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Four Marks of the Church

August 25, 2023

The Four Marks of the Church, also known as the Attributes of the Church,[1] describes four distinctive adjectives of traditional Christian ecclesiology as expressed in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed completed at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381: "[We believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church."[2]

This ecumenical creed is today recited in the liturgies of the Catholic Church (both Latin and Eastern Rites), the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Moravian Church, the Lutheran Churches, the Methodist Churches, the Presbyterian Churches, the Anglican Communion, and by members of the Reformed Churches,[3] although they interpret it in very different ways, and some Protestants alter the word "Catholic" in the creed, replacing it with the word "Christian".

While many doctrines, based on both tradition and different interpretations of the Bible, distinguish one denomination from another (largely explaining why there are many different ones), the Four Marks represent a summary of what many clergy and theologians have historically considered to be the most important affirmations of Christianity.

History

 
Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine, accompanied by the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325), holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381

The ideas behind the Four Marks have been in the Christian Church since early Christianity. Allusions to them can be found in the writings of 2nd-century early Church Father and bishop Ignatius of Antioch. They were not established in doctrine until the First Council of Constantinople in 381 as an antidote to certain heresies that had crept into the Church in its early history. There the Council elaborated on the Nicene Creed, established by the First Council of Nicaea 56 years before by adding to the end a section that included the affirmation: "[We believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church."[4] The phrase has remained in versions of the Nicene Creed to this day.

In some languages, for example, German, the Latin "catholica" was substituted by "Christian" before the Reformation by some, although this was an anomaly[5] and continues in use by some Protestant churches today. Hence, "holy catholic" becomes "holy Christian."[6]

Roman Catholics believe the description "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church" to be applicable only to the Roman Catholic Church. They hold that "Christ established here on earth only one Church" and they believe in "the full identity of the Church of Christ with the Catholic Church". While "there are numerous elements of sanctification and of truth which are found outside her structure", these, "as gifts properly belonging to the Church of Christ, impel towards Catholic Unity". The eastern Churches not in full communion with the Catholic Church thereby "lack something in their condition as particular Churches". The communities born out of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation "do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders, and are, therefore, deprived of a constituent element of the Church."[7]

The Eastern Orthodox Church, in disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church, regards itself as the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles.[8] The Oriental Orthodox Church disagrees with both and claims to be the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles, the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic" Church of the ancient Christian creeds and the only Church that has always kept the true Christology and faith declared by the first three councils, the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople, and the Council of Ephesus affirmed by the Church Fathers and the sacred tradition.

The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord, a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church."[9] When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils."[9] As such, the Lutheran Churches traditionally hold that theirs represents the true visible Church.[10]

Marks

One

See also: One true church and Body of Christ § The Church
 
"One Church", illustration of Article 7 of the Augsburg Confession

This mark derives from the Pauline epistles, which state that the Church is "one".[11] In 1 Cor. 15:9, Paul the Apostle spoke of himself as having persecuted "the church of God", not just the local church in Jerusalem but the same church that he addresses at the beginning of that letter as "the church of God that is in Corinth" (1 Cor. 1:2).[non-primary source needed] In the same letter, he tells Christians: "You are the body of Christ and individually members of it" (1 Cor. 12:27), and declares that, "just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ" (1 Cor. 12:12).

In Eph. 4:5–6, Paul writes: "There is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call—one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all." This list of factors making Christians one body, one church, is doubtless not meant to be exhaustive, says Francis A. Sullivan, but it affirms the oneness of the body, the Church, through what Christians have in common—what they have communion in.[11]

Elsewhere, Paul says: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). This statement was about Christians as individuals, but it applied to them also as groups, as local church, whether composed mainly of Jewish or Gentile Christians.[11]

Holy

Further information: Holiness

The word holy in this sense means set apart for a special purpose by and for God. The Church is holy because it has been set apart to do God's work, and because God is present in it.[12] Christians understand the holiness of the Church to derive from Christ's holiness.[13]

Catholic

Further information: Catholicity

The word catholic is derived from the Ancient Greek adjective καθολικός (romanized: katholikos), meaning "general", "universal".[14][15] It is associated with the Greek adverb καθόλου (katholou), meaning "according to the whole", "entirely", or "in general", a combination of the preposition κατά meaning "according to" and the adjective ὅλος meaning "whole".[16][17]

Applied to the Church, the adjective "catholic" means that in the Church the wholeness of the Christian faith, full and complete, all-embracing, and with nothing lacking, is proclaimed to all people without excluding any part of the faith or any class or group of people.[18][19][20] The adjective can be applied not only to the Church as spread throughout the world but also to each local manifestation of the Church, in each of which nothing essential is lacking for it to be the genuine body of Christ.[20][21][22]

For his subjects, Roman Emperor Theodosius I restricted the term "catholic Christians" to believers in "the one deity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity", and applied the name "heretics" to others (Edict of Thessalonica of 27 February 380).[23]

Apostolic

See also: Apostles in the New Testament and Apostolic succession

This describes the Church's foundation and beliefs as rooted and continuing in the living tradition of the apostles of Jesus.[24] The Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Assyrian Church of the East each claim to have preserved the original teaching of the apostles. They also have apostolic succession in that their bishops derive their authority through a direct line of laying on of hands from the apostles, a claim that they accept can be made by the other churches in this group. The Anglican Communion, as well as many Lutheran Churches such as the Church of Sweden, likewise teach the doctrine of apostolic succession.[25][26] Other Christian denominations, on the other hand, usually hold that what preserves apostolic continuity is the written word: as Bruce Milne put it, "A church is apostolic as it recognizes in practice the supreme authority of the apostolic scriptures."[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Paul J. Glenn (1980). Apologetics: A Philosophic Defense and Explanation of the Catholic Religion. Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books. Article II. ISBN 9781505103540.
  2. ^ Louis Berkhof (1949). Systematic Theology. London: Banner of Truth. p. 572.
  3. ^ Scharper, Philip J. (1969). Meet the American Catholic. Broadman Press. p. 34. It is interesting to note, however, that the Nicene Creed, recited by Roman Catholics in their worship, is also accepted by millions of other Christians as a testimony of their faith—Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, Lutherans, and members of many of the Reformed Churches.
  4. ^ Creeds of Christendom
  5. ^ See footnote 12 in The Book of Concord, Translators Kolb, R. and Wengert, T. Augsburg Fortress, 2000, p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8006-2740-9
  6. ^ For example, see Lutheran Service Book. Concordia Publishing House, 2006, p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7586-1217-5
  7. ^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine of the Church August 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Bishop Kallistos (Ware). The Orthodox Church. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014656-3. p. 307
  9. ^ a b Ludwig, Alan (12 September 2016). "Luther's Catholic Reformation". The Lutheran Witness. When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, "This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers" (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the Augsburg Confession is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places).
  10. ^ Frey, H. (1918). "Is One Church as Good as Another?". The Lutheran Witness. Vol. 37. pp. 82–83.
  11. ^ a b c Francis Aloysius Sullivan, The Church We Believe In (Paulist Press 1988 ISBN 978-0-80913039-9), pp. 36–38
  12. ^ A Catechism for the use of people called Methodists. Peterborough, England: Methodist Publishing House. 2000. Question 63. ISBN 978-1858521824.
  13. ^ Whitehead, Kenneth D. "The Church of the Apostles," This Rock, March 1995. See article at ewtn.com
  14. ^ "Catholic". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  15. ^ (cf. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon)
  16. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  17. ^ "On Being Catholic 2011-02-22 at the Wayback Machine", by Claire Anderson M.Div.
  18. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 830-856 April 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ NULL (2013-10-09). "On the Catholicity of the Church". ZENIT - English. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  20. ^ a b Hopko, Thomas. "The Orthodox Faith". oca.org. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  21. ^ Jenson, Matt; Wilhite, David (2010). The Church: A Guide for the Perplexed. A&C Black. pp. 70–75. ISBN 9780567033376. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  22. ^ Second Vatican Council. . Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  23. ^ Henry Bettenson (editor), Documents of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 1970 ISBN 978-0-19501293-4), p. 22
  24. ^ Cf. also an Armenian statement, a Roman Catholic statement.
  25. ^ Gassmann, Günther; Larson, Duane Howard; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2001). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810839458. Retrieved 11 November 2012. In addition to the primary understanding of succession, the Lutheran confessions do express openness, however, to the continuation of the succession of bishops. This is a narrower understanding of apostolic succession, to be affirmed under the condition that the bishops support the Gospel and are ready to ordain evangelical preachers. This form of succession, for example, was continued by the Church of Sweden (which included Finland) at the time of the Reformation.
  26. ^ Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (13 August 2008). The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The Early, Medieval, and Reformation Eras. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 594. ISBN 978-0664224165. Retrieved 10 June 2013. In Sweden the apostolic succession was preserved because the Catholic bishops were allowed to stay in office, but they had to approve changes in the ceremonies.
  27. ^ Bruce Milne, "Know the Truth" (2nd edition). (Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press, 1998), 271.

Further reading

  • The Symbol of Faith by Father Thomas Hopko
  • Four Marks of the Church by Kenneth D. Whitehead
  • The Four Marks of the Church by Fr. William Saunders
  • Marks of the Church by Loyola Press

August 25, 2023
four, marks, church, also, known, attributes, church, describes, four, distinctive, adjectives, traditional, christian, ecclesiology, expressed, niceno, constantinopolitan, creed, completed, first, council, constantinople, believe, holy, catholic, apostolic, c. The Four Marks of the Church also known as the Attributes of the Church 1 describes four distinctive adjectives of traditional Christian ecclesiology as expressed in the Niceno Constantinopolitan Creed completed at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381 We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church 2 This ecumenical creed is today recited in the liturgies of the Catholic Church both Latin and Eastern Rites the Eastern Orthodox Church the Oriental Orthodox Churches the Assyrian Church of the East the Moravian Church the Lutheran Churches the Methodist Churches the Presbyterian Churches the Anglican Communion and by members of the Reformed Churches 3 although they interpret it in very different ways and some Protestants alter the word Catholic in the creed replacing it with the word Christian While many doctrines based on both tradition and different interpretations of the Bible distinguish one denomination from another largely explaining why there are many different ones the Four Marks represent a summary of what many clergy and theologians have historically considered to be the most important affirmations of Christianity Contents 1 History 2 Marks 2 1 One 2 2 Holy 2 3 Catholic 2 4 Apostolic 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory Edit Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine accompanied by the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea AD 325 holding the Niceno Constantinopolitan Creed of 381The ideas behind the Four Marks have been in the Christian Church since early Christianity Allusions to them can be found in the writings of 2nd century early Church Father and bishop Ignatius of Antioch They were not established in doctrine until the First Council of Constantinople in 381 as an antidote to certain heresies that had crept into the Church in its early history There the Council elaborated on the Nicene Creed established by the First Council of Nicaea 56 years before by adding to the end a section that included the affirmation We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church 4 The phrase has remained in versions of the Nicene Creed to this day In some languages for example German the Latin catholica was substituted by Christian before the Reformation by some although this was an anomaly 5 and continues in use by some Protestant churches today Hence holy catholic becomes holy Christian 6 Roman Catholics believe the description one holy catholic and apostolic Church to be applicable only to the Roman Catholic Church They hold that Christ established here on earth only one Church and they believe in the full identity of the Church of Christ with the Catholic Church While there are numerous elements of sanctification and of truth which are found outside her structure these as gifts properly belonging to the Church of Christ impel towards Catholic Unity The eastern Churches not in full communion with the Catholic Church thereby lack something in their condition as particular Churches The communities born out of the 16th century Protestant Reformation do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders and are therefore deprived of a constituent element of the Church 7 The Eastern Orthodox Church in disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church regards itself as the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles 8 The Oriental Orthodox Church disagrees with both and claims to be the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles the one holy catholic and apostolic Church of the ancient Christian creeds and the only Church that has always kept the true Christology and faith declared by the first three councils the First Council of Nicaea the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus affirmed by the Church Fathers and the sacred tradition The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches teaches that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new but the true catholic faith and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church 9 When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V Holy Roman Emperor in 1530 they believe to have showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils 9 As such the Lutheran Churches traditionally hold that theirs represents the true visible Church 10 Marks EditOne Edit See also One true church and Body of Christ The Church One Church illustration of Article 7 of the Augsburg ConfessionThis mark derives from the Pauline epistles which state that the Church is one 11 In 1 Cor 15 9 Paul the Apostle spoke of himself as having persecuted the church of God not just the local church in Jerusalem but the same church that he addresses at the beginning of that letter as the church of God that is in Corinth 1 Cor 1 2 non primary source needed In the same letter he tells Christians You are the body of Christ and individually members of it 1 Cor 12 27 and declares that just as the body is one and has many members and all the members of the body though many are one body so it is with Christ 1 Cor 12 12 In Eph 4 5 6 Paul writes There is one body and one Spirit just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call one Lord one faith one baptism one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all This list of factors making Christians one body one church is doubtless not meant to be exhaustive says Francis A Sullivan but it affirms the oneness of the body the Church through what Christians have in common what they have communion in 11 Elsewhere Paul says There is neither Jew nor Greek there is neither slave nor free there is no male and female for you are all one in Christ Jesus Gal 3 28 This statement was about Christians as individuals but it applied to them also as groups as local church whether composed mainly of Jewish or Gentile Christians 11 Holy Edit Further information Holiness The word holy in this sense means set apart for a special purpose by and for God The Church is holy because it has been set apart to do God s work and because God is present in it 12 Christians understand the holiness of the Church to derive from Christ s holiness 13 Catholic Edit Further information Catholicity The word catholic is derived from the Ancient Greek adjective ka8olikos romanized katholikos meaning general universal 14 15 It is associated with the Greek adverb ka8oloy katholou meaning according to the whole entirely or in general a combination of the preposition kata meaning according to and the adjective ὅlos meaning whole 16 17 Applied to the Church the adjective catholic means that in the Church the wholeness of the Christian faith full and complete all embracing and with nothing lacking is proclaimed to all people without excluding any part of the faith or any class or group of people 18 19 20 The adjective can be applied not only to the Church as spread throughout the world but also to each local manifestation of the Church in each of which nothing essential is lacking for it to be the genuine body of Christ 20 21 22 For his subjects Roman Emperor Theodosius I restricted the term catholic Christians to believers in the one deity of the Father the Son and the Holy Spirit in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity and applied the name heretics to others Edict of Thessalonica of 27 February 380 23 Apostolic Edit See also Apostles in the New Testament and Apostolic succession This describes the Church s foundation and beliefs as rooted and continuing in the living tradition of the apostles of Jesus 24 The Catholic Church the Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Assyrian Church of the East each claim to have preserved the original teaching of the apostles They also have apostolic succession in that their bishops derive their authority through a direct line of laying on of hands from the apostles a claim that they accept can be made by the other churches in this group The Anglican Communion as well as many Lutheran Churches such as the Church of Sweden likewise teach the doctrine of apostolic succession 25 26 Other Christian denominations on the other hand usually hold that what preserves apostolic continuity is the written word as Bruce Milne put it A church is apostolic as it recognizes in practice the supreme authority of the apostolic scriptures 27 See also EditMarks of the Church Protestantism State church of the Roman EmpireReferences Edit Paul J Glenn 1980 Apologetics A Philosophic Defense and Explanation of the Catholic Religion Charlotte North Carolina TAN Books Article II ISBN 9781505103540 Louis Berkhof 1949 Systematic Theology London Banner of Truth p 572 Scharper Philip J 1969 Meet the American Catholic Broadman Press p 34 It is interesting to note however that the Nicene Creed recited by Roman Catholics in their worship is also accepted by millions of other Christians as a testimony of their faith Episcopalians Presbyterians Methodists Lutherans and members of many of the Reformed Churches Creeds of Christendom See footnote 12 in The Book of Concord Translators Kolb R and Wengert T Augsburg Fortress 2000 p 22 ISBN 978 0 8006 2740 9 For example see Lutheran Service Book Concordia Publishing House 2006 p 158 ISBN 978 0 7586 1217 5 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine of the Church Archived August 13 2013 at the Wayback Machine Bishop Kallistos Ware The Orthodox Church Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 014656 3 p 307 a b Ludwig Alan 12 September 2016 Luther s Catholic Reformation The Lutheran Witness When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession before Emperor Charles V in 1530 they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome They boldly claim This is about the Sum of our Doctrine in which as can be seen there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures or from the Church Catholic or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers AC XXI Conclusion 1 The underlying thesis of the Augsburg Confession is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new but the true catholic faith and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church In fact it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church see AC XXIII 13 XXVIII 72 and other places Frey H 1918 Is One Church as Good as Another The Lutheran Witness Vol 37 pp 82 83 a b c Francis Aloysius Sullivan The Church We Believe In Paulist Press 1988 ISBN 978 0 80913039 9 pp 36 38 A Catechism for the use of people called Methodists Peterborough England Methodist Publishing House 2000 Question 63 ISBN 978 1858521824 Whitehead Kenneth D The Church of the Apostles This Rock March 1995 See article at ewtn com Catholic Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required cf Henry George Liddell Robert Scott A Greek English Lexicon Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Retrieved 2011 09 16 On Being Catholic Archived 2011 02 22 at the Wayback Machine by Claire Anderson M Div Catechism of the Catholic Church 830 856 Archived April 7 2015 at the Wayback Machine NULL 2013 10 09 On the Catholicity of the Church ZENIT English Retrieved 2018 12 17 a b Hopko Thomas The Orthodox Faith oca org Orthodox Church in America Retrieved 18 February 2015 Jenson Matt Wilhite David 2010 The Church A Guide for the Perplexed A amp C Black pp 70 75 ISBN 9780567033376 Retrieved 18 February 2015 Second Vatican Council Decree Concerning the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus 11 Archived from the original on 2 August 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2015 Henry Bettenson editor Documents of the Christian Church Oxford University Press 1970 ISBN 978 0 19501293 4 p 22 Cf also an Armenian statement a Roman Catholic statement Gassmann Gunther Larson Duane Howard Oldenburg Mark W 2001 Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0810839458 Retrieved 11 November 2012 In addition to the primary understanding of succession the Lutheran confessions do express openness however to the continuation of the succession of bishops This is a narrower understanding of apostolic succession to be affirmed under the condition that the bishops support the Gospel and are ready to ordain evangelical preachers This form of succession for example was continued by the Church of Sweden which included Finland at the time of the Reformation Benedetto Robert Duke James O 13 August 2008 The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History The Early Medieval and Reformation Eras Westminster John Knox Press p 594 ISBN 978 0664224165 Retrieved 10 June 2013 In Sweden the apostolic succession was preserved because the Catholic bishops were allowed to stay in office but they had to approve changes in the ceremonies Bruce Milne Know the Truth 2nd edition Nottingham Inter Varsity Press 1998 271 Further reading EditThe Symbol of Faith by Father Thomas Hopko Four Marks of the Church by Kenneth D Whitehead The Four Marks of the Church by Fr William Saunders Marks of the Church by Loyola Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Four Marks of the Church amp oldid 1139808122, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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