of a square rigger in London Standing rigging on a fore and aft rigged sailboat Key 1 Forestay 2 Shroud 3 Spreaders 4 Backstay 5 Inner forestay 6 Sidestay 7 Boom 8 Running backstays Bermuda rigged sloop at Convict Bay Bermuda circa 1879 Standing rigging on a square rigged vessel Running rigging on a sailing yacht 1 Main sheet 2 Jib sheet 3 Boom vang 4 Downhaul 5 Jib halyard Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Types of rigging 3 1 Standing 3 1 1 Fore and aft rigged vessels 3 1 2 Square rigged vessels 3 2 Running 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology editAccording to the Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition rigging derives from Anglo Saxon wrigan or wringing to clothe The same source points out that rigging a sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function including the masts spars sails and the rigging 2 History editTheophrastus in his History of Plants 3 c 300 BCE states that the rigging on King Antigonus fleet was made from papyrus reed 4 Types of rigging editRigging is divided into two classes standing which supports the mast and bowsprit and running which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing Configurations differ for each type of rigging between fore and aft rigged vessels and square rigged vessels Standing edit Main article Standing rigging Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position Standing rigging is almost always between a mast and the deck using tension to hold the mast firmly in place Due to its role standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable It was historically made of the same materials as running rigging only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements 5 Fore and aft rigged vessels edit Main article Fore and aft rig Most fore and aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging a forestay a backstay and upper and lower shrouds side stays Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under the load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind Rigging parts include swageless terminals swage terminals shackle toggle terminals and fail safe wire rigging insulators 6 Square rigged vessels edit Main article Square rig Whereas 20th century square rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging prior vessels used wood masts with hemp fiber standing rigging As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century masts relied more heavily on successive spars stepped one atop the other to form the whole from bottom to top the lower mast top mast and topgallant mast This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds Each stay in either the fore and aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter tension Fore and aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes circular blocks that have the large diameter line run around them whilst multiple holes allow smaller line lanyards to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud In addition to overlapping the mast below the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform called a top or cross wise beams called crosstrees Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward These lines are countered in tension by backstays which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds 7 Running edit Main article Running rigging Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails Materials have evolved from the use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers which include dacron nylon and kevlar 8 Running rigging varies between fore and aft rigged vessels and square rigged vessels They have common functions between them for supporting shaping and orienting sails which employ different mechanisms For supporting sails halyards sometimes haulyards are used to raise sails and control luff tension On gaff rigged vessels topping lifts hold the yards across the top of the sail aloft Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail including the outhaul at the clew and the downhaul at the tack on fore and aft rigs The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by sheets 8 but also by braces which position the yard arms with respect to the wind on square rigged vessels 7 See also editFull rigged ship Bermuda rig Lateen rig Junk rig Shipbuilding SuperstructureReferences edit Definition of rigging in English rigging en oxforddictionaries com Oxford University Press 2017 Archived from the original on September 29 2016 Retrieved 2017 01 02 The system of ropes or chains employed to support a ship s masts standing rigging and to control or set the yards and sails running rigging Hannay David 1911 Rigging In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 338 341 Theophrastus 1916 c 300 BCE Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs Loeb Classical Library 70 Translated by Hort A F London New York W Heinemann G P Putnam s Sons ISBN 978 0 674 99077 7 OCLC 685104 Thompson Edward Maunde 1911 Papyrus In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 743 745 Ward Aaron 1884 Text book of Seamanship The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail Or Steam For the Use of the United States Naval Academy D Van Nostrand p 673 Westerhuis Rene 2013 Skipper s Mast and Rigging Guide Adlard Coles Nautical London Bloomsbury p 5 ISBN 9781472901491 a b zu Mondfeld Wolfram 2005 Historic Ship Models Sterling Publishing Company Inc p 352 ISBN 9781402721861 a b Howard Jim Doane Charles J 2000 Handbook of Offshore Cruising The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising Sheridan House Inc p 468 ISBN 9781574090932 Further reading editHarland John 1984 Seamanship in the Age of Sail Illus by Mark Myers Annapolis Md Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 955 3 OCLC 11036800 Lees James 1984 The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War 1625 1860 revised ed Annapolis Md Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 948 0 OCLC 11908132 Marchaj C A 2000 Aero Hydrodynamics of Sailing 3rd ed Saint Michaels Md Tiller Publishing ISBN 1 888671 18 1 OCLC 62546510 Marchaj C A 2003 Sail Performance Theory and Practice Revised ed Maidenhead Berkshire England McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 141310 3 OCLC 51913243 Underhill Harold A 1964 Masting and Rigging The Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier Brill Academic Pub ISBN 9780851741734 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rigging Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rigging amp oldid 1189531928, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
