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Friedrich Graetz

January 01, 1970

Friedrich Graetz or Grätz (April 3, 1842, Frankfurt – November 28, 1912 Vienna) was an Austrian illustrator and cartoonist. His best-known works appeared in Viennese satirical magazines such as Kikeriki and Der Floh, and in the American magazine Puck.[2] Puck was the first magazine to print cartoons in color.[3] Many of Graetz's cartoons were political, targeting issues of government responsibility and public health and urging social change.

Friedrich Graetz
Friedrich Grätz
Born(1842-04-03)April 3, 1842[1]
Frankfurt am Main
DiedNovember 28, 1912(1912-11-28) (aged 70)
Vienna, Austria
Known forPuck cartoons

Career edit

Graetz studied art in Frankfurt am Main with Eduard von Steinle. In 1867 Graetz came to Vienna, spending time also in Budapest.[1]

Vienna edit

Graetz worked for the satirical weekly Kikeriki ("Cock-a-doodle-doo") in Vienna between 1872 and 1875, and for Der Floh ("The Flea"), also in Vienna, beginning in 1875.[4] Both magazines were printed by the publishing house Johann Nepomuk Vernay.[5]

Kikeriki was edited by Ottokar Franz Ebersberg, under the pseudonym O. F. Berg. In its early years, Kikeriki used humour to critique authority and call for social change.[6]: 162, 226  It has been suggested that over time humour in Kikeriki and other Viennese newspapers shifted, becoming less an appeal to improve city life, and more an attempt to cope with its stresses by "keeping up a cheerful spirit".[6]: 227  Their humour also became increasingly distanced and negative toward marginalized groups, including women and Jewish people.[6]: 226–229 

Puck edit

Graetz was hired by Joseph Keppler on a three-year contract, to work for the popular magazine Puck in New York. Keppler, who was also from Austria, established the German-language magazine in 1871, publishing the first English-language edition in 1877. Graetz's illustrations appear in Puck between March 1882[7]: 238  and March 1885.[7]: 238 [4][8]: 18–19  Graetz's images, like those of Joseph Keppler and Carl Edler von Stur in Puck, depict complex scenes in which a number of characters are involved in unfolding action.[8]

In Puck, as in the early Kikeriki, humor was intentionally used to press for both political and social change.[9] Topics reflected the interests and political positions of Keppler and other senior staff, and Keppler closely reviewed others' work before it went to publication, influencing both content and style[7]: 238–243  with "a strong guiding hand".[7]: 241  Among the areas of public health addressed by Friedrich Graetz's cartoons in Puck are unsanitary conditions; disease, quarantine and immigration; and adulteration of foodstuffs.[9]

 
"The Anti-Chinese Wall" , March 29, 1882

Graetz's cartoon "The Anti-Chinese Wall: The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down" caricatures a group including Irish, African American, French, and Jewish laborers. They are shown building a wall against the Chinese at the same time that the Chinese are removing their own barriers to trade. The lettering on the blocks includes "Fear", "Non Reciprocity", "Law Against Race" and "Congressional Blunders".[10] Congress had passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882,[11][12] and was manipulating prejudice and fear against minority groups to support anti-Chinese trade policies.[12] Graetz's cartoon has been used to examine recurring political debates across time.[13][12][11]

 
"The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Can Not Afford to Admit" , Puck, July 18, 1883

Cholera was particularly feared for its high rate of mortality,[14] and because its cause of infection was not yet known. A major epidemic was occurring in Egypt at the time this cartoon was drawn.[15] Graetz's illustration "The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Can Not Afford to Admit" personifies cholera as a skeletal invader in the foreground of the cartoon, but does not demonize or blame immigrants. The deadly disease is opposed by an array of tiny figures: a boat representing the Board of Health, cannons loaded with carbolic acid, thymol and chloride of lime, and a frail line of human defenders.[9]: 1802 [16] The building in the illustration has been identified as Castle Clinton, an immigrant processing center in the Battery Park area of New York City.[14]

 
"An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch-dog of science" , March 14, 1883

A flag entitled "Freedom of thought" flies above the conflict in Friedrich Graetz's cartoon "An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch-dog of science" (1883).[17][18] The caption notes that The Society for the Suppression of Blasphemous Literature proposed to prosecute professors such as physicist John Tyndall, biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, and sociologist Herbert Spencer for sowing "widespread unbelief, and in some cases rank atheism" through the expression of their views on science and religion. In the cartoon, Spencer is shown as a monumental dog, guarding the doors of scientific enlightenment. His detractors surround him with muzzles.[17][18]

 
"The Alchemist of the Past, and the Alchemist of the Present", April 2, 1884

Graetz's cartoon "The Alchemist of the Past, and the Alchemist of the Present" targeted food adulteration practices by commercial chemists and hinted at the need for regulation, as a matter of public health. The Alchemist of the Past, as noted in the illustration, could not make gold out of anything, but the Alchemist of the Present profits by making things out of almost everything. In the cartoon "Dr. Cashdown Mixer, Analytical Chemist" is collecting payments from a number of well-dressed gentlemen, while above him on the wall are the results of some of his work, "Analysis Tea," "Analysis Coffee," and "Analysis Oilymargarine". "Coffee" is listed as consisting predominantly of chicory and beans, while "flour" consists almost entirely of plaster of paris and chalk.[9]: 1807 [19]

Eugene Zimmerman recalls Graetz as "an elderly gentleman with short-cropped hair and abundant red whiskers."[20] Zimmerman considered Graetz to be "an excellent pen-and-ink artist but too careful in detail for an American comic paper".[20] Graetz was unfamiliar with American politics,[7]: 238  and was often given topics dealing with international affairs.[7]: 272  Because he spoke little or no English, proposed work had to be described to him extremely precisely by a German-speaking staff member.[7]: 238 [20] While Keppler was travelling abroad for six months in 1883, Zimmerman acted as Graetz's translator.[7]: 239 

 
Keppler and his staff, as caricatured by himself. Graetz wears a toga.

Keppler caricatured himself and his staff in "The return of the 'prodigal father' at the 'Puck" office'", a cartoon published on October 10, 1883. Graetz is portrayed among the members of the art department, to the left of Keppler. He is dressed in a toga as the Greek painter Apelles.[7]: 239, 263 [4]: 24 [21]

Over time, Graetz drew fewer lithographs. Zimmermam became increasingly skilled, and was seen by Keppler and his partner Adolph Schwarzmann as a possible replacement. Keppler, however, felt uncomfortable about firing his friend.[7]: 320  According to Zimmerman, when it was time to renew Graetz's contract, the proprietors of Puck proposed to cut Graetz's salary in half. Humiliated, he chose to leave and return to Europe.[7]: 320 [20] A few months later, Zimmerman left Puck as well.[7]: 320–321 [1]

Europe edit

Two other similarly named artists were active in Austria and Germany during Friedrich Graetz's lifetime (1842–1912). Friedrich Graetz has been credited with publishing during the periods 1885–1891 in Lustigen Blätter ("Funny Leaves", Hamburg and Berlin) and 1896–1897 in Der Wahre Jacob (Stuttgart, Germany).[4] However, Ursula E. Koch and others identify the author of anti-Semitic cartoons in Lustigen Blätter and Der Wahre Jacob as Fritz Graetz (1875–1915).[22][23][24][25] Georg Friedrich "Fritz" Grätz or Graetz (1875–1915) was also from Frankfurt am Main, and signed paintings as "Fritz Grätz".[26]

A report of Friedrich Graetz's death credits him with publishing in Fliegende Blätter ("Flying Leaves", Munich, Germany).[27] German artist Theodor Grätz (1859–1947) is known to have drawn cartoons for Fliegende Blätter, signing himself "Th. Grätz".[28]

Sample signatures for the three artists are shown below:

  •  
    Friedrich Graetz (1842–1912), from Puck, 1884
  •  
    Georg Friedrich "Fritz" Grätz (1875–1915), from painting, 1904
  •  
    Theodor Grätz (1859–1947), from caricature, 1919

By 1892 Graetz was again working in Vienna, where he drew for several magazines including Figaro,[29] Der Floh ("The Flea") (1891–1913),[4] and the worker's paper Neue Glühlichter[30] ("New Incandescent Light"[31]).

Death edit

Friedrich Graetz's death was reported by December 1912.[27]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Ein Veteran bei Zeichenstifte". Neues Wiener Tagblatt. 4 April 1912. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  2. ^ Culbertson, Tom (8 November 2010). "The Golden Age of American Political Cartoons". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 7 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1017/S1537781400000724. JSTOR 25144529. S2CID 155604073.
  3. ^ Ritchie, Donald A. (2006). "The Senate Theatre: 19th century cartoonists and the U.S. Senate". United States Senate Catalogue of Graphic Art (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
  4. ^ a b c d e Kahn, Michael Alexander; West, Richard Samuel (October 14, 2014). What fools these mortals be! : the story of Puck : America's first and most influential magazine of color political cartoons (1st ed.). IDW Publishing. p. 322. ISBN 9781631400469.
  5. ^ "Johann N. Vernay Druckerei- und Verlagsaktiengesellschaft". Wien Geschichte Wiki. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Hakkarainen, Heidi (2019). Comical modernity : popular humour and the transformation of urban space in late nineteenth-century Vienna. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781789202748. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l West, Richard Samuel (1988). Satire on stone : the political cartoons of Joseph Keppler. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252014970.
  8. ^ a b Gambone, Robert L. (2009). Life on the press : the popular art and illustrations of George Benjamin Luks. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 19. ISBN 9781604732221. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d Hansen, Bert (November 1997). "The Image and Advocacy of Public Health in American Caricature and Cartoons from 1860 to 1900". American Journal of Public Health. 87 (11): 1798–1807. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1798. PMC 1381163. PMID 9366637.
  10. ^ "The anti-Chinese wall—The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down". Library of Congress. 1882. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Primary Documents in American History Chinese Exclusion Act". Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  12. ^ a b c Yung, Judy (Apr 28, 2017). "Will Trump Repeat the Historic Chinese Exclusion Act Mistake?". TruthDig. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  13. ^ "LESSON Editorial Cartoons: A Historical Example of Immigration Debates Grade Level 6–8 9–12". Teaching Tolerance. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  14. ^ a b Berridge, Virginia; Gorsky, Martin; Mold, Alex (September 1, 2011). Public Health in History. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 51–55. ISBN 9780335242665. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  15. ^ "F. Graetz, "The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Can't Afford to Admit,"". Historical Society of Pennsylvania. October 22, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  16. ^ Davis, R. (August 20, 2013). The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918. Springer. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9781137339218.
  17. ^ a b "An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch-dog of science / F. Graetz". Library of Congress. January 1883. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  18. ^ a b Lightman, Bernard; Reidy, Michael S., eds. (2014). The Age of Scientific Naturalism: Tyndall and His Contemporaries. London: Pickering & Chatto. p. 4. ISBN 9781317318286. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  19. ^ "The Alchemist of the Past, and the Alchemist of the Present 1884-Apr-02". Science History Institute. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  20. ^ a b c d Zimmerman, Eugene; Brasch, Walter M. (1988). Zim : the autobiography of Eugene Zimmerman. Susquehanna University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780941664233. Graetz did not "speak English, which made it difficult for him to understand American humor, so I shared his stall in the art department and acted as interpreter. All... "
  21. ^ "The return of the "prodigal father" at the "Puck" office – drawn by himself / J. Keppler". Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  22. ^ Koch, Ursula E. (1991). Der Teufel in Berlin. Illustrierte politische Witzblätter einer Metropole (1848–1890). Köln. pp. 266, 323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Wyrwa, Ulrich "The Image of Antisemites in German and Austrian Caricatures 2018-04-22 at the Wayback Machine", in The Making of Antisemitism as a Political Movement. Political History as Cultural History (1879–1914), eds. Werner Bergmann, Ulrich Wyrwa, Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC, n.3 July 2012
  24. ^ "Der Wahre Jacob – digital". Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  25. ^ Benz, Wolfgang; Mihok, Brigitte (December 12, 2014). Literatur, Film, Theater und Kunst. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 17. ISBN 9783110340884. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  26. ^ "Grätz, Fritz 1875–1915". MAGEDA – Maler- und Gemäldedatenbank. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  27. ^ a b "Friedrich Graetz". Österreichische Illustrierte Zeitung. 22 December 1912. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  28. ^ "Theodor Grätz 1859 Hamburg – 1947 München". Künstler- Seiten mit vielen Gemälden von Antiquitäten. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  29. ^ Gros, Raymond (1910). T.R. in Cartoon. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. p. 37. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  30. ^ "Hier Ruht der Liberalismus". Neue Glühlichter. 12 November 1896. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  31. ^ Shaw, Albert, ed. (1905). "What the people read in Austria and Bohemia". The American Monthly Review of Reviews. 31 (January–June): 85. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

Resources edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friedrich Graetz.
  • Search for Graetz, F. (Friedrich), approximately 1840-approximately 1913, Digital Archives, Theodore Roosevelt Center, Dickinson State University

January 01, 1970
friedrich, graetz, grätz, april, 1842, frankfurt, november, 1912, vienna, austrian, illustrator, cartoonist, best, known, works, appeared, viennese, satirical, magazines, such, kikeriki, floh, american, magazine, puck, puck, first, magazine, print, cartoons, c. Friedrich Graetz or Gratz April 3 1842 Frankfurt November 28 1912 Vienna was an Austrian illustrator and cartoonist His best known works appeared in Viennese satirical magazines such as Kikeriki and Der Floh and in the American magazine Puck 2 Puck was the first magazine to print cartoons in color 3 Many of Graetz s cartoons were political targeting issues of government responsibility and public health and urging social change Friedrich GraetzFriedrich GratzBorn 1842 04 03 April 3 1842 1 Frankfurt am MainDiedNovember 28 1912 1912 11 28 aged 70 Vienna AustriaKnown forPuck cartoons Contents 1 Career 1 1 Vienna 1 2 Puck 1 3 Europe 2 Death 3 References 4 ResourcesCareer editGraetz studied art in Frankfurt am Main with Eduard von Steinle In 1867 Graetz came to Vienna spending time also in Budapest 1 Vienna edit Graetz worked for the satirical weekly Kikeriki Cock a doodle doo in Vienna between 1872 and 1875 and for Der Floh The Flea also in Vienna beginning in 1875 4 Both magazines were printed by the publishing house Johann Nepomuk Vernay 5 Kikeriki was edited by Ottokar Franz Ebersberg under the pseudonym O F Berg In its early years Kikeriki used humour to critique authority and call for social change 6 162 226 It has been suggested that over time humour in Kikeriki and other Viennese newspapers shifted becoming less an appeal to improve city life and more an attempt to cope with its stresses by keeping up a cheerful spirit 6 227 Their humour also became increasingly distanced and negative toward marginalized groups including women and Jewish people 6 226 229 Puck edit Graetz was hired by Joseph Keppler on a three year contract to work for the popular magazine Puck in New York Keppler who was also from Austria established the German language magazine in 1871 publishing the first English language edition in 1877 Graetz s illustrations appear in Puck between March 1882 7 238 and March 1885 7 238 4 8 18 19 Graetz s images like those of Joseph Keppler and Carl Edler von Stur in Puck depict complex scenes in which a number of characters are involved in unfolding action 8 In Puck as in the early Kikeriki humor was intentionally used to press for both political and social change 9 Topics reflected the interests and political positions of Keppler and other senior staff and Keppler closely reviewed others work before it went to publication influencing both content and style 7 238 243 with a strong guiding hand 7 241 Among the areas of public health addressed by Friedrich Graetz s cartoons in Puck are unsanitary conditions disease quarantine and immigration and adulteration of foodstuffs 9 nbsp The Anti Chinese Wall March 29 1882 Graetz s cartoon The Anti Chinese Wall The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down caricatures a group including Irish African American French and Jewish laborers They are shown building a wall against the Chinese at the same time that the Chinese are removing their own barriers to trade The lettering on the blocks includes Fear Non Reciprocity Law Against Race and Congressional Blunders 10 Congress had passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 11 12 and was manipulating prejudice and fear against minority groups to support anti Chinese trade policies 12 Graetz s cartoon has been used to examine recurring political debates across time 13 12 11 nbsp The Kind of Assisted Emigrant We Can Not Afford to Admit Puck July 18 1883 Cholera was particularly feared for its high rate of mortality 14 and because its cause of infection was not yet known A major epidemic was occurring in Egypt at the time this cartoon was drawn 15 Graetz s illustration The Kind of Assisted Emigrant We Can Not Afford to Admit personifies cholera as a skeletal invader in the foreground of the cartoon but does not demonize or blame immigrants The deadly disease is opposed by an array of tiny figures a boat representing the Board of Health cannons loaded with carbolic acid thymol and chloride of lime and a frail line of human defenders 9 1802 16 The building in the illustration has been identified as Castle Clinton an immigrant processing center in the Battery Park area of New York City 14 nbsp An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch dog of science March 14 1883 A flag entitled Freedom of thought flies above the conflict in Friedrich Graetz s cartoon An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch dog of science 1883 17 18 The caption notes that The Society for the Suppression of Blasphemous Literature proposed to prosecute professors such as physicist John Tyndall biologist Thomas Henry Huxley and sociologist Herbert Spencer for sowing widespread unbelief and in some cases rank atheism through the expression of their views on science and religion In the cartoon Spencer is shown as a monumental dog guarding the doors of scientific enlightenment His detractors surround him with muzzles 17 18 nbsp The Alchemist of the Past and the Alchemist of the Present April 2 1884 Graetz s cartoon The Alchemist of the Past and the Alchemist of the Present targeted food adulteration practices by commercial chemists and hinted at the need for regulation as a matter of public health The Alchemist of the Past as noted in the illustration could not make gold out of anything but the Alchemist of the Present profits by making things out of almost everything In the cartoon Dr Cashdown Mixer Analytical Chemist is collecting payments from a number of well dressed gentlemen while above him on the wall are the results of some of his work Analysis Tea Analysis Coffee and Analysis Oilymargarine Coffee is listed as consisting predominantly of chicory and beans while flour consists almost entirely of plaster of paris and chalk 9 1807 19 Eugene Zimmerman recalls Graetz as an elderly gentleman with short cropped hair and abundant red whiskers 20 Zimmerman considered Graetz to be an excellent pen and ink artist but too careful in detail for an American comic paper 20 Graetz was unfamiliar with American politics 7 238 and was often given topics dealing with international affairs 7 272 Because he spoke little or no English proposed work had to be described to him extremely precisely by a German speaking staff member 7 238 20 While Keppler was travelling abroad for six months in 1883 Zimmerman acted as Graetz s translator 7 239 nbsp Keppler and his staff as caricatured by himself Graetz wears a toga Keppler caricatured himself and his staff in The return of the prodigal father at the Puck office a cartoon published on October 10 1883 Graetz is portrayed among the members of the art department to the left of Keppler He is dressed in a toga as the Greek painter Apelles 7 239 263 4 24 21 Over time Graetz drew fewer lithographs Zimmermam became increasingly skilled and was seen by Keppler and his partner Adolph Schwarzmann as a possible replacement Keppler however felt uncomfortable about firing his friend 7 320 According to Zimmerman when it was time to renew Graetz s contract the proprietors of Puck proposed to cut Graetz s salary in half Humiliated he chose to leave and return to Europe 7 320 20 A few months later Zimmerman left Puck as well 7 320 321 1 Europe edit Two other similarly named artists were active in Austria and Germany during Friedrich Graetz s lifetime 1842 1912 Friedrich Graetz has been credited with publishing during the periods 1885 1891 in Lustigen Blatter Funny Leaves Hamburg and Berlin and 1896 1897 in Der Wahre Jacob Stuttgart Germany 4 However Ursula E Koch and others identify the author of anti Semitic cartoons in Lustigen Blatter and Der Wahre Jacob as Fritz Graetz 1875 1915 22 23 24 25 Georg Friedrich Fritz Gratz or Graetz 1875 1915 was also from Frankfurt am Main and signed paintings as Fritz Gratz 26 A report of Friedrich Graetz s death credits him with publishing in Fliegende Blatter Flying Leaves Munich Germany 27 German artist Theodor Gratz 1859 1947 is known to have drawn cartoons for Fliegende Blatter signing himself Th Gratz 28 Sample signatures for the three artists are shown below nbsp Friedrich Graetz 1842 1912 from Puck 1884 nbsp Georg Friedrich Fritz Gratz 1875 1915 from painting 1904 nbsp Theodor Gratz 1859 1947 from caricature 1919 By 1892 Graetz was again working in Vienna where he drew for several magazines including Figaro 29 Der Floh The Flea 1891 1913 4 and the worker s paper Neue Gluhlichter 30 New Incandescent Light 31 Death editFriedrich Graetz s death was reported by December 1912 27 References edit a b c Ein Veteran bei Zeichenstifte Neues Wiener Tagblatt 4 April 1912 Retrieved 26 November 2019 Culbertson Tom 8 November 2010 The Golden Age of American Political Cartoons The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7 3 277 295 doi 10 1017 S1537781400000724 JSTOR 25144529 S2CID 155604073 Ritchie Donald A 2006 The Senate Theatre 19th century cartoonists and the U S Senate United States Senate Catalogue of Graphic Art PDF Washington D C U S Government Printing Office a b c d e Kahn Michael Alexander West Richard Samuel October 14 2014 What fools these mortals be the story of Puck America s first and most influential magazine of color political cartoons 1st ed IDW Publishing p 322 ISBN 9781631400469 Johann N Vernay Druckerei und Verlagsaktiengesellschaft Wien Geschichte Wiki Retrieved 26 November 2019 a b c Hakkarainen Heidi 2019 Comical modernity popular humour and the transformation of urban space in late nineteenth century Vienna New York Oxford Berghahn Books ISBN 9781789202748 Retrieved 26 November 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l West Richard Samuel 1988 Satire on stone the political cartoons of Joseph Keppler Urbana Illinois University of Illinois Press ISBN 9780252014970 a b Gambone Robert L 2009 Life on the press the popular art and illustrations of George Benjamin Luks Jackson Mississippi University Press of Mississippi p 19 ISBN 9781604732221 Retrieved 27 November 2019 a b c d Hansen Bert November 1997 The Image and Advocacy of Public Health in American Caricature and Cartoons from 1860 to 1900 American Journal of Public Health 87 11 1798 1807 doi 10 2105 AJPH 87 11 1798 PMC 1381163 PMID 9366637 The anti Chinese wall The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down Library of Congress 1882 Retrieved 29 November 2019 a b Primary Documents in American History Chinese Exclusion Act Library of Congress Retrieved 16 January 2020 a b c Yung Judy Apr 28 2017 Will Trump Repeat the Historic Chinese Exclusion Act Mistake TruthDig Retrieved 16 January 2020 LESSON Editorial Cartoons A Historical Example of Immigration Debates Grade Level 6 8 9 12 Teaching Tolerance 9 July 2010 Retrieved 16 January 2020 a b Berridge Virginia Gorsky Martin Mold Alex September 1 2011 Public Health in History UK McGraw Hill Education pp 51 55 ISBN 9780335242665 Retrieved 16 January 2020 F Graetz The Kind of Assisted Emigrant We Can t Afford to Admit Historical Society of Pennsylvania October 22 2014 Retrieved 16 January 2020 Davis R August 20 2013 The Spanish Flu Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain 1918 Springer pp 78 79 ISBN 9781137339218 a b An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch dog of science F Graetz Library of Congress January 1883 Retrieved 11 January 2020 a b Lightman Bernard Reidy Michael S eds 2014 The Age of Scientific Naturalism Tyndall and His Contemporaries London Pickering amp Chatto p 4 ISBN 9781317318286 Retrieved 2 December 2019 The Alchemist of the Past and the Alchemist of the Present 1884 Apr 02 Science History Institute Retrieved 2 December 2019 a b c d Zimmerman Eugene Brasch Walter M 1988 Zim the autobiography of Eugene Zimmerman Susquehanna University Press p 62 ISBN 9780941664233 Graetz did not speak English which made it difficult for him to understand American humor so I shared his stall in the art department and acted as interpreter All The return of the prodigal father at the Puck office drawn by himself J Keppler Library of Congress Retrieved 6 December 2019 Koch Ursula E 1991 Der Teufel in Berlin Illustrierte politische Witzblatter einer Metropole 1848 1890 Koln pp 266 323 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Wyrwa Ulrich The Image of Antisemites in German and Austrian Caricatures Archived 2018 04 22 at the Wayback Machine in The Making of Antisemitism as a Political Movement Political History as Cultural History 1879 1914 eds Werner Bergmann Ulrich Wyrwa Quest Issues in Contemporary Jewish History Journal of Fondazione CDEC n 3 July 2012 Der Wahre Jacob digital Universitatsbibliothek Heidelberg Retrieved 26 November 2019 Benz Wolfgang Mihok Brigitte December 12 2014 Literatur Film Theater und Kunst Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 17 ISBN 9783110340884 Retrieved 29 November 2019 Gratz Fritz 1875 1915 MAGEDA Maler und Gemaldedatenbank Retrieved 16 January 2020 a b Friedrich Graetz Osterreichische Illustrierte Zeitung 22 December 1912 Retrieved 26 November 2019 Theodor Gratz 1859 Hamburg 1947 Munchen Kunstler Seiten mit vielen Gemalden von Antiquitaten Retrieved 27 November 2019 Gros Raymond 1910 T R in Cartoon Akron Ohio Saalfield Publishing Company p 37 Retrieved 29 November 2019 Hier Ruht der Liberalismus Neue Gluhlichter 12 November 1896 Retrieved 29 November 2019 Shaw Albert ed 1905 What the people read in Austria and Bohemia The American Monthly Review of Reviews 31 January June 85 Retrieved 27 November 2019 Resources edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friedrich Graetz Search for Graetz F Friedrich approximately 1840 approximately 1913 Digital Archives Theodore Roosevelt Center Dickinson State University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Friedrich Graetz amp oldid 1213390483, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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