The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (in Spanish: Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez, FPMR) was a Marxist-Leninistguerrilla organisation officially founded on 14 December 1983 as the military wing of the Communist Party of Chile in the context of this party policy denominated as the "Política de Rebelión Popular de Masas", created with the goal of a violent overthrow of the civic-military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet.
Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR)
Official and historical flag of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (FPMR)
Leader
Raúl Pellegrin (Comandante José Miguel or Rodrigo), (1983–1988)
It was described as a terrorist organization by the US Department of State and by MI6 until 1999, when the FPMR ceased its armed activity, 9 years after the end of the Pinochet transfer of power.
The FPMR was estimated to be made up of 1,500 to 4,000 militants and combatants.[1]
Activity during the military dictatorship (1983–1990).Edit
On 7 September 1986, after months of planning, the FPMR attacked dictator Augusto Pinochet's car in an assassination attempt. Five of Pinochet's bodyguards were killed and eleven wounded. Pinochet, however, only suffered minor injuries. He was riding the car with his then 10-year-old grandson who survived unharmed.[3] Also in 1986, Chilean security forces caught the FPMR smuggling an 80-ton shipment of weapons in Carrizal Bajo, including C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers as well as more than three thousand M-16 rifles.[4]
The failure of Pinochet's attempted assassination led to an internal crisis in the FPMR, leading to splits and to the group's complete autonomy towards the PCCh.[5]
On 8 April 1986, FPMR guerrillas kidnapped and held the Carabinero corporal Germán Obando captive for 48 hours. After nationwide coverage of the incident, the press reported mass condemnation which included political groups normally sympathetic to the cause of the FPMR.[6][failed verification]
On 13 April 1987, the FPMR simultaneously assaulted the offices of Associated Press (AP) and eight radio stations in Santiago, killing an off-duty security guard.[7]
In the period 1988–1994, the FPMR conducted 15 attacks against LDS Chapels and temples.[8]
On 5 November 1990, FPMR guerrillas detonated a bomb inside the restaurant Max und Moritz in a seaside resort of Viña del Mar, wounding three sailors from the United States aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln. Three British tourists and two waitresses were also injured in the attack.[9]
Activity during the democratic transition (1990–1999).Edit
On 1 April 1991, Senator and close Pinochet advisor Jaime Guzmán was shot at the exit of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile where he was a professor of constitutional law. He was driven to a nearby hospital by his driver but died three hours later from several bullet wounds. His assassination was executed by FPMR members Ricardo Palma Salamanca and Raúl Escobar Poblete; the operation is believed to have been planned by the leaders of the movement Galvarino Apablaza, Mauricio Hernández Norambuena and Juan Gutiérrez Fischmann, who had been planning the murder of Guzman since the 1980s.
In 1993, FPMR guerrillas bombed two McDonald's restaurants and attempted to bomb a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant.[11]
In 2005 FPMR member Patricio Ortiz received political asylum in Switzerland. He was sentenced in Chile to ten years of prison for the assassination of a police officer in 1991, during the beginning of the transition to democracy. Ortiz escaped from a Chilean prison in 1996 and reached Switzerland the following year. Following an extradition request by Chile, he was detained by Swiss authorities, who later refused to extradite him as his physical integrity could not be assured (i.e., possibility of torture: extraditing him would have violated article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights[12]). Swiss authorities then freed him and granted him asylum.[13] In 2007 the Socialist President Michelle Bachelet, who had been herself tortured by the army, criticized the political asylum given to Ortiz,[14] to indignation of the Chilean Left.[15]
Extradition proceedingsEdit
On 13 September 2011, judge Mario Carroza from Santiago's Court of Appeals, requested the Chilean Supreme Court the extradition from Belgium of former FPMR guerrilla Miguel Ángel Peña, accused of UDI's Senator Jaime Guzmán's murder that took place on 1 April 1991.[16]
^"[Audio] Bachelet afirmó que el refugio en Suiza a Patricio Ortiz "es difícil de explicit" (Bachelet says Swiss asylum for Patricio Ortiz "is difficult to explain")". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). 1 June 2007.
^Negrón, Patricio (12 June 2007). "Bachelet y el asilo político (Bachelet and political asylum)" (in Spanish). luisemiliorecabarren.cl.
^"Juez chileno pide extradición a Bélgica de procesado por muerte senador". ABC. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
External linksEdit
Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front website
MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
October 19, 2023
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The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front in Spanish Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodriguez FPMR was a Marxist Leninist guerrilla organisation officially founded on 14 December 1983 as the military wing of the Communist Party of Chile in the context of this party policy denominated as the Politica de Rebelion Popular de Masas created with the goal of a violent overthrow of the civic military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodriguez FPMR Official and historical flag of the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front FPMR LeaderRaul Pellegrin Comandante Jose Miguel or Rodrigo 1983 1988 Galvarino Apablaza Comandante Salvador 1988 2001 Dates of operation14 December 1983 1999MotivesOverthrow Augusto Pinochet s dictatorship and establish a socialist state in ChileActive regionsChileIdeologyCommunismMarxism LeninismGuevarismFoco theorySocialist patriotismRodriguismoRevolutionary socialismPolitical positionFar leftNotable attacksOperation XX Century Assassination attempt against Augusto Pinochet s retinue in 1986 Operation Prince Kidnapping of Chilean Army colonel Carlos Carreno in 1987 Taking of Los Quenes Occupying the village of Los Quenes during the National Patriotic War in 1988 Assassination of UDI founder senator and Pinochet regime collaborator Jaime Guzman in 1991 Kidnapping of Cristian Edwards in between 1991 and 1992 Operation Flight of Justice Helicopter escape of FPMR militants from the CAS in 1996 AlliesMIRIt was described as a terrorist organization by the US Department of State and by MI6 until 1999 when the FPMR ceased its armed activity 9 years after the end of the Pinochet transfer of power The FPMR was estimated to be made up of 1 500 to 4 000 militants and combatants 1 Contents 1 Name 2 Activity during the military dictatorship 1983 1990 3 Activity during the democratic transition 1990 1999 4 Extradition proceedings 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksName EditThe organization is named after Manuel Rodriguez Erdoiza a hero of the Chilean War of Independence considered one of the founding fathers of independent Chile 2 Activity during the military dictatorship 1983 1990 EditOn 7 September 1986 after months of planning the FPMR attacked dictator Augusto Pinochet s car in an assassination attempt Five of Pinochet s bodyguards were killed and eleven wounded Pinochet however only suffered minor injuries He was riding the car with his then 10 year old grandson who survived unharmed 3 Also in 1986 Chilean security forces caught the FPMR smuggling an 80 ton shipment of weapons in Carrizal Bajo including C 4 plastic explosives RPG 7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers as well as more than three thousand M 16 rifles 4 The failure of Pinochet s attempted assassination led to an internal crisis in the FPMR leading to splits and to the group s complete autonomy towards the PCCh 5 On 8 April 1986 FPMR guerrillas kidnapped and held the Carabinero corporal German Obando captive for 48 hours After nationwide coverage of the incident the press reported mass condemnation which included political groups normally sympathetic to the cause of the FPMR 6 failed verification On 13 April 1987 the FPMR simultaneously assaulted the offices of Associated Press AP and eight radio stations in Santiago killing an off duty security guard 7 In the period 1988 1994 the FPMR conducted 15 attacks against LDS Chapels and temples 8 On 5 November 1990 FPMR guerrillas detonated a bomb inside the restaurant Max und Moritz in a seaside resort of Vina del Mar wounding three sailors from the United States aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Three British tourists and two waitresses were also injured in the attack 9 Activity during the democratic transition 1990 1999 EditAfter the restoration of democratic rule in Chile in 1990 main FPMR targets included LDS Chapels and temples the kidnapping of Cristian Edwards son of the owner of the nation s most prominent newspaper El Mercurio and US businesses in Chile such as McDonald s and Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants 10 On 1 April 1991 Senator and close Pinochet advisor Jaime Guzman was shot at the exit of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile where he was a professor of constitutional law He was driven to a nearby hospital by his driver but died three hours later from several bullet wounds His assassination was executed by FPMR members Ricardo Palma Salamanca and Raul Escobar Poblete the operation is believed to have been planned by the leaders of the movement Galvarino Apablaza Mauricio Hernandez Norambuena and Juan Gutierrez Fischmann who had been planning the murder of Guzman since the 1980s In 1993 FPMR guerrillas bombed two McDonald s restaurants and attempted to bomb a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant 11 In 2005 FPMR member Patricio Ortiz received political asylum in Switzerland He was sentenced in Chile to ten years of prison for the assassination of a police officer in 1991 during the beginning of the transition to democracy Ortiz escaped from a Chilean prison in 1996 and reached Switzerland the following year Following an extradition request by Chile he was detained by Swiss authorities who later refused to extradite him as his physical integrity could not be assured i e possibility of torture extraditing him would have violated article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights 12 Swiss authorities then freed him and granted him asylum 13 In 2007 the Socialist President Michelle Bachelet who had been herself tortured by the army criticized the political asylum given to Ortiz 14 to indignation of the Chilean Left 15 Extradition proceedings EditOn 13 September 2011 judge Mario Carroza from Santiago s Court of Appeals requested the Chilean Supreme Court the extradition from Belgium of former FPMR guerrilla Miguel Angel Pena accused of UDI s Senator Jaime Guzman s murder that took place on 1 April 1991 16 See also EditChile under Pinochet Armed resistance in Chile 1973 90 Chilean transition to democracyReferences Edit 1992 Global Terrorism Appendix B Info on Terrorist Groups Retrieved 25 February 2015 https irp fas org world para fpmr htm Serrill Michael S 22 September 1986 Chile Pinochet s New State of Siege Time Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 Retrieved 25 February 2015 Pinochet S A la base de la fortuna By Ozren Agnic Krstulovic Page 147 RIL Editores 2006 Supporters Cheer Pinochet at Rally By William D Montalbano Los Angeles Times 10 September 1986 Vuelve y juega Semana 30 March 2003 Retrieved 25 February 2015 Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans 1987 By Andrew Corsun Page 10 DIANE Publishing 1988 Historical Dictionary of Terrorism By Sean Anderson amp Stephen Sloan Page 416 Scarecrow Press 2009 3 U S Sailors Injured in a Bombing in Chile The New York Times 5 November 1990 Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front FPMR Retrieved 25 February 2015 Encyclopedia of Terrorism By Harvey W Kushner Page 220 Sage Publications 2003 Patricio Ortiz sera admis a titre provisoire Confederation suisse 3 September 1998 in French Patricio Ortiz reitero que Suiza le otorgo el estatus de refugiado politico Radio Cooperativa 27 July 2005 in Spanish Audio Bachelet afirmo que el refugio en Suiza a Patricio Ortiz es dificil de explicit Bachelet says Swiss asylum for Patricio Ortiz is difficult to explain Cooperativa cl in Spanish 1 June 2007 Negron Patricio 12 June 2007 Bachelet y el asilo politico Bachelet and political asylum in Spanish luisemiliorecabarren cl Juez chileno pide extradicion a Belgica de procesado por muerte senador ABC Retrieved 25 February 2015 External links EditManuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front website MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base website about Mauricio Hernandez Norambuena lider del MRPF Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front terrorist actions in Chile and list of victims Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front amp oldid 1180205847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
