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Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger

August 20, 2023

Frédéric Émile, Baron d'Erlanger (June 19, 1832 in Frankfurt am Main – May 22, 1911 in Versailles), born as Friedrich Emil Erlanger, was a German-French banker and Consul. He founded the French branch of the Erlanger banking businesses, Emile Erlanger & Co.

Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger
BornJune 19, 1832
Frankfurt am Main
DiedMay 22, 1911
Versailles
SpouseMarguerite Mathilde Slidell
ChildrenBaron Raphael Slidell d'Erlanger,

Baron Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger, Baron Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger,

Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger
Parent
  • Raphael von Erlanger (father)

Biography

Frédéric Émile, Baron d'Erlanger was born to banker Baron Raphael von Erlanger and his young wife, Margarete Helene Albert (1800–1834). Raphael was the son of a Frankfurt currency broker, Löb Moses, later named Ludwig Moritz Erlanger (b. 1780; d. 1857). Raphael Erlanger had begun as a disponent in the Frankfurt business of the Rothschild family. In 1848 he founded his own bank, named Erlanger & Söhne (Erlanger & Sons) in 1865, and became a major competitor to the Rothschild banks in Frankfurt, Vienna and Paris. In 1859, Raphael Erlanger was made a Portuguese Baron by Pedro V of Portugal, he also was ennobled as von Erlanger by the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in 1860, and elevated to the rank of a baron, together with his whole family, by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1871.

Just prior the birth of his oldest child Susanne Adolphine (1829–1873), Raphael Erlanger converted from Judaism to Christianity for his wife's sake. Susanne eventually married the Frankfurt merchant Franz Josef Carl Langenberger (1821–1878) who became a partner in the bank.

As the eldest son, Friedrich Emil Erlanger became involved in extensive banking and bill transactions early in life. By age 19, he was so successful with his father in the brokerage business that he was appointed Consul General and fiscal agent at Paris by the Greek Government under Otto I. He visited the royal court in Stockholm and was involved in successful Swedish and Portuguese state financial negotiations. Ferdinand II of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as a ruler for his son King Pedro of Portugal, ennobled his father Raphael as a hereditary Portuguese Baron in order to thank Friedrich Emil, who would eventually inherit the title, for his services. Raphael was subsequently granted titles by the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and the Austrian Empire, who named him a hereditary baron and awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph. In 1853 Frederick Emil fell ill and withdrew from business activities. In order to restore his health, he began to conduct travelers to Greece and Egypt. Here he met the Suez Canal planner Lesseps and became fascinated by the idea of the Canal. After his recovery, he became a partner of his father's Frankfurt bank, Erlanger & Sons.

First marriage

On 30 June 1858, Friedrich Emil Erlanger married a young Parisian socialite, Florence Louise Odette Lafitte (1840–1931). Her grandfather, Jacques Laffitte, was a banker, governor of the Bank of France, Finance Minister, and Prime Minister of France temporarily. In 1859, d'Erlanger officially took over the business of the banking house in Paris. He changed his name and was afterwards called Frédéric Émile Baron d'Erlanger. His marriage failed, however. The couple had no children and they divorced in December 1862.

Second marriage

On 3 October 1864, Baron d'Erlanger married the American Marguerite Mathilde Slidell (1842–1927), the daughter of the influential American lawyer, businessman and politician John Slidell (1793–1871). Slidell was the Ambassador of the Confederate States of America at the court of Emperor Napoleon III. His wife, Maria Mathilde Deslonde, was from an influential Creole family whose ancestors emigrated from Brest, France, in the seventeenth century. D'Erlanger met his second wife in New Orleans during a trip to America. She grew up on the prosperous plantation Belle Pointe in Laplace, Louisiana, 25 miles (40 km) west of New Orleans. Later, she moved with her family to Paris, where she and her sister received great attention because of their extraordinary beauty. Her sister Marie Rosine married the Comte de Saint-Roman. D'Erlanger and his wife built a villa situated in the affluent 16th Arrondissement of Paris that still exists today. The access roads to the villa, "Villa Erlanger" and "Rue Erlanger", are named in his honor. In 1870, shortly before the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the family moved to London. The headquarters of the banking house moved there from Paris as well. D'Erlanger resided at 139 Piccadilly in London, the former home of Lord Byron. The German-born baron and all his family members became British citizens. He was authorized to use his foreign titles of nobility, despite some strong opposition at first.

The couple had four children. Raphael Slidell d'Erlanger (1865–1897) was a zoologist and professor at Heidelberg. Baron Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger (1866–1939) later successfully took over the bank's management. Baron Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger (1868–1943) became a banker, but later acquired acclaim as a composer. François Rodolphe d'Erlanger (1872–1932) was a musicologist and painter whose palace, Ennejma Ezzahra in Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia, now houses the Centre des Musiques Arabes et Méditerranéennes. The latter's son Leo Frédéric Alfred Baron d'Erlanger (1898–1978) eventually became the head of the family-owned bank.

Career

Baron d'Erlanger was one of the leading bankers of Paris, the dominant financial center of continental Europe in the second half of the 19th Century. He invented high-risk bonds, especially for developing countries. Towards the end of the 1850s, Erlanger was able to terminate a banking crisis in Sweden with his bonds; since he became banker of Scandinavian governments. In 1862 Erlanger & Sons issued the first Egyptian government bond, together with the Frankfurt bank Sulzbach brothers, namely Siegmund Sulzbach de (1813–1876) and Rudolf Sulzbach de (1827–1904), with whom he also worked together on railroad bonds. He invested in railroads and mines in Africa, North America, South America, and Europe, as well as Russian and Tunisian government bonds and Southern cotton during the American Civil War. Other than most German and European banks he bet on the southern states during the American Civil War. In the late 1870s Erlanger invested in the British enterprise Alabama Great Southern Railway Company Limited which funded the takeover of Alabama Great Southern Railway and Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (CNO&TP). This railroad net, also known as „Erlanger System“, consisted of over 1,100 miles. He also financed the Swiss Simplon Tunnels between the Valais and Aosta Valley, then the largest railway tunnel in Europe. In 1884 Erlanger accompanied the IPO of the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways. In 1870 he saved the House of Thurn und Taxis after the crash of Belgian speculator André Langrand-Dumonceau.

 
The Erlanger Health System in Chattanooga, Tennessee

Along with Paul Julius Reuter (1816–1899), the founder of Reuters news agency, his bank, Erlanger Ltd., funded the construction of a French transatlantic telegraph cable in 1869. His wife, Mathilde, Baroness d'Erlanger, sent the historic first message. In 1889, during an inspection tour of their American railroad investments, the couple created the d'Erlanger Grant for start-up capital to build a hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is known today as the Erlanger Health System. Erlanger, Kentucky was named to honor the d'Erlangers' financial contributions.

In 1904 however, the Erlangers sold their Frankfurt branch to Dresdner Bank and concentrated on their French and British branches. The main reason may have been the earlier deaths of Ludwig Gottlieb Friedrich von Erlanger (1836–1898), Viktor Alexander von Erlanger (1840–1896) and Carlo von Erlanger (1872–1904). Yet competition by big trading banks may have contributed, just as relocation of banks to Berlin and stricter stock exchange legislation.

Culture

As music lovers and influential members of the haute bourgeoisie who had personal relationships with the leaders of many countries, they promoted Richard Wagner and his music, including the first performance of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opera after the Franco-Prussian War. D'Erlanger also donated several art works, including the seventeenth-century allegorical tapestries depicting the Duke of Alba to the Hampton Court Palace of the British crown.

The d'Erlangers also funded the rescue of the murals from the Quinta del Sordo in 1873. This house, which they bought, was temporarily residence of Francisco de Goya. Goya's Pinturas Negras were costly to save from destruction. These "black paintings" that Goya painted directly on plaster, were gently transferred to canvas. After their lack of public acceptance at the Paris Exposition of 1878. These works were given to the Prado in Madrid two years later.

In 1866, Baron d’Erlanger and M. Armand Lalande purchased Châeau Léoville Poyferré in Bordeaux for one million Francs and ran it successfully until the 1890s.

In Italy, the d'Erlangers leased Villa Foscari, the famous mansion built in the seventeenth century by Andrea Palladio, and commissioned restoration work.

Frédéric Emile, Baron d'Erlanger died in Versailles on 22 May 1911. His second son, Baron Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger, had previously succeeded him in the management of the bank.

Erlanger family tree

 
Coat of arms of the barons d'Erlanger
  • Löb Moses, later Ludwig Moritz Erlanger (1780–1857), currency broker in Frankfurt am Main
    • Raphael Erlanger (1806–1878), created in 1859 Barão d'Erlanger by Pedro V of Portugal and in 1871 Freiherr von Erlanger by Franz Joseph I of Austria. He was a banker and politician in Frankfurt, founder of the bank Erlanger & Sons
      • Susanne Adolphine von Erlanger (1829–1843) ⚭ Franz Josef Carl Langenberger, partner in the bank
      • Frédéric Emile Baron d’Erlanger (1832–1911), banker in Frankfurt, Vienna and Paris, founder of „Emile Erlanger & Cie“ ⚭ I) Florence Louise Odette Lafitte, II) Marguerite Mathilde Slidell (1842–1927), daughter of John Slidell
      • Wilhelm Hermann Carl von Erlanger (1835–1909), from 1872 baron, justiciar with Erlanger & Sons, Frankfurt ⚭ Caroline von Bernus, daughter of senator Franz von Bernus
        • Franz Emil Alexander Baron von Erlanger († 1918) ⚭ Christina Grottero
        • Carlo Baron von Erlanger (1872–1904), ornithologist and explorer in Africa
      • Ludwig Gottlieb Friedrich Baron von Erlanger (1836–1898), partner of Erlanger & Sons in Vienna and Frankfurt, sold the bank to Dresdner Bank in 1904 ⚭ Mathilde Gabriele Alexander (opera singer as Mathilde Sessi)
      • Viktor Alexander Baron von Erlanger (1840–1894), banker in Vienna and London, partner of Erlanger & Sons (sold in 1904) ⚭ Henriette von Bognar
        • Ludwig Baron von Erlanger (b. 1862)
        • Adolfine Baroness von Erlanger (b. 1863) ⚭ Count Alfred of Salm-Hoogstraeten
        • Ida Helene Baroness von Erlanger (b. 1865) ⚭ Count Otto of Salm-Hoogstraeten
        • Victor Raphael Matheo Baron von Erlanger (b. 1867)
    • Marx Erlanger, later Christian Wilhelm Maximilian Erlanger, Music director in Frankfurt

See also

External links

  • Photo of Kate daughter in law of Frédéric Emile Baron d’Erlanger
  • History of Lady Galway daughter of Frédéric Emile Baron d’Erlanger
  • Portrait of Maria Elisabetha Cleopha Scholastica daughter in law of Frédéric Emile Baron d’Erlanger
  • Portrait Marie Rosine d'Erlanger de St. Roman daughter of Frédéric Emile Baron d’Erlanger and wife Mathilde
  • Erlanger Foundations

August 20, 2023
frédéric, Émile, erlanger, this, article, does, cite, sources, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, 2021, learn, w. This article does not cite any sources Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Frederic Emile d Erlanger news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger June 19 1832 in Frankfurt am Main May 22 1911 in Versailles born as Friedrich Emil Erlanger was a German French banker and Consul He founded the French branch of the Erlanger banking businesses Emile Erlanger amp Co Baron Frederic Emile d ErlangerBornJune 19 1832Frankfurt am MainDiedMay 22 1911VersaillesSpouseMarguerite Mathilde SlidellChildrenBaron Raphael Slidell d Erlanger Baron Emile Beaumont d Erlanger Baron Frederic Alfred d Erlanger Baron Rodolphe d ErlangerParentRaphael von Erlanger father Contents 1 Biography 1 1 First marriage 1 2 Second marriage 1 3 Career 1 4 Culture 2 Erlanger family tree 3 See also 4 External linksBiography EditFrederic Emile Baron d Erlanger was born to banker Baron Raphael von Erlanger and his young wife Margarete Helene Albert 1800 1834 Raphael was the son of a Frankfurt currency broker Lob Moses later named Ludwig Moritz Erlanger b 1780 d 1857 Raphael Erlanger had begun as a disponent in the Frankfurt business of the Rothschild family In 1848 he founded his own bank named Erlanger amp Sohne Erlanger amp Sons in 1865 and became a major competitor to the Rothschild banks in Frankfurt Vienna and Paris In 1859 Raphael Erlanger was made a Portuguese Baron by Pedro V of Portugal he also was ennobled as von Erlanger by the Duke of Saxe Meiningen in 1860 and elevated to the rank of a baron together with his whole family by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1871 Just prior the birth of his oldest child Susanne Adolphine 1829 1873 Raphael Erlanger converted from Judaism to Christianity for his wife s sake Susanne eventually married the Frankfurt merchant Franz Josef Carl Langenberger 1821 1878 who became a partner in the bank As the eldest son Friedrich Emil Erlanger became involved in extensive banking and bill transactions early in life By age 19 he was so successful with his father in the brokerage business that he was appointed Consul General and fiscal agent at Paris by the Greek Government under Otto I He visited the royal court in Stockholm and was involved in successful Swedish and Portuguese state financial negotiations Ferdinand II of Saxe Coburg and Gotha as a ruler for his son King Pedro of Portugal ennobled his father Raphael as a hereditary Portuguese Baron in order to thank Friedrich Emil who would eventually inherit the title for his services Raphael was subsequently granted titles by the Duke of Saxe Meiningen and the Austrian Empire who named him a hereditary baron and awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph In 1853 Frederick Emil fell ill and withdrew from business activities In order to restore his health he began to conduct travelers to Greece and Egypt Here he met the Suez Canal planner Lesseps and became fascinated by the idea of the Canal After his recovery he became a partner of his father s Frankfurt bank Erlanger amp Sons First marriage Edit On 30 June 1858 Friedrich Emil Erlanger married a young Parisian socialite Florence Louise Odette Lafitte 1840 1931 Her grandfather Jacques Laffitte was a banker governor of the Bank of France Finance Minister and Prime Minister of France temporarily In 1859 d Erlanger officially took over the business of the banking house in Paris He changed his name and was afterwards called Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger His marriage failed however The couple had no children and they divorced in December 1862 Second marriage Edit On 3 October 1864 Baron d Erlanger married the American Marguerite Mathilde Slidell 1842 1927 the daughter of the influential American lawyer businessman and politician John Slidell 1793 1871 Slidell was the Ambassador of the Confederate States of America at the court of Emperor Napoleon III His wife Maria Mathilde Deslonde was from an influential Creole family whose ancestors emigrated from Brest France in the seventeenth century D Erlanger met his second wife in New Orleans during a trip to America She grew up on the prosperous plantation Belle Pointe in Laplace Louisiana 25 miles 40 km west of New Orleans Later she moved with her family to Paris where she and her sister received great attention because of their extraordinary beauty Her sister Marie Rosine married the Comte de Saint Roman D Erlanger and his wife built a villa situated in the affluent 16th Arrondissement of Paris that still exists today The access roads to the villa Villa Erlanger and Rue Erlanger are named in his honor In 1870 shortly before the outbreak of the Franco Prussian War the family moved to London The headquarters of the banking house moved there from Paris as well D Erlanger resided at 139 Piccadilly in London the former home of Lord Byron The German born baron and all his family members became British citizens He was authorized to use his foreign titles of nobility despite some strong opposition at first The couple had four children Raphael Slidell d Erlanger 1865 1897 was a zoologist and professor at Heidelberg Baron Emile Beaumont d Erlanger 1866 1939 later successfully took over the bank s management Baron Frederic Alfred d Erlanger 1868 1943 became a banker but later acquired acclaim as a composer Francois Rodolphe d Erlanger 1872 1932 was a musicologist and painter whose palace Ennejma Ezzahra in Sidi Bou Said Tunisia now houses the Centre des Musiques Arabes et Mediterraneennes The latter s son Leo Frederic Alfred Baron d Erlanger 1898 1978 eventually became the head of the family owned bank Career Edit Baron d Erlanger was one of the leading bankers of Paris the dominant financial center of continental Europe in the second half of the 19th Century He invented high risk bonds especially for developing countries Towards the end of the 1850s Erlanger was able to terminate a banking crisis in Sweden with his bonds since he became banker of Scandinavian governments In 1862 Erlanger amp Sons issued the first Egyptian government bond together with the Frankfurt bank Sulzbach brothers namely Siegmund Sulzbach de 1813 1876 and Rudolf Sulzbach de 1827 1904 with whom he also worked together on railroad bonds He invested in railroads and mines in Africa North America South America and Europe as well as Russian and Tunisian government bonds and Southern cotton during the American Civil War Other than most German and European banks he bet on the southern states during the American Civil War In the late 1870s Erlanger invested in the British enterprise Alabama Great Southern Railway Company Limited which funded the takeover of Alabama Great Southern Railway and Cincinnati New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway CNO amp TP This railroad net also known as Erlanger System consisted of over 1 100 miles He also financed the Swiss Simplon Tunnels between the Valais and Aosta Valley then the largest railway tunnel in Europe In 1884 Erlanger accompanied the IPO of the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways In 1870 he saved the House of Thurn und Taxis after the crash of Belgian speculator Andre Langrand Dumonceau The Erlanger Health System in Chattanooga TennesseeAlong with Paul Julius Reuter 1816 1899 the founder of Reuters news agency his bank Erlanger Ltd funded the construction of a French transatlantic telegraph cable in 1869 His wife Mathilde Baroness d Erlanger sent the historic first message In 1889 during an inspection tour of their American railroad investments the couple created the d Erlanger Grant for start up capital to build a hospital in Chattanooga Tennessee It is known today as the Erlanger Health System Erlanger Kentucky was named to honor the d Erlangers financial contributions In 1904 however the Erlangers sold their Frankfurt branch to Dresdner Bank and concentrated on their French and British branches The main reason may have been the earlier deaths of Ludwig Gottlieb Friedrich von Erlanger 1836 1898 Viktor Alexander von Erlanger 1840 1896 and Carlo von Erlanger 1872 1904 Yet competition by big trading banks may have contributed just as relocation of banks to Berlin and stricter stock exchange legislation Culture Edit As music lovers and influential members of the haute bourgeoisie who had personal relationships with the leaders of many countries they promoted Richard Wagner and his music including the first performance of Tannhauser at the Paris Opera after the Franco Prussian War D Erlanger also donated several art works including the seventeenth century allegorical tapestries depicting the Duke of Alba to the Hampton Court Palace of the British crown The d Erlangers also funded the rescue of the murals from the Quinta del Sordo in 1873 This house which they bought was temporarily residence of Francisco de Goya Goya s Pinturas Negras were costly to save from destruction These black paintings that Goya painted directly on plaster were gently transferred to canvas After their lack of public acceptance at the Paris Exposition of 1878 These works were given to the Prado in Madrid two years later In 1866 Baron d Erlanger and M Armand Lalande purchased Chaeau Leoville Poyferre in Bordeaux for one million Francs and ran it successfully until the 1890s In Italy the d Erlangers leased Villa Foscari the famous mansion built in the seventeenth century by Andrea Palladio and commissioned restoration work Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger died in Versailles on 22 May 1911 His second son Baron Emile Beaumont d Erlanger had previously succeeded him in the management of the bank Erlanger family tree Edit Coat of arms of the barons d ErlangerLob Moses later Ludwig Moritz Erlanger 1780 1857 currency broker in Frankfurt am Main Raphael Erlanger 1806 1878 created in 1859 Barao d Erlanger by Pedro V of Portugal and in 1871 Freiherr von Erlanger by Franz Joseph I of Austria He was a banker and politician in Frankfurt founder of the bank Erlanger amp Sons Susanne Adolphine von Erlanger 1829 1843 Franz Josef Carl Langenberger partner in the bank Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger 1832 1911 banker in Frankfurt Vienna and Paris founder of Emile Erlanger amp Cie I Florence Louise Odette Lafitte II Marguerite Mathilde Slidell 1842 1927 daughter of John Slidell Raphael Slidell Baron d Erlanger 1865 1897 zoologist Emile Beaumont Baron d Erlanger 1866 1939 banker musician Catherine Robert d Aqueria de Rochegude Robert called Robin Emile Frederic Regis Baron d Erlanger 1896 1934 partner of Erlanger Ltd Myrle Farquharson of Invercauld Zoe Caroline Georgia Baroness d Erlanger b 1930 Paul Cater Hyde Thompson Liliane Mary Mathilde Baba Baroness d Erlanger 1901 1945 Prince Jean Louis de Faucigny Lucinge Gerard John Leo Regis Baron d Erlanger 1905 1962 partner of Erlanger Ltd and Myers amp Co Gladys Sammut Robin Gerard Baron d Erlanger 1969 Mary Elizabeth Josephine Pellew b 1947 daughter of Pownoll Irving Edward Pellew 9th Viscount Exmouth Penny Baroness d Erlanger Mary Caroline Minnie Baroness d Erlanger Winston Churchill 1940 2010 grandson of Sir Winston Churchill Bianca Baroness d Erlanger Frederic Alfred Baron d Erlanger Freddy 1868 1943 banker and composer Rodolphe Francois Baron d Erlanger 1872 1932 French painter orientalist and musicologist specializing in Arabic music built Ennejma Ezzahra Palace near Tunis Maria Elisabetta Contessa Barbiellini Amidei Leo Frederic Alfred Baron d Erlanger 1898 1978 banker in London Erlanger Ltd sold the bank in 1958 to Hill Samuel amp Co then Philip Hill Higginson Erlanger Ltd Edwina Prue Tess Edwina May Baroness d Erlanger 1934 2008 Rodolphe Frederic Baron d Erlanger 1945 2000 II 1982 Lady Caroline Mary Cholmondeley daughter of George Hugh Cholmondeley 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley Leo Frederic Hugh d Erlanger b 1983 Joshua Robert David d Erlanger b 1987 Wilhelm Hermann Carl von Erlanger 1835 1909 from 1872 baron justiciar with Erlanger amp Sons Frankfurt Caroline von Bernus daughter of senator Franz von Bernus Franz Emil Alexander Baron von Erlanger 1918 Christina Grottero Carlo Baron von Erlanger 1872 1904 ornithologist and explorer in Africa Ludwig Gottlieb Friedrich Baron von Erlanger 1836 1898 partner of Erlanger amp Sons in Vienna and Frankfurt sold the bank to Dresdner Bank in 1904 Mathilde Gabriele Alexander opera singer as Mathilde Sessi Esperance Baroness von Erlanger Prince Alexander of Solms Braunfels pioneer of balloon flights 1905 Austrian member of the International Olympic Committee Blanche Baroness von Erlanger Margarethe Baroness von Erlanger Viktor Alexander Baron von Erlanger 1840 1894 banker in Vienna and London partner of Erlanger amp Sons sold in 1904 Henriette von Bognar Ludwig Baron von Erlanger b 1862 Adolfine Baroness von Erlanger b 1863 Count Alfred of Salm Hoogstraeten Ida Helene Baroness von Erlanger b 1865 Count Otto of Salm Hoogstraeten Victor Raphael Matheo Baron von Erlanger b 1867 Marx Erlanger later Christian Wilhelm Maximilian Erlanger Music director in FrankfurtSee also EditEmile Erlanger and Company Erlanger Health SystemExternal links EditPhoto of Kate daughter in law of Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger History of Lady Galway daughter of Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger Portrait of Maria Elisabetha Cleopha Scholastica daughter in law of Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger Portrait Marie Rosine d Erlanger de St Roman daughter of Frederic Emile Baron d Erlanger and wife Mathilde Erlanger Foundations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Frederic Emile d 27Erlanger amp oldid 1142604491, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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