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The French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems (French: Fondation française pour l'étude des problèmes humains), often referred to as the Alexis Carrel Foundation or the Carrel Foundation, was a eugenics organization created by Nobel laureate in Medicine Alexis Carrel under the Vichy regime in World War II France.[1]
Alexis Carrel spent most of his career at the Rockefeller Institute in New York and returned to France just before the outbreak of World War II. Carrel, who had worked previously with Philippe Pétain during the First World War, accepted an offer to establish and lead a foundation for the study of human problems. Its ambitious mission was to give an account of the "human element associating the soul and the body".[citation needed]
Charged with "the comprehensive study of the most appropriate measures needed to safeguard, improve, and advance the French people in all their activities," the Foundation was created by decree of the Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent".[2][1]
The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (Jean Stoetzel). The foundation employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944.[3]
The Foundation made many positive accomplishments during its time.[4] It promoted the 16 December 1942 Act which established the prenuptial certificate, which was required before marriage and which sought to insure the good health of the spouses, in particular in regard to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and "life hygiene". The institute also established the livret scolaire [fr],[a] which could be used to record students' grades in the French secondary schools, and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance.[5]
Carrel was suspended after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and died soon thereafter, thus avoiding the inevitable purge. The Foundation itself was "purged", but resurfaced soon after as the French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) after the war.[3] Most members of Carrel's team moved to INED, led by demographistAlfred Sauvy, who coined the expression "Third World". Others joined Robert Debré's National Hygiene Institute [fr] which later became INSERM.[citation needed]
^The livret scolaire is an official document of the Ministry of National Education in France which is a cumulative academic report containing the results of a student's academic achievements in various subjects throughout the national compulsory schooling period from 3 to 16 years of age.
"Loi du 17 novembre 1941 Creation de la Fondation. M. Alexis Carrel est nomme regent de la Fondation. financement, dotation initiale" [Law of 17 November 1941 Creation of the foundation. Mr Alexis Carrel is appointed regent of the Foundation. financing, initial endowment.]. Journal Officiel de l'État Français. 63 (327). 5 December 1941 – via Légifrance.
Reggiani, Andres Horacio (2002). "Alexis Carrel the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy". French Historical Studies. 25 (2). Duke University Press: 331–356. doi:10.1215/00161071-25-2-331. ISSN 1527-5493. S2CID 161094444.
Reggiani, Andrés Horacio (2007). God's Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline. Berghahn Books. ISBN978-1-84545-172-1. OCLC 963478608.
Terrenoire, Gwen (24 March 2003). (PDF). Joint Programmatic Commission UNESCO-ONG Science and Ethics. pp. 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2006.
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French May 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 6 170 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr FRENCH ARTICLE NAME see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated fr FRENCH ARTICLE NAME to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems French Fondation francaise pour l etude des problemes humains often referred to as the Alexis Carrel Foundation or the Carrel Foundation was a eugenics organization created by Nobel laureate in Medicine Alexis Carrel under the Vichy regime in World War II France 1 Alexis Carrel spent most of his career at the Rockefeller Institute in New York and returned to France just before the outbreak of World War II Carrel who had worked previously with Philippe Petain during the First World War accepted an offer to establish and lead a foundation for the study of human problems Its ambitious mission was to give an account of the human element associating the soul and the body citation needed Charged with the comprehensive study of the most appropriate measures needed to safeguard improve and advance the French people in all their activities the Foundation was created by decree of the Vichy regime in 1941 and Carrel was appointed as regent 2 1 The Foundation initiated studies on demographics Robert Gessain Paul Vincent Jean Bourgeois nutrition Jean Sutter and housing Jean Merlet as well as the first polls Jean Stoetzel The foundation employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944 3 The Foundation made many positive accomplishments during its time 4 It promoted the 16 December 1942 Act which established the prenuptial certificate which was required before marriage and which sought to insure the good health of the spouses in particular in regard to sexually transmitted diseases STD and life hygiene The institute also established the livret scolaire fr a which could be used to record students grades in the French secondary schools and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance 5 Carrel was suspended after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and died soon thereafter thus avoiding the inevitable purge The Foundation itself was purged but resurfaced soon after as the French Institute for Demographic Studies INED after the war 3 Most members of Carrel s team moved to INED led by demographist Alfred Sauvy who coined the expression Third World Others joined Robert Debre s National Hygiene Institute fr which later became INSERM citation needed See also editCollaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II Human enhancement Institut national d etudes demographiques International Eugenics Conference Nazi eugenics Philippe Petain Revolution nationaleReferences editNotes The livret scolaire is an official document of the Ministry of National Education in France which is a cumulative academic report containing the results of a student s academic achievements in various subjects throughout the national compulsory schooling period from 3 to 16 years of age Citations a b JOEF 1941 p 5251 Reggiani 2002 p 331 356 a b Terrenoire 2003 p 10 Reggiani 2007 p 107 Reggiani 2002 pp 331 356 Works cited edit Loi du 17 novembre 1941 Creation de la Fondation M Alexis Carrel est nomme regent de la Fondation financement dotation initiale Law of 17 November 1941 Creation of the foundation Mr Alexis Carrel is appointed regent of the Foundation financing initial endowment Journal Officiel de l Etat Francais 63 327 5 December 1941 via Legifrance Reggiani Andres Horacio 2002 Alexis Carrel the Unknown Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy French Historical Studies 25 2 Duke University Press 331 356 doi 10 1215 00161071 25 2 331 ISSN 1527 5493 S2CID 161094444 Reggiani Andres Horacio 2007 God s Eugenicist Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1 84545 172 1 OCLC 963478608 Terrenoire Gwen 24 March 2003 Eugenics in France 1913 1941 a review of research findings PDF Joint Programmatic Commission UNESCO ONG Science and Ethics pp 1 13 Archived from the original PDF on 18 February 2006 Portals nbsp France nbsp Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems amp oldid 1205776277, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
