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Fourspot butterflyfish

January 01, 1970

The four-spotted butterflyfish or fourspot butterflyfish (Chaetodon quadrimaculatus) is a species of butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) found in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyus, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands and Taiwan to the Hawaiian, Marquesan, and Pitcairn islands, south to the Samoan and Austral Islands and the Marianas and Marshall Islands in Micronesia.[2]

Fourspot butterflyfish
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Chaetodontidae
Genus: Chaetodon
Subgenus: Chaetodon (Exornator)
Species:
C. quadrimaculatus
Binomial name
Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
Synonyms[2]

Heterochaetodon lepidochaetodon quadrimaculatus (Gray, 1831)

The fourspot butterflyfish is a marine coralivorous organism. Therefore, its noted geographic distribution, as well as population-level spatial distribution and temporal variation in density, is correlated to relative distributions and abundance of the corals that butterflyfish are dependent on for food.[3]

It is a quite distinct species, but most closely related to the speckled butterflyfish (C. citrinellus). Together they are basal in the subgenus Exornator, and might be intermediate between the core group of this subgenus and the species of the Rhombochaetodon (or Roaops) lineage. If that is correct, the latter would require to be merged into Exornator. If the genus Chaetodon is split up, Exornator might become a subgenus of Lepidochaetodon.[4][5]

Butterflyfish as a family are a common marine aquarium specimen as a result of their varying colors and patterns, and contribute to 4% of the global fish trade.[6]

Taxonomy edit

As one of 90 extant species in the genus Chaetodon, the fourspot butterflyfish shares the following characteristics: a laterally compressed body with bilateral symmetry, and ctenoid scales, identified by their comb-like edges.[7] One defining characteristic of this species is its four rounded, eye-shaped spots, two on each lateral surface. These spots are theorized to help this butterflyfish avoid predation by either intimidating predators or diverting attack of predators to potentially less fatal regions of the body.[8]

Diet and feeding edit

C. quadrimaculatus is an obligate, hard coral feeder, an adaptation that is theorized to have evolved approximately 3.2 million years ago.[9] This species is highly dependent on scleractinian corals, an order of Anthozoa where approximately 50% of species are reef-building zooxanthellate.[10] Butterflyfish typically feed from corals by removing individual polyps while leaving the calcareous skeleton undisturbed.[11] They use a picking method where they grip prey with the tips of their upper and lower anterior jaws.[12] Due to their specialized dependence on corals, C. quadrimaculatus and other obligate corallivorous species have an increased bite rate, pointing to a higher feeding efficiency, than butterflyfish that are facultative corallivores.[13]

Social structure edit

Owing to their obligate dependence on corals, fourspot butterflyfish tend to be distributed in stable feeding territories with high fidelity for each site and male-dominated defense mechanisms.[14][15] The social structure is dominated by heterosexual, adult pair-bonds, while juveniles are typically solitary.[16][17] However, there have also been observations of homosexual pair bonds and pair bonds between sexually immature butterflyfish in this genus.[18] Therefore, the evolution of pair bonds may offer benefits beyond increasing reproductive fitness.[18] Other proposed advantages of pair-bonding include increased foraging efficiency and vigilance against predators.[13] Within heterosexual pair-bonds, evidence supports the evolution of sex-specific roles rather than mutual territory defense.[19] In this division of labor, males actively defend territory allowing females to successfully forage and therefore increase their fecundity.[15]

 
Juvenile

Reproduction and development edit

Fourspot butterfly fish typically reproduce in monogamous pair bonds.[16] They reproduce via spawn breeding where the gonochoristic males and females release their respective gametes into the water column for fertilization.[20] Eggs are typically less than 1 mm in their pelagic form and fertilized eggs hatch in approximately 30 hours.[21] Like other butterfly fish in this family, C. quadrimaculatus has a specialized larval state called tholichthys, where the head is covered by fused plates, giving rise to a distinctive head spination.[21] Although no definitive results have been collected, there is little to minimal or no parental care in this species as a result of their spawn breeding reproductive tactic.[16] After larval development and hatching, juveniles directly settle on coral which offer protection from predators.[22]

Conservation edit

Since fourspot butterflyfish are highly associated with scleractinian coral, they are an indicator of reef health and their relative abundance is contingent on coral reef abundance.[9] With recent global changes in climate, especially the 2015-2016 rise in water temperatures and mass coral bleaching event in the central Indo-Pacific, this species may have experienced a decrease in food resource.[23][24] Large-scale coral bleaching has also been associated with decreases in both interspecific and intraspecific aggression in butterflyfish.[24] Research in other species of butterflyfish show that local coral bleaching does not have immediate effects on local population abundance of butterflyfish, but does lead to sublethal effects such as decreased growth and reproduction rates.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ Myers, R.F.; Pratchett, M. (2010). "Chaetodon quadrimaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T165678A6088913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165678A6088913.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Chaetpdon quadrimaculatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ Pratchett, M. S.; Wilson, S. K.; Berumen, M. L.; McCormick, M. I. (2004-09-01). "Sublethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish". Coral Reefs. 23 (3): 352–356. doi:10.1007/s00338-004-0394-x. ISSN 1432-0975. S2CID 29455742.
  4. ^ Fessler, Jennifer L.; Westneat, Mark W (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 50–68. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018. PMID 17625921.
  5. ^ Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007). (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement. 14: 77–86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  6. ^ Degidio, Jon-Michael L. A.; Yanong, Roy P. E.; Watson, Craig A.; Ohs, Cortney L.; Cassiano, Eric J.; Barden, Kevin (2017-07-03). "Spawning, Embryology, and Larval Development of the Milletseed Butterflyfish Chaetodon miliaris in the Laboratory". North American Journal of Aquaculture. 79 (3): 205–215. doi:10.1080/15222055.2017.1302025. ISSN 1522-2055.
  7. ^ Thresher, Ronald E., 1949- (1984). Reproduction in reef fishes. Distributed in the U.S. by T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-808-2. OCLC 1089502252.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Gagliano, Monica (2008-07-01). "On the spot: the absence of predators reveals eyespot plasticity in a marine fish". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (4): 733–739. doi:10.1093/beheco/arn013. ISSN 1045-2249.
  9. ^ a b BELLWOOD, D. R.; KLANTEN, S.; COWMAN, P. F.; PRATCHETT, M. S.; KONOW, N.; van HERWERDEN, L. (2010). "Evolutionary history of the butterflyfishes (f: Chaetodontidae) and the rise of coral feeding fishes". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 23 (2): 335–349. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01904.x. ISSN 1010-061X. PMID 20487131. S2CID 205432569.
  10. ^ Stolarski, Jarosław; Meibom, Anders; Przeniosło, Radosław; Mazur, Maciej (2007-10-05). "A Cretaceous Scleractinian Coral with a Calcitic Skeleton". Science. 318 (5847): 92–94. Bibcode:2007Sci...318...92S. doi:10.1126/science.1149237. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17916731. S2CID 22233075.
  11. ^ Pratchett, Morgan S. (2005-08-25). "Dietary overlap among coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef". Marine Biology. 148 (2): 373–382. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0084-4. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 84044783.
  12. ^ Copus, Joshua M.; Gibb, Alice C. (2013-12-01). "A forceful upper jaw facilitates picking-based prey capture: biomechanics of feeding in a butterflyfish, Chaetodon trichrous". Zoology. 116 (6): 336–347. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2013.08.005. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 24156977.
  13. ^ a b Gregson, M. A.; Pratchett, M. S.; Berumen, M. L.; Goodman, B. A. (2008-03-28). "Relationships between butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae) feeding rates and coral consumption on the Great Barrier Reef". Coral Reefs. 27 (3): 583–591. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..583G. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0366-7. ISSN 0722-4028. S2CID 42119758.
  14. ^ Hourigan, Thomas F. (1989). "Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 25 (1–3): 61–78. doi:10.1007/bf00002201. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 34211621.
  15. ^ a b Whiteman, E. A.; Ct, I. M. (2004). "Monogamy in marine fishes". Biological Reviews. 79 (2): 351–375. doi:10.1017/s1464793103006304. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 15191228. S2CID 22149575.
  16. ^ a b c Pratchett, Morgan S.; Pradjakusuma, Oki. A.; Jones, Geoffrey P. (2006-01-21). "Is there a reproductive basis to solitary living versus pair-formation in coral reef fishes?". Coral Reefs. 25 (1): 85–92. Bibcode:2006CorRe..25...85P. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0081-6. ISSN 0722-4028. S2CID 11765988.
  17. ^ Roberts, Callum M.; Ormond, Rupert F. G. (1992). "Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 34 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1007/bf00004786. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 20051265.
  18. ^ a b Nowicki, Jessica P.; Walker, Stefan P. W.; Coker, Darren J.; Hoey, Andrew S.; Nicolet, Katia J.; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2018-04-19). "Pair bond endurance promotes cooperative food defense and inhibits conflict in coral reef butterflyfish". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 6295. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.6295N. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24412-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5908845. PMID 29674741.
  19. ^ Nowicki, Jessica P.; O’Connell, Lauren A.; Cowman, Peter F.; Walker, Stefan P. W.; Coker, Darren J.; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2018-04-11). "Variation in social systems within Chaetodon butterflyfishes, with special reference to pair bonding". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0194465. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394465N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194465. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5894994. PMID 29641529.
  20. ^ Lobel, Phillip S. (1989). "Spawning behavior of Chaetodon multicinctus (Chaetodontidae); pairs and intruders". In Motta, Philip J. (ed.). The butterflyfishes: success on the coral reef. Developments in environmental biology of fishes. Vol. 9. Springer Netherlands. pp. 125–130. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2325-6_9. ISBN 978-94-010-7545-9.
  21. ^ a b Leis, Jeffrey M. (1989). "Larval biology of butterflyfishes (Pisces, Chaetodontidae): What do we really know?". In Motta, Philip J. (ed.). The butterflyfishes: success on the coral reef. Developments in environmental biology of fishes. Vol. 9. Springer Netherlands. pp. 87–100. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2325-6_6. ISBN 978-94-009-2325-6.
  22. ^ Pratchett, M. S.; Graham, N. A. J.; Cole, A. J. (2013-03-13). "Specialist corallivores dominate butterflyfish assemblages in coral-dominated reef habitats". Journal of Fish Biology. 82 (4): 1177–1191. doi:10.1111/jfb.12056. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 23557298.
  23. ^ Lawton, Rebecca J.; Pratchett, Morgan S. (2012-06-05). "Influence of dietary specialization and resource availability on geographical variation in abundance of butterflyfish". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (7): 1347–1361. doi:10.1002/ece3.253. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3434932. PMID 22957144.
  24. ^ a b Keith, Sally A.; Baird, Andrew H.; Hobbs, Jean-Paul A.; Woolsey, Erika S.; Hoey, Andrew S.; Fadli, N.; Sanders, Nathan J. (2018-10-22). "Synchronous behavioural shifts in reef fishes linked to mass coral bleaching" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 8 (11): 986–991. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..986K. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0314-7. ISSN 1758-678X. S2CID 91864044.
  25. ^ Pratchett, M. S.; Wilson, S. K.; Berumen, M. L.; McCormick, M. I. (2004-08-20). "?Sublethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish?". Coral Reefs. 23 (3): 352–356. doi:10.1007/s00338-004-0394-x. ISSN 0722-4028. S2CID 29455742.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaetodon quadrimaculatus.
  • Photos of Fourspot butterflyfish on Sealife Collection

January 01, 1970
fourspot, butterflyfish, four, spotted, butterflyfish, fourspot, butterflyfish, chaetodon, quadrimaculatus, species, butterflyfish, family, chaetodontidae, found, pacific, ocean, from, ryukyus, ogasawara, bonin, islands, taiwan, hawaiian, marquesan, pitcairn, . The four spotted butterflyfish or fourspot butterflyfish Chaetodon quadrimaculatus is a species of butterflyfish family Chaetodontidae found in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyus Ogasawara Bonin Islands and Taiwan to the Hawaiian Marquesan and Pitcairn islands south to the Samoan and Austral Islands and the Marianas and Marshall Islands in Micronesia 2 Fourspot butterflyfish Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Perciformes Family Chaetodontidae Genus Chaetodon Subgenus Chaetodon Exornator Species C quadrimaculatus Binomial name Chaetodon quadrimaculatusJ E Gray 1831 Synonyms 2 Heterochaetodon lepidochaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray 1831 The fourspot butterflyfish is a marine coralivorous organism Therefore its noted geographic distribution as well as population level spatial distribution and temporal variation in density is correlated to relative distributions and abundance of the corals that butterflyfish are dependent on for food 3 It is a quite distinct species but most closely related to the speckled butterflyfish C citrinellus Together they are basal in the subgenus Exornator and might be intermediate between the core group of this subgenus and the species of the Rhombochaetodon or Roaops lineage If that is correct the latter would require to be merged into Exornator If the genus Chaetodon is split up Exornator might become a subgenus of Lepidochaetodon 4 5 Butterflyfish as a family are a common marine aquarium specimen as a result of their varying colors and patterns and contribute to 4 of the global fish trade 6 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Diet and feeding 3 Social structure 4 Reproduction and development 5 Conservation 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy editAs one of 90 extant species in the genus Chaetodon the fourspot butterflyfish shares the following characteristics a laterally compressed body with bilateral symmetry and ctenoid scales identified by their comb like edges 7 One defining characteristic of this species is its four rounded eye shaped spots two on each lateral surface These spots are theorized to help this butterflyfish avoid predation by either intimidating predators or diverting attack of predators to potentially less fatal regions of the body 8 Diet and feeding editC quadrimaculatus is an obligate hard coral feeder an adaptation that is theorized to have evolved approximately 3 2 million years ago 9 This species is highly dependent on scleractinian corals an order of Anthozoa where approximately 50 of species are reef building zooxanthellate 10 Butterflyfish typically feed from corals by removing individual polyps while leaving the calcareous skeleton undisturbed 11 They use a picking method where they grip prey with the tips of their upper and lower anterior jaws 12 Due to their specialized dependence on corals C quadrimaculatus and other obligate corallivorous species have an increased bite rate pointing to a higher feeding efficiency than butterflyfish that are facultative corallivores 13 Social structure editOwing to their obligate dependence on corals fourspot butterflyfish tend to be distributed in stable feeding territories with high fidelity for each site and male dominated defense mechanisms 14 15 The social structure is dominated by heterosexual adult pair bonds while juveniles are typically solitary 16 17 However there have also been observations of homosexual pair bonds and pair bonds between sexually immature butterflyfish in this genus 18 Therefore the evolution of pair bonds may offer benefits beyond increasing reproductive fitness 18 Other proposed advantages of pair bonding include increased foraging efficiency and vigilance against predators 13 Within heterosexual pair bonds evidence supports the evolution of sex specific roles rather than mutual territory defense 19 In this division of labor males actively defend territory allowing females to successfully forage and therefore increase their fecundity 15 nbsp JuvenileReproduction and development editFourspot butterfly fish typically reproduce in monogamous pair bonds 16 They reproduce via spawn breeding where the gonochoristic males and females release their respective gametes into the water column for fertilization 20 Eggs are typically less than 1 mm in their pelagic form and fertilized eggs hatch in approximately 30 hours 21 Like other butterfly fish in this family C quadrimaculatus has a specialized larval state called tholichthys where the head is covered by fused plates giving rise to a distinctive head spination 21 Although no definitive results have been collected there is little to minimal or no parental care in this species as a result of their spawn breeding reproductive tactic 16 After larval development and hatching juveniles directly settle on coral which offer protection from predators 22 Conservation editSince fourspot butterflyfish are highly associated with scleractinian coral they are an indicator of reef health and their relative abundance is contingent on coral reef abundance 9 With recent global changes in climate especially the 2015 2016 rise in water temperatures and mass coral bleaching event in the central Indo Pacific this species may have experienced a decrease in food resource 23 24 Large scale coral bleaching has also been associated with decreases in both interspecific and intraspecific aggression in butterflyfish 24 Research in other species of butterflyfish show that local coral bleaching does not have immediate effects on local population abundance of butterflyfish but does lead to sublethal effects such as decreased growth and reproduction rates 25 References edit Myers R F Pratchett M 2010 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 e T165678A6088913 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2010 4 RLTS T165678A6088913 en Retrieved 20 November 2021 a b Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2019 Chaetpdon quadrimaculatus in FishBase December 2019 version Pratchett M S Wilson S K Berumen M L McCormick M I 2004 09 01 Sublethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish Coral Reefs 23 3 352 356 doi 10 1007 s00338 004 0394 x ISSN 1432 0975 S2CID 29455742 Fessler Jennifer L Westneat Mark W 2007 Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 1 50 68 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 05 018 PMID 17625921 Hsu Kui Ching Chen Jeng Ping amp Shao Kwang Tsao 2007 Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon Teleostei Chaetodontidae in the Indo West Pacific evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups PDF Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 14 77 86 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 08 11 Retrieved 2008 09 01 Degidio Jon Michael L A Yanong Roy P E Watson Craig A Ohs Cortney L Cassiano Eric J Barden Kevin 2017 07 03 Spawning Embryology and Larval Development of the Milletseed Butterflyfish Chaetodon miliaris in the Laboratory North American Journal of Aquaculture 79 3 205 215 doi 10 1080 15222055 2017 1302025 ISSN 1522 2055 Thresher Ronald E 1949 1984 Reproduction in reef fishes Distributed in the U S by T F H Publications ISBN 0 87666 808 2 OCLC 1089502252 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Gagliano Monica 2008 07 01 On the spot the absence of predators reveals eyespot plasticity in a marine fish Behavioral Ecology 19 4 733 739 doi 10 1093 beheco arn013 ISSN 1045 2249 a b BELLWOOD D R KLANTEN S COWMAN P F PRATCHETT M S KONOW N van HERWERDEN L 2010 Evolutionary history of the butterflyfishes f Chaetodontidae and the rise of coral feeding fishes Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23 2 335 349 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2009 01904 x ISSN 1010 061X PMID 20487131 S2CID 205432569 Stolarski Jaroslaw Meibom Anders Przenioslo Radoslaw Mazur Maciej 2007 10 05 A Cretaceous Scleractinian Coral with a Calcitic Skeleton Science 318 5847 92 94 Bibcode 2007Sci 318 92S doi 10 1126 science 1149237 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 17916731 S2CID 22233075 Pratchett Morgan S 2005 08 25 Dietary overlap among coral feeding butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae at Lizard Island northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Biology 148 2 373 382 doi 10 1007 s00227 005 0084 4 ISSN 0025 3162 S2CID 84044783 Copus Joshua M Gibb Alice C 2013 12 01 A forceful upper jaw facilitates picking based prey capture biomechanics of feeding in a butterflyfish Chaetodon trichrous Zoology 116 6 336 347 doi 10 1016 j zool 2013 08 005 ISSN 0944 2006 PMID 24156977 a b Gregson M A Pratchett M S Berumen M L Goodman B A 2008 03 28 Relationships between butterflyfish Chaetodontidae feeding rates and coral consumption on the Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 27 3 583 591 Bibcode 2008CorRe 27 583G doi 10 1007 s00338 008 0366 7 ISSN 0722 4028 S2CID 42119758 Hourigan Thomas F 1989 Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems Environmental Biology of Fishes 25 1 3 61 78 doi 10 1007 bf00002201 ISSN 0378 1909 S2CID 34211621 a b Whiteman E A Ct I M 2004 Monogamy in marine fishes Biological Reviews 79 2 351 375 doi 10 1017 s1464793103006304 ISSN 1464 7931 PMID 15191228 S2CID 22149575 a b c Pratchett Morgan S Pradjakusuma Oki A Jones Geoffrey P 2006 01 21 Is there a reproductive basis to solitary living versus pair formation in coral reef fishes Coral Reefs 25 1 85 92 Bibcode 2006CorRe 25 85P doi 10 1007 s00338 005 0081 6 ISSN 0722 4028 S2CID 11765988 Roberts Callum M Ormond Rupert F G 1992 Butterflyfish social behaviour with special reference to the incidence of territoriality a review Environmental Biology of Fishes 34 1 79 93 doi 10 1007 bf00004786 ISSN 0378 1909 S2CID 20051265 a b Nowicki Jessica P Walker Stefan P W Coker Darren J Hoey Andrew S Nicolet Katia J Pratchett Morgan S 2018 04 19 Pair bond endurance promotes cooperative food defense and inhibits conflict in coral reef butterflyfish Scientific Reports 8 1 6295 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 6295N doi 10 1038 s41598 018 24412 0 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5908845 PMID 29674741 Nowicki Jessica P O Connell Lauren A Cowman Peter F Walker Stefan P W Coker Darren J Pratchett Morgan S 2018 04 11 Variation in social systems within Chaetodon butterflyfishes with special reference to pair bonding PLOS ONE 13 4 e0194465 Bibcode 2018PLoSO 1394465N doi 10 1371 journal pone 0194465 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5894994 PMID 29641529 Lobel Phillip S 1989 Spawning behavior of Chaetodon multicinctus Chaetodontidae pairs and intruders In Motta Philip J ed The butterflyfishes success on the coral reef Developments in environmental biology of fishes Vol 9 Springer Netherlands pp 125 130 doi 10 1007 978 94 009 2325 6 9 ISBN 978 94 010 7545 9 a b Leis Jeffrey M 1989 Larval biology of butterflyfishes Pisces Chaetodontidae What do we really know In Motta Philip J ed The butterflyfishes success on the coral reef Developments in environmental biology of fishes Vol 9 Springer Netherlands pp 87 100 doi 10 1007 978 94 009 2325 6 6 ISBN 978 94 009 2325 6 Pratchett M S Graham N A J Cole A J 2013 03 13 Specialist corallivores dominate butterflyfish assemblages in coral dominated reef habitats Journal of Fish Biology 82 4 1177 1191 doi 10 1111 jfb 12056 ISSN 0022 1112 PMID 23557298 Lawton Rebecca J Pratchett Morgan S 2012 06 05 Influence of dietary specialization and resource availability on geographical variation in abundance of butterflyfish Ecology and Evolution 2 7 1347 1361 doi 10 1002 ece3 253 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 3434932 PMID 22957144 a b Keith Sally A Baird Andrew H Hobbs Jean Paul A Woolsey Erika S Hoey Andrew S Fadli N Sanders Nathan J 2018 10 22 Synchronous behavioural shifts in reef fishes linked to mass coral bleaching PDF Nature Climate Change 8 11 986 991 Bibcode 2018NatCC 8 986K doi 10 1038 s41558 018 0314 7 ISSN 1758 678X S2CID 91864044 Pratchett M S Wilson S K Berumen M L McCormick M I 2004 08 20 Sublethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish Coral Reefs 23 3 352 356 doi 10 1007 s00338 004 0394 x ISSN 0722 4028 S2CID 29455742 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Photos of Fourspot butterflyfish on Sealife Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fourspot butterflyfish amp oldid 1192910634, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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