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Johann Reinhold Forster

January 01, 1970

Johann Reinhold Forster (22 October 1729 – 9 December 1798) was a German Reformed (Calvinist) pastor[1][2] and naturalist who made contributions to the early ornithology of Europe and North America. He is best known as the naturalist on James Cook's second Pacific voyage, where he was accompanied by his son Georg Forster. These expeditions promoted the career of Johann Reinhold Forster and the findings became the bedrock of colonial professionalism and helped set the stage for the future development of anthropology and ethnology. They also laid the framework for general concern about the impact that alteration of the physical environment for European economic expansion would have on exotic societies.[3]

Johann Reinhold Forster
Born(1729-10-22)22 October 1729
Tczew (Dirschau), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died9 December 1798(1798-12-09) (aged 69)
Halle (Saale)
Scientific career
FieldsNatural history, ethnology
Author abbrev. (botany)J.R.Forst

Biography edit

 
Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster in Tahiti, by John Francis Rigaud, 1780
 
Title page of Observations Made during a Voyage round the World (G. Robinson, 1778)

Forster's family originated in the Lords Forrester in Scotland, from where his great-grandfather had emigrated after losing most of his property during the rule of Oliver Cromwell along with many other Scots. Forster himself was born in the city of Dirschau (Tczew) in the Crown of Poland.[4] He studied languages and natural history at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, theology at the University of Halle, afterwards serving as a Protestant pastor in Mokry Dwór (Nassenhuben) Pomeranian Voivodship. He married his cousin Elisabeth Nikolai. They had several children including a son, Georg Forster and a daughter Virginia Viktoria.[5]

In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the Volga, in the province of Saratov.[6] His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian government, and in the following year he went with Georg (the eldest of eight children, seven of which survived childhood) to England and became teacher of natural history at Warrington, Lancashire.[7]

He spent three years teaching at the Dissenting Warrington Academy, succeeding Joseph Priestley. Compelled by his violent temper to resign this appointment, Forster then moved with his son to London, where they earned a precarious living by doing translations.[6] In 1771, he published A Catalogue of the Animals of North America,[8] which listed the region's mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, arachnids, and crustaceans,[9] and led to his election to the Royal Society of London in 1772.[10]

When Joseph Banks withdrew at the last moment as naturalist on Cook's second voyage, Forster and his son were appointed to fill the vacant position. In July 1772 they set sail on the Resolution, returning to England in July 1775. During a stop in Cape Town, Forster engaged Anders Sparrman to act as his assistant.

Both the Forsters kept detailed diaries of everything they saw on the voyage, and made extensive collections of both natural history specimens and artefacts. The first publication after the voyage was Characteres generum plantarum, a book on the botany of the South Pacific. Based on his father's journals, Georg published A Voyage Round the World in 1777. Reinhold Forster published Observations Made during a Voyage round the World (1778).[11] However the income from the book was insufficient to clear his debts, and the bulk of Georg's drawings from the voyage had to be sold to Joseph Banks. During the next few years Forster undertook a variety of writing work, including a German translation of Thomas Pennant's Arctic Zoology.

Johann Reinhold's "Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World" (1778) and Georg's "A Voyage Round the World" (1777). "Employing the English word "race" as a synonym for human variety, they interpret the multiplicity of Polynesian culture in terms of a linear hierarchy that naturally ascends towards the white European ideal."[12]

In November 1779 Forster was appointed Professor of Natural history and Mineralogy at the University of Halle, and director of the Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, where he remained until his death. His Descriptiones animalium, completed within a month of returning to England with Cook, was eventually edited by Hinrich Lichtenstein and published in 1844.[13]

Forster's contributions to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1772–73) on zoology, ornithology, and ichthyology established him as one of the earliest authorities on North American zoology.

Forster was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1793.[14]

The standard author abbreviation J.R.Forst. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[15]

See also edit

Taxon described by him edit

Taxon named in his honor edit

References edit

  1. ^ (in German) Dove, Alfred. "Forster, Johann Reinhold" in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, v.7 (1878), pp. 166–172.
  2. ^ (in German) Karl Ludwig Preuß: Dirschau's historische Denkwürdigkeiten. Für das 600jährige Jubelfest der Stadt (20. August 1860). Kafemann, Danzig 1860, pp. 39–44.
  3. ^ Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp 309–375.
  4. ^ Iłowiecki, Maciej (1981). Dzieje nauki polskiej (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 140. ISBN 83-223-1876-6.
  5. ^ "Foster, Virginia Viktoria". Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  6. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Forster, Johann Georg Adam" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). "Forster, Johann Reinhold" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  8. ^ Forster, Johann R. 1771. A catalogue of the animals of North America. 'containing, an enumeration of the known quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, crustaceous and testaceous animals; many of which are new, and never described before, to which is added, short directions for collecting, preserving, and transporting, all kinds of natural history curiosities. B. White, London, England. 43 pp.
  9. ^ Calhoun, John V. 2010. An overlooked 18th century list of North American Lepidoptera. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 52:3–5, 16–20, 25. http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/nls/2010s/2010/2010_v52_n1.pdf
  10. ^ Jovanović, Lazar, 2020. “The Cosmopolitan Circumnavigator of the South Seas: A Biography of Georg Forster”, in Bérose – Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l'anthropologie, Paris.
  11. ^ J.R. Forster (1778)Observations made during a Voyage round the World at Google Books
  12. ^ Race and nobility in the works of Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster, by Timothy McInerney Dans Études anglaises 2013/2 (Vol. 66), pages 250 à 266.
  13. ^ (in latin) Descriptiones animalium quae in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per annos 1772, 1773 et 1774 suscepto collegit observavit et delineavit Ionannes Reinoldus Forster Berolini ex officina Academica MDCCCXLIV. Biodiversity Heritage Library
  14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  15. ^ International Plant Names Index.  J.R.Forst.
  16. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (25 February 2021). "Order CENTRARCHIFORMES: Families CENTRARCHIDAE, ELASSOMATIDAE, ENOPLOSIDAE, SINIPERCIDAE, APLODACTYLIDAE, CHEILODACTYLIDAE, CHIRONEMIDAE, CIRRHITIDAE, LATRIDAE, PERCICHTHYIDAE, DICHISTIIDAE, GIRELLIDAE, KUHLIIDAE, KYPHOSIDAE, OPLEGNATHIDAE, TERAPONTIDAE, MICROCANTHIDAE and SCORPIDIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  17. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

External links edit

  • Scans of Specimen Historiae Naturalis Volgensis at the Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum
  • Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
  • SUB Göttingen Forster, J. R. 1771.Novæ species insectorum. Centuria I. Londini. (Davies, White).
  • Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database – version 1.0 – Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.
  • Indische Zoologie 1781
  • The Resolution journal of Johann Reinhold Forster, 1772–1775. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia

January 01, 1970
johann, reinhold, forster, october, 1729, december, 1798, german, reformed, calvinist, pastor, naturalist, made, contributions, early, ornithology, europe, north, america, best, known, naturalist, james, cook, second, pacific, voyage, where, accompanied, georg. Johann Reinhold Forster 22 October 1729 9 December 1798 was a German Reformed Calvinist pastor 1 2 and naturalist who made contributions to the early ornithology of Europe and North America He is best known as the naturalist on James Cook s second Pacific voyage where he was accompanied by his son Georg Forster These expeditions promoted the career of Johann Reinhold Forster and the findings became the bedrock of colonial professionalism and helped set the stage for the future development of anthropology and ethnology They also laid the framework for general concern about the impact that alteration of the physical environment for European economic expansion would have on exotic societies 3 Johann Reinhold ForsterBorn 1729 10 22 22 October 1729Tczew Dirschau Polish Lithuanian CommonwealthDied9 December 1798 1798 12 09 aged 69 Halle Saale Scientific careerFieldsNatural history ethnologyAuthor abbrev botany J R Forst Contents 1 Biography 2 See also 3 Taxon described by him 4 Taxon named in his honor 5 References 6 External linksBiography edit nbsp Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster in Tahiti by John Francis Rigaud 1780 nbsp Title page of Observations Made during a Voyage round the World G Robinson 1778 Forster s family originated in the Lords Forrester in Scotland from where his great grandfather had emigrated after losing most of his property during the rule of Oliver Cromwell along with many other Scots Forster himself was born in the city of Dirschau Tczew in the Crown of Poland 4 He studied languages and natural history at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin theology at the University of Halle afterwards serving as a Protestant pastor in Mokry Dwor Nassenhuben Pomeranian Voivodship He married his cousin Elisabeth Nikolai They had several children including a son Georg Forster and a daughter Virginia Viktoria 5 In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the Volga in the province of Saratov 6 His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian government and in the following year he went with Georg the eldest of eight children seven of which survived childhood to England and became teacher of natural history at Warrington Lancashire 7 He spent three years teaching at the Dissenting Warrington Academy succeeding Joseph Priestley Compelled by his violent temper to resign this appointment Forster then moved with his son to London where they earned a precarious living by doing translations 6 In 1771 he published A Catalogue of the Animals of North America 8 which listed the region s mammals birds reptiles fish insects arachnids and crustaceans 9 and led to his election to the Royal Society of London in 1772 10 When Joseph Banks withdrew at the last moment as naturalist on Cook s second voyage Forster and his son were appointed to fill the vacant position In July 1772 they set sail on the Resolution returning to England in July 1775 During a stop in Cape Town Forster engaged Anders Sparrman to act as his assistant Both the Forsters kept detailed diaries of everything they saw on the voyage and made extensive collections of both natural history specimens and artefacts The first publication after the voyage was Characteres generum plantarum a book on the botany of the South Pacific Based on his father s journals Georg published A Voyage Round the World in 1777 Reinhold Forster published Observations Made during a Voyage round the World 1778 11 However the income from the book was insufficient to clear his debts and the bulk of Georg s drawings from the voyage had to be sold to Joseph Banks During the next few years Forster undertook a variety of writing work including a German translation of Thomas Pennant s Arctic Zoology Johann Reinhold s Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World 1778 and Georg s A Voyage Round the World 1777 Employing the English word race as a synonym for human variety they interpret the multiplicity of Polynesian culture in terms of a linear hierarchy that naturally ascends towards the white European ideal 12 In November 1779 Forster was appointed Professor of Natural history and Mineralogy at the University of Halle and director of the Botanische Garten der Martin Luther Universitat Halle Wittenberg where he remained until his death His Descriptiones animalium completed within a month of returning to England with Cook was eventually edited by Hinrich Lichtenstein and published in 1844 13 Forster s contributions to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1772 73 on zoology ornithology and ichthyology established him as one of the earliest authorities on North American zoology Forster was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1793 14 The standard author abbreviation J R Forst is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 15 See also editEuropean and American voyages of scientific explorationTaxon described by him editSee Category Taxa named by Johann Reinhold ForsterTaxon named in his honor editThe black side hawkfish Paracirrhites forsteri freckled hawkfish or Forster s hawkfish is a species of marine ray finned fish a hawkfish belonging to the family Cirrhitidae It is from the Indo Pacific 16 Forster s tern Sterna forsteri is a species of tern primarily from the Americas 17 References edit in German Dove Alfred Forster Johann Reinhold in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie v 7 1878 pp 166 172 in German Karl Ludwig Preuss Dirschau s historische Denkwurdigkeiten Fur das 600jahrige Jubelfest der Stadt 20 August 1860 Kafemann Danzig 1860 pp 39 44 Richard Grove Green Imperialism Colonial Expansion Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism 1600 1860 Cambridge University Press 1995 pp 309 375 Ilowiecki Maciej 1981 Dzieje nauki polskiej in Polish Warszawa Wydawnictwo Interpress p 140 ISBN 83 223 1876 6 Foster Virginia Viktoria Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators Retrieved 4 September 2018 a b Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Forster Johann Georg Adam Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Gilman D C Peck H T Colby F M eds 1906 Forster Johann Reinhold New International Encyclopedia 1st ed New York Dodd Mead Forster Johann R 1771 A catalogue of the animals of North America containing an enumeration of the known quadrupeds birds reptiles fish insects crustaceous and testaceous animals many of which are new and never described before to which is added short directions for collecting preserving and transporting all kinds of natural history curiosities B White London England 43 pp Calhoun John V 2010 An overlooked 18th century list of North American Lepidoptera News of the Lepidopterists Society 52 3 5 16 20 25 http images peabody yale edu lepsoc nls 2010s 2010 2010 v52 n1 pdf Jovanovic Lazar 2020 The Cosmopolitan Circumnavigator of the South Seas A Biography of Georg Forster in Berose Encyclopedie internationale des histoires de l anthropologie Paris J R Forster 1778 Observations made during a Voyage round the World at Google Books Race and nobility in the works of Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster by Timothy McInerney Dans Etudes anglaises 2013 2 Vol 66 pages 250 a 266 in latin Descriptiones animalium quae in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per annos 1772 1773 et 1774 suscepto collegit observavit et delineavit Ionannes Reinoldus Forster Berolini ex officina Academica MDCCCXLIV Biodiversity Heritage Library APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 31 March 2021 International Plant Names Index J R Forst Christopher Scharpf amp Kenneth J Lazara eds 25 February 2021 Order CENTRARCHIFORMES Families CENTRARCHIDAE ELASSOMATIDAE ENOPLOSIDAE SINIPERCIDAE APLODACTYLIDAE CHEILODACTYLIDAE CHIRONEMIDAE CIRRHITIDAE LATRIDAE PERCICHTHYIDAE DICHISTIIDAE GIRELLIDAE KUHLIIDAE KYPHOSIDAE OPLEGNATHIDAE TERAPONTIDAE MICROCANTHIDAE and SCORPIDIDAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 22 July 2021 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 163 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 External links editScans of Specimen Historiae Naturalis Volgensis at the Gottinger Digitalisierungszentrum Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography SUB Gottingen Forster J R 1771 Novae species insectorum Centuria I Londini Davies White Gaedike R Groll E K amp Taeger A 2012 Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 online database version 1 0 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Indische Zoologie 1781 The Resolution journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772 1775 Royal Geographical Society of South Australia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Johann Reinhold Forster amp oldid 1222904693, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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