Frank Rizzo
Francis Lazarro Rizzo (October 23, 1920 – July 16, 1991) was an American police officer and politician. He served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1968 to 1971 and mayor of Philadelphia from 1972 to 1980. He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout the entirety of his career in public office. He switched to the Republican Party in 1986 and campaigned as a Republican for the final five years of his life.
Frank Rizzo | |
|---|---|
| 93rd Mayor of Philadelphia | |
| In office January 3, 1972 – January 7, 1980 | |
| Preceded by | James H. J. Tate |
| Succeeded by | William J. Green III |
| Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department | |
| In office April 10, 1967 – February 2, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Bell |
| Succeeded by | Joseph O'Neil |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Lazarro Rizzo October 23, 1920 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | July 16, 1991 (aged 70) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Resting place | Holy Sepulchre Cemetery, Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (1971–1986) Republican (1986–1991) |
| Children | 2, including Frank Jr. |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1938–1939 |
| Rank | Seaman |
Like most of his contemporaries, Rizzo was opposed to the construction of public housing in established neighborhoods, most of which at the time housed majority-white populations.[1]
Rizzo was barred from running for a third term in office by the Philadelphia City Charter. He attempted to vote in a charter change to allow him to attempt a run for reelection but was soundly defeated after urging supporters to "Vote white", which he later admitted was "a poor choice of words".[2][3] Before, during, and after his tenure as police commissioner, the Philadelphia police department engaged in patterns of police brutality, intimidation, coercion, and disregard for constitutional rights, in particular toward the black community.[4][5] The patterns of police brutality were documented in a Pulitzer Prize-winning Philadelphia Inquirer series by William K. Marimow and Jon Neuman.[6]
Early life
Rizzo was born in Philadelphia; his father Rafael was a Philadelphia police officer.[7] He grew up in a South Philadelphia row house neighborhood. During his senior year he dropped out of Southern High School; he later earned a high school equivalency diploma and took government courses at the Fels Institute of Government.[7]
Enlisting in the United States Navy, Rizzo served on the USS Houston cruiser for 19 months before being medically discharged due to diabetes insipidus.[7] Returning to Philadelphia, Rizzo worked for Midvale Steel, helping manufacture naval guns in the lead-up to World War II.[8]
Police commissioner
Rizzo joined the Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) in 1943,[5] rising through the ranks to become captain of the 19th district.[9] In 1967, Rizzo was appointed commissioner by Mayor James H. J. Tate.[10][11] Through various challenges, racial divisions in particular, facing the city, Tate continued to support Rizzo as police commissioner.[12] He was boisterous and brooding, particularly to media. A biography of Rizzo, with an introduction written by future police commissioner John Timoney, recounted: "Of one group of anti-police demonstrators, he is reported to have said, 'When I'm finished with them, I'll make Attila the Hun look like a faggot.'" A reporter who covered the Rizzo years, Andrea Mitchell, recounted routinely brutish behavior at the force as part of a broad pattern of Rizzo bravado.[13]
Rizzo resigned as commissioner in 1971 to run for mayor.[14]
Relationship with black Americans and police riots
Rizzo's relationship with Philadelphia's black community was volatile, with the PPD's reputation suffering among black people. During Rizzo's tenure as division captain and commissioner, critics often charged that he was racially motivated, targeting activities in black neighborhoods.[citation needed]
It was during Rizzo's tenure as deputy commissioner that black and white officers assigned to the city's predominantly black neighborhoods worked in tandem in an attempt to reduce friction between civilians and police forces.[15] As commissioner, Rizzo's department had one of the largest percentages of black officers among large U.S. police departments, with 20% in 1968, at a time when other departments had little if any success in recruiting blacks.[16]
However, hiring of black officers declined sharply during Rizzo's tenure as police commissioner. From 1966 to 1970, the percentage of black police officers hired declined from 27.5% to 7.7%. This precipitated a decline in the overall proportion of black Philadelphia police officers: from 21% in 1967 to 18% in 1971.[citation needed]
One of the force's most widely publicized actions under Commissioner Rizzo was raiding the Philadelphia offices of the Black Panther Party on August 31, 1970, one week before the Panthers planned to convene a "People's Revolutionary Convention" at Temple University.[17] The officers performed a strip-search on the arrested Black Panthers before cameras, after a Fairmount Park Police Officer had been murdered. The picture ran on the front page of the Philadelphia Daily News and was seen around the world.[18][19] Days later the charges against the Panthers were dropped for lack of evidence. Subsequently the search was ruled illegal. Four people unrelated to the Panthers were ultimately found guilty of the murder.[20]
As mayor, Rizzo's handling of the first MOVE incident in 1978 has been interpreted[who?] as supporting the charge of racism. When members of the group refused entrance to city inspectors, Rizzo evicted them through armed police action. Snipers were positioned around the house and the compound was blockaded by 1,000 police officers refusing any entry of food or water. When the police finally attempted to lay siege to the compound, officer James Ramp was killed in the conflict, and 16 other police and firefighters injured. Though MOVE members disagreed, it was claimed that Officer James Ramp was killed by MOVE gunfire. Eventually, the standoff was resolved without further loss of life, and the members of MOVE were arrested. One unarmed MOVE member, Delbert Africa, was beaten by multiple officers while leaving the MOVE house with his hands up. The incident as captured by the local news media shows Africa being dragged by his hair, struck with an officer's helmet, and kicked in the face and groin once on the ground.[21]
Mayor of Philadelphia
Election to first term
Although not being elected yet, Rizzo essentially functioned as mayor before the election, as Mayor James Tate had announced on television that he was retiring and naming Rizzo "de facto" mayor of Philadelphia. Asked if this was legal, Tate only laughed and replied that he was retiring. Rizzo finally ran for mayor in 1971. That year, he faced Democratic mayoral candidates Rep. William J. Green, a former Democratic city chairman; State Rep. Hardy Williams; and former city councilman David Cohen. Cohen withdrew from the race and endorsed Green. Rizzo then defeated Green and Williams in the Democratic primary.
Running as a Democrat in the November 1971 election, Rizzo defeated former (and future) Councilman-at-Large and Chamber of Commerce President Thacher Longstreth.[22][23] Unlike his opponents, Rizzo did not issue campaign position papers; he thought his slogan, "firm but fair," sufficiently explained his expected role. Little animosity existed between the two candidates, and when Rizzo died suddenly during a later mayoral campaign in 1991, Longstreth wept.[citation needed]
First term
Rizzo was not without adversaries, even at the start of his first term. The Evening Bulletin interviewed former Mayor and School Board President Richardson Dilworth about allegations he made in the San Francisco Chronicle that Rizzo had used the police for political espionage; Dilworth's allegations launched a new and enduring feud between the two.[citation needed]
Grateful for the positive publicity local media had given him as police commissioner, Rizzo awarded jobs to two dozen local reporters. This quid pro quo caused suspicion and, more significantly, removed Rizzo's most enthusiastic supporters from the media. The change in ownership of The Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily News also changed the bias of media coverage. The two newspapers had previously been owned by the Annenberg family, and both had given Commissioner Rizzo broad and favorable coverage. But the papers were sold to Knight Newspapers, later Knight Ridder. By the start of Rizzo's first term, the staff of the Inquirer, friendly to Rizzo, had largely been supplanted by younger journalists, led by one of the nation's most aggressive young editors, Eugene Roberts, formerly national editor of The New York Times. Roberts and his staff emphasized investigative reporting, and the Rizzo administration, among other local institutions, was the subject of many critical stories by the Times.[24][25][26]
A conservative Democrat, Rizzo supported the 1972 reelection campaign of Republican president Richard Nixon.[27] In return for Rizzo's support, the victorious Nixon granted more federal funding to Philadelphia. But the action alienated many of Rizzo's supporters in his own party. The Democratic city committee, Democrats on the city council, and party chairman Peter Camiel viewed Rizzo's action as a betrayal.[28]
Lie detector scandal (1973)
Rizzo clashed with the media well into his term. He held frequent press conferences in which he discussed matters in colorful and often bombastic language. After Camiel accused Rizzo of offering patronage in exchange for influencing the choice of candidates for district attorney and city comptroller, Rizzo called Camiel a liar. A reporter from the Philadelphia Daily News asked Rizzo if he would submit to a polygraph test to prove Camiel was lying. Rizzo agreed, as did Camiel. "If this machine says a man lied, he lied," Rizzo famously said before the test.[29] But the polygraph indicated that Rizzo had lied and Camiel had not. The scandal ended any hope Rizzo had of becoming governor. He discontinued his press conferences for nearly two years and attempted to rebuild his public support by appealing directly to voters.[30]
Election to second term
Just wait after November you'll have a front row seat because I'm going to make Attila the Hun look like a faggot.
— Rizzo, during his 1975 reelection campaign[31]
In the 1975 Democratic primary, Rizzo defeated State Senator Louis G. Hill, Dilworth's nephew, who was supported by Camiel. In the November election, Rizzo defeated independent candidate Charles Bowser, a leading black attorney and former City Councilman at Large, and Thomas M. Foglietta, who later represented a large portion of the city in Congress.[citation needed]
Second term
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2017) |
During Rizzo's second term, black community activist and future Philadelphia Mayor W. Wilson Goode sued the city in federal court, alleging racial discrimination in the police and fire departments. The fire department was headed by Joseph Rizzo, the mayor's brother. The suit led to the adoption of the influential "Philadelphia Plan", calling for affirmative action in civil service hiring and promotions.
An interesting feature of Rizzo's mayoralty was the establishment and mayor sanctioning of a publicly funded "anti-defamation agency" to combat pejorative remarks about Philadelphia. The agency's best-publicized action was the boycott of S.O.S. Soap Pads, after a television commercial broadcast nationally referred to the city disparagingly. The manufacturer withdrew the offending commercial.
Construction began on The Gallery at Market East shopping mall and the Center City Commuter Connection, a commuter tunnel that connected and combined the city's old and historically independent railroad systems, the Reading Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The Philadelphia Gas Works, known locally as PGW, had been managed by a private company. During Rizzo's tenure, it was taken over by the city. PGW then implemented senior citizens discounts and generous municipal labor contracts and expanded patronage hiring.[32]
During Rizzo's second term, two reporters at The Philadelphia Inquirer, William K. Marimow and Jon Neuman, began a long series about Philadelphia police department's patterns of police brutality, intimidation, coercion and disregard for constitutional rights.[6] The series won a Pulitzer Prize for the newspaper. This series was the basis of the 2000 film The Thin Blue Lie, in which Rizzo was portrayed by Paul Sorvino.
Tax increase and recall attempt
In his successful second mayoral campaign in 1975, Rizzo campaigned under the slogan, "He held the line on taxes". Soon after the election, he persuaded City Council to increase the city's wage tax from 3.31% to 4.31%, one of the highest in the nation. The action infuriated Rizzo's opponents and led fiscal conservatives to join them in attempting to recall Rizzo from the mayor's office. Americans for Democratic Action, the liberal activist group that had played a key role in moving Philadelphia from Republican to Democratic control in the late 1940s and early 1950s, gathered the 250,000 signatures required. Polls showed Rizzo losing by a wide margin. Rizzo's allies counterattacked by challenging the validity of the signatures as well as the recall procedure itself. Then the Pennsylvania Supreme Court declared the Charter's recall provision unconstitutional by one vote. The decision was written by Chief Justice Robert N. C. Nix Jr., elected to the court with Rizzo's support in 1971.
Rizzo opponents, while greatly disheartened, elected Edward G. Rendell as district attorney in 1977 and organized a campaign to elect anti-Rizzo Democratic committee persons and elected officials in the 1978 primaries.
Attempt for third consecutive term
Facing Philadelphia's two consecutive term limit, Rizzo persuaded the Philadelphia City Council to place a charter change question on the ballot in 1978 that would have allowed him to run for a third consecutive term in 1979. In a record turnout for a Philadelphia municipal election, Philadelphians voted two to one against the change, blocking Rizzo from running in 1979. In that election, Republican gubernatorial candidate Dick Thornburgh won a larger-than-expected percentage of the black vote (for a Republican) and the governorship against a heavily favored Democratic opponent. The anti-charter change organization would soon support a "Clean Sweep" ticket for municipal offices in 1979, including former Rep. William J. Green, III, who was elected mayor. Later on Rizzo tried to run again; this time his main Democratic opponent was the first black mayor of Philadelphia, Wilson Goode. During this run he tried to connect more with Philadelphia's blacks, which proved ineffectual as he won only three percent of the black vote and lost to Goode in a closely contested election.
Historical assessment
In 1997, a political survey of urban experts and scholars conducted by University of Illinois at Chicago which ranked the mayors of large United States cities between 1960 and 1993 was released. The survey saw the experts and scholars rank Rizzo as the worst mayor of a large United States city in that period of time.[33][34]
Rizzo's mayoralty has received retrospective criticism for his alleged racism and the police brutality that took place under his watch.[35][36][37]
Lawsuits
Rizzo's police department, Rizzo's mayoral administration, and Rizzo personally faced dozens of lawsuits alleging abuses ranging from physical assault to systemic discrimination and harassment, culminating in Philadelphia's first mayoral recall effort. A 1968 lawsuit charged Rizzo and the Fairmount Parks commission in a class action suit, alleging targeted harassment of "hippies" in Rittenhouse Square.[38] In 1973, a police accountability group alleged Rizzo's responsibility in systemic police discrimination and harassment of Philadelphia minority communities, seeking the establishment of a civilian oversight organization.[39] Another 1973 civil rights action charged Rizzo with assault and conspiracy against political protestors in activities related to his mayoral campaign.[40]
Rizzo was also named in a protracted court battle over Whitman Park, a bitterly contested public housing project in South Philadelphia.[41] Upon taking office in 1971, Mayor Rizzo famously proclaimed that Whitman Park would never be built. Rizzo ultimately lost in court in 1979, as Federal District Judge Raymond J. Broderick cited racist motivations in blocking the project.[42]
Post-mayoral career
Between 1983 and 1986, Rizzo served as a security consultant at the Philadelphia Gas Works, controversially, as he drew a city pension at the same time, and hosted one of Philadelphia's most popular radio talk shows, a tradition later emulated by his son, Republican City Councilman Frank Rizzo Jr.
In 1980, Rizzo damaged an NBC KYW-TV camera while they were stationed in a van outside his house in Chestnut Hill. He was surrounded by several police officers who did nothing to restrain him. When KYW reporter Stan Bohrman tried to interview him later over the incident, Rizzo offered to fight him and repeatedly called him a "crumb bum" and a "crumb creep lush coward".
He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983, losing to Wilson Goode, who in turn won the mayoral election. In 1986, he became a Republican and ran in the mayoral election of 1987, once again losing to Goode, 49% to 51%.[43]
In 1991, he set out to run for mayor again. He won the Republican primary against former Philadelphia District Attorney (and later chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court) Ronald D. Castille.
Death
In his campaign against the Democratic candidate, former District Attorney (and later two-term Pennsylvania Governor) Edward G. Rendell, Rizzo was expected to again employ hardball tactics. On the Friday four days before his death, he walked through the largely black 52nd Street neighborhood in West Philadelphia with community leaders. But on the following Tuesday, July 16, 1991, he suffered a massive heart attack while campaigning for the general election.[44] He was pronounced dead at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital at 2:12 pm. EDT.
Joseph M. Egan Jr. then replaced Rizzo as the Republican nominee. Rendell went on to win the November election and served two terms as mayor.
Funeral and memorials
Rizzo's funeral was purported to be the largest in the history of Philadelphia,[45] with people lining the streets of the motorcade from the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul to the cemetery. He was interred at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.[46]
In his hometown neighborhood of South Philadelphia, a mural portrait of Rizzo was located at the Italian Market on Ninth Street. The mural had been described as "Philadelphia's most commonly defaced piece of public art".[47] The mural was painted over on June 7, 2020,[48] at the request of Mural Arts, a nonprofit that maintained the mural.
A statue of Mayor Rizzo waving in greeting, created by sculptor Zenos Frudakis, used to stand in front of Philadelphia's Municipal Services Building. The 10-foot-high (3.0 m) statue was paid for by private contributions. Following the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Councilwoman Helen Gym posted on Twitter, "All around the country, we're fighting to remove the monuments to slavery & racism. Philly, we have work to do. Take the Rizzo statue down". Gym's comments started a public debate about the future of the Rizzo statue and mural. Mayor Jim Kenney was open to the possibility, stating that "it is time to discuss the future" of the monument.[49] On November 4, 2017, Mayor Kenney announced that the statue would be moved to a new location,[50] though it subsequently remained in place.[47] In May 2020, the statue was vandalized during protests in response to the murder of George Floyd.[51] Days later on the night of June 2, the statue was removed.[52][53] Mayor Jim Kenney stated "The statue is a deplorable monument to racism, bigotry, and police brutality for members of the black community, the LGBTQ community, and many others. The treatment of these communities under Mr. Rizzo's leadership was among the worst periods in Philadelphia's history."[54]
Rizzo was portrayed in The Thin Blue Lie by Paul Sorvino and The Irishman by Gino Cafarelli. Rizzo is also the model and inspiration behind the Jerry Carlucci character in the Badge of Honor book series.
Bibliography
The Cop Who Would Be King, by Philadelphia Bulletin journalists Joseph R. Daughen and Peter Binzen, is widely considered the most authoritative account of Frank Rizzo's rise to power. In 1993, sports journalist Sal Paolantonio wrote a book about Rizzo entitled Rizzo: The Last Big Man In Big City America. In 2015 the play Rizzo by Bruce Graham based on Paolantonio's book premiered at Theatre Exile in Philadelphia.[55] More critical comments on Rizzo's tenure as police commissioner and mayor are found in Andrea Mitchell's book Talking Back. Phyllis Kaniss's The Media and the Mayor's Race is an analysis of local journalistic coverage of Rizzo's last campaign; it describes the tactics he used against Castille and planned to use against Rendell.[56]
Timothy J. Lombardo's book Blue-Collar Conservatism: Frank Rizzo's Philadelphia and Populist Politics (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018) offers a serious examination of Rizzo's career and the rise of blue-collar conservatism in the late 20th century.[57]
See also
References
- ^ "A historian on the Rizzo debate: 'It comes down to what statues do'". WHYY. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Jaynes, Gregory (November 9, 1978). "Philadelphia's Message to Rizzo: 'Enough'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Blumgart, Jake (September 18, 2018). "How Philly's Frank Rizzo Rode 'Blue-Collar Conservatism' to Victory". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Williams, Suzanne Ife. Police brutality : case study of Philadelphia/Move. OCLC 84480572.
- ^ a b Blumgart, Jake (October 22, 2015). "The Brutal Legacy of Frank Rizzo, the Most Notorious Cop in Philadelphia History". Vice. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "Sketches of Pulitzer Prize Winners in Journalism, the Arts and Letters". The New York Times. April 18, 1978. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c Cipriano, Ralph; Infield, Tom (July 17, 1991). "You either loved him or hated him; Rizzo's blunt personality kept him in controversy". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A01. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Newsbank.
- ^ Kashatus, William (Spring 2007). "Frank Rizzo: Philadelphia's Tough Cop Turned Mayor". Pennsylvania Heritage. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- ^ "August 9, 1955 (Page 1 of 36)." The Philadelphia Inquirer Public Ledger (1934-1969), Aug 09, 1955. ProQuest 1835871006
- ^ "The Rise of Rizzo – PhillyHistory Blog". blog.phillyhistory.org. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ "Board Under Fire On Rights Issue". The Meriden Journal. April 13, 1967. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
- ^ "Exploring the Rizzo Boycott of 1967". Hidden City Philadelphia. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Mitchell, A. (September 7, 2005), "Me and Frank", Philadelphia Weekly.
- ^ "Philadelphia Police Commissioner Rizzo To Make Race For Mayor". The Observer-Reporter. February 3, 1971. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
- ^ . Time. September 4, 1964. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ . Time. July 19, 1968. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ . July 7, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012.
- ^ Bolling, D. (August 22, 2002), , CityPaper
- ^ "85th Birthday Celebration for Elwood P. Smith". phillynewmedia.com.
- ^ Cipriano, Ralph; Infield, Tom (July 17, 1991). "You Either Loved Him Or Hated Him Rizzo's Blunt Personality Kept Him in Controversy". Philadelphia Daily News. Interstate General Media LLC. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ^ Osder, Jason (Director) (October 2, 2013). Let the Fire Burn (Motion picture). ASIN B00HEM9QJI.
- ^ Taylor, Paul (March 9, 1981). "GOP designs a future". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Newsbank.
According to one version of history, Rizzo tried to line up the Republican Party endorsement in 1971 before deciding to campaign as a Democrat.
- ^ Dionne, E. J. (November 5, 1971). "Who Won What". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- ^ Times, Wayne King Special to The New York (February 4, 1974). "Tough Cop Falters: How Rizzo Has Slipped". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Hevesi, Dennis (July 17, 1991). "Frank Rizzo of Philadelphia Dies at 70; A 'Hero' and 'Villain'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Schumacher, Edward (August 19, 1979). "For Mayor Frank Rizzo, One Issue Has Been Enough". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Lamis, Renée M. (2009). The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics Since 1960: Two-Party Competition in a Battleground State. Penn State Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-271-08577-7.
- ^ Times, Homer Bigart Special to The New York (April 23, 1972). "THE 1972 CAMPAGIN [sic]". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Daughen, Joseph R.; Binzen, Peter (1977). The Cop Who Would Be King: Mayor Frank Rizzo. p. 238. ISBN 9780316095211.
- ^ Daughen, Joseph R.; Binzen, Peter (1977). The Cop Who Would Be King: Mayor Frank Rizzo. pp. 238–241. ISBN 9780316095211.
- ^ . Time. October 24, 1977. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "Why Did Ed Rendell Fizzle Out?". December 23, 2015.
- ^ "UIC Poll Ranks Best, Worst U.S. Big-City Mayors Since 1960". www.newswise.com. News Wise. December 24, 1997. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ Holli, Melvin G. (March 1997). "American Mayors: The Best and the Worst since 1960". Social Science Quarterly Social Science Quarterly. 78 (1): 149–157. JSTOR 42863681. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ Gambacorta, David; Laker, Barbara (June 3, 2020). "Frank Rizzo leaves a legacy of unchecked police brutality and division in Philadelphia". www.inquirer.com. Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ "40 Years a Prisoner". HBO. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- ^ Hornaday, Ann. "Review | HBO documentary about the 1978 MOVE standoff is a distressing look at the past — and the present". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- ^ Patrick HUGHES, Barbara Frederick and Allen Saft v. Frank Rizzo, as Commissioner of Police of the City of Philadelphia, Harold Schick, as Director Fairmount Park Commission and Francis C. Deegan, as Superintendent Fairmount Park Commission (United States District Court E. D. Pennsylvania.).Text
- ^ Council Of Organizations On Philadelphia Police Accountability And Responsibility v. Frank L. Rizzo (United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania. 1973).Text
- ^ Roger TAUSS v. Frank L. RIZZO, 361 F.Supp. (United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania. 1973). John W. RENDE v. Mayor Frank L. RIZZO et al..Text
- ^ "Integrating Whitman". Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "Long-Contested Housing Project Opens Amid Calm In Philadelphia". Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ Dennis Hevesi (July 17, 1991), "Frank Rizzo of Philadelphia dies at 70, a 'Hero,' and 'Villain'", The New York Times. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ^ Hinds, Michael Decourcy (July 17, 1991). "Frank Rizzo of Philadelphia Dies at 70". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ^ . WHYY. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ Batcha, Becky (February 13, 2008). "Late mayor Frank Rizzo is buried at Holy Sepulchre". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
- ^ a b Brennan, Chris; Otterbein, Holly. "The Rizzo statue? It's staying put until after Kenney's 2019 reelection campaign | Clout". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ "Mural of Ex-Philadelphia Mayor, Police Commissioner Frank Rizzo Removed From Italian Market". Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Councilwoman Gym: Rizzo Statue Must Come Down". August 15, 2017.
- ^ "Rizzo statue to go, Kenney administration says". Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ "Mandatory Curfew Implemented For Philadelphia, Gov. Wolf Signs Emergency Declaration As George Floyd Protests Turn Violent". May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ PhillyNewsGuy (June 3, 2020). "Statue of former Philadelphia Mayor Frank Rizzo has been removed". Twitter. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Moran, Robert. "Frank Rizzo statue removed from outside the Municipal Services Building in the middle of the night". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Moran, Robert (June 3, 2020). "Frank Rizzo statue removed from outside the Municipal Services Building in the middle of the night". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Smullens, SaraKay (November 3, 2015). "Bruce Graham's 'Rizzo': Remembrances and Relevance".
- ^ The Media and the Mayor's Race. Indiana University Press. 1995. ISBN 9780253331144.
- ^ Blumenthal, Seth (2018). "Blue-Collar Conservatism: Frank Rizzo's Philadelphia and Populist Politics (book review)". H-net. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
External links
- Frank Rizzo at Find a Grave