fbpx
Wikipedia

Forest in Turkey

December 18, 2023

Forest now covers just over a quarter of Turkey, but 4000 years ago most of the country was forested. The country is reforesting, which is important for the wildlife of Turkey.

Giresun Province, Black Sea Region
Muş Province, Eastern Anatolia Region

History edit

Forest cover before the formation of the Republic in 1923 is not well known.[1] The first big afforestation project was in 1939.[2]

Climate and forests edit

Forest covers 23 million of Turkey's 78 million hectares, but 3 million hectares are unproductive (less than 10% crown cover).[3]: 323  Almost all forest is state owned and managed by the General Directorate of Forestry[2] of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.[4] The constitution prohibits forests being transferred from state ownership; however, private afforestation permits allow the private sector to reforest state land.[5] Less than four thousand hectares a year are reforested by the private sector.[6] 5% of forest is coppice and the rest high forest.[7] There are also six million hectares of maquis, mostly in the south and west.[8] High rainfall in the eastern Black Sea Region sustains temperate rainforest.[9] Drought in Turkey is a threat both directly and by encouraging bark beetles.[10]

Forest products industry edit

22 million cubic metres of wood was harvested in 2019.[6] 20 million lira (3,500,000 USD) support was provided to 765 families in 2019.[6]

Distribution of forests edit

A quarter of the Black Sea Region is forested, and other regions with over 10% forest are Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and East Anatolian.[11] The most common species are: cedar (2%), juniper (3%), fir (3%), scotch pine (7%), beech (9%), larch (22%), oak (24%) and red pine (27% - 5.9 million ha).[12] Wildfires in Turkey are increasing in some regions due to climate change in Turkey.[13]

Benefits of forests edit

Most forests are natural and semi-natural, on mountains and have a lot of biodiversity, hosting most species of the flora of Turkey and fauna of Turkey,[1] including Anatolian leopards.[14][15] Deciduous forests are along the Black Sea region. Species in various ecoregions in Turkey, namely Irano-Turanion, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian, belong to about 800 woody taxa. The predominant species are Turkish pine (Pinus brutia), Black pine (Pinus nigra), European red pine (Pinus silvestris), Fir ( Abies spp.), Caucasian Spruce (Picea orientalis), Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), Juniper (Juniperus spp.), Stone pine (Pinus pinea), Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus spp.), Alder (Alnus spp.), Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa), Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).[1]

Over 20% of forests are certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, and in 2019 more round wood was exported than imported.[16]

Forests are the country's main carbon sink, in western Turkey mostly as living biomass rather than soil organic carbon,[17] and are estimated to have absorbed 84 million tonnes of the 500 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey in 2019.[3]: 309  As of 2016 the government did not have enough expertise to easily issue reforestation carbon certificates for the Clean Development Mechanism.[18]

The World Bank says, "Increasing forest cover and improving forest health can help prevent soil erosion and landslides and reduce the impacts of floods."[19]

Regeneration and reforestation edit

Regeneration of ancient woodland (also called old-growth forest) may be possible, if local needs are properly considered.[20]: 236  As some reforestation attempts have suffered due to lack of water desalination has been suggested.[21]

As of 2022 how much of the Central Anatolian steppe was originally forested was not certain: but in some lower parts it is thought that it has always been steppe and too dry for trees due to rainshadows of the mountains. [22] For steppe it has been suggested that overgrazing should be stopped but that full recovery to woodland should be prevented so as to have both steppe and woodland wildlife.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c . web.ogm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  2. ^ a b Bilir, Nebi (June 2017). "General over-view of forest establishment in Turkey" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory report [TurkStat report]. Turkish Statistical Institute (Technical report). April 2021.
  4. ^ 2019-2023 Stratejik Plan [2019-2023 Strategic Plan]. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Report). Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  5. ^ Gençay, Gökçe (2020-07-01). "Legal framework of private afforestation: The case of Turkey". Land Use Policy. 96: 104673. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104673. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 218962170.
  6. ^ a b c "ORMANCILIK İSTATİSTİKLERİ, 2019" [2019 forestry statistics] (PDF).
  7. ^ [Official statistics]. www.ogm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  8. ^ EFIMED (2020-10-27). "Integrating maquis vegetation to forest management plans in Turkey". MedForest. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  9. ^ "Climate & the Ecology of Turkey's Temperate Rain Forest". www.ldeo.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  10. ^ Tufekcioglu, Aydin (March 2018). "Forest ecosystems and drought interactions".
  11. ^ "Türkiye'de Ormanların Coğrafi Bölgelere Göre Dağılımı". www.cografyatr.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  12. ^ (PDF). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  13. ^ "Climate change and forest fire trend in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey".
  14. ^ Karataş, A.; Bulut, Ş. & Akbaba, B. (2021). "Camera trap records confirm the survival of the Leopard (Panthera pardus L., 1758) in eastern Turkey (Mammalia: Felidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 67 (3): 1–8. doi:10.1080/09397140.2021.1924419. S2CID 235564429.
  15. ^ Sarı, A.; Gündoğdu, E.; Başkaya, Ş. & Arpacık, A. (2020). "Habitat preference by the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in North-eastern Anatolia, Turkey". Belgian Journal of Zoology. 150: 153–168. doi:10.26496/bjz.2020.78.
  16. ^ "Turkey Forest Products Annual Market Review- 2020" (PDF). General Directorate of Forestry.
  17. ^ Mumcu Kucuker, Derya (2020-08-01). "Spatiotemporal changes of carbon storage in forest carbon pools of Western Turkey: 1972–2016". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 192 (8): 555. doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08431-x. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 32740772. S2CID 220886275.
  18. ^ Kuş, Melike; Ülgen, Hüma; Güneş, Yusuf; Kırış, Rüstem; Özel, Ali; Zeydanlı, Uğur (2017), Erşahin, Sabit; Kapur, Selim; Akça, Erhan; Namlı, Ayten (eds.), "Carbon Certification of Afforestation and Reforestation Areas in Turkey", Carbon Management, Technologies, and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems, The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 15, pp. 131–137, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45035-3_9, ISBN 978-3-319-45035-3, retrieved 2021-05-30
  19. ^ "Turkey Resilient Landscape Integration Project". World Bank. 12 March 2020.
  20. ^ Kırca, Simay; Çolak, Alper H.; Rotherham, Ian D. (2018). "The ancient woodland concept as a practical conservation tool: the Turkish experience". Ancient Woodlands and Trees: A Guide For Landscape Planners And Forest Managers. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi. doi:10.53478/TUBA.2018.014 (inactive 2023-09-27).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2023 (link)
  21. ^ Caldera, Upeksha; Breyer, Christian (2023-02-06). "Afforesting arid land with renewable electricity and desalination to mitigate climate change". Nature Sustainability. 6 (5): 526–538. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01056-7. ISSN 2398-9629. S2CID 256646404.
  22. ^ https://forestist.org/Content/files/sayilar/446/192-198.pdf
  23. ^ https://ruffordorg.s3.amazonaws.com/media/project_reports/29.04.09%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf

External links edit

  • General Directorate of Forestry 2021-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
  • Global Forest Resources Assessment at Food and Agriculture Organization
  • Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 country report at Food and Agriculture Organization

December 18, 2023
forest, turkey, forest, covers, just, over, quarter, turkey, 4000, years, most, country, forested, country, reforesting, which, important, wildlife, turkey, giresun, province, black, regionmuş, province, eastern, anatolia, region, contents, history, climate, f. Forest now covers just over a quarter of Turkey but 4000 years ago most of the country was forested The country is reforesting which is important for the wildlife of Turkey Giresun Province Black Sea RegionMus Province Eastern Anatolia Region Contents 1 History 2 Climate and forests 3 Forest products industry 4 Distribution of forests 5 Benefits of forests 6 Regeneration and reforestation 7 References 8 External linksHistory editForest cover before the formation of the Republic in 1923 is not well known 1 The first big afforestation project was in 1939 2 Climate and forests editForest covers 23 million of Turkey s 78 million hectares but 3 million hectares are unproductive less than 10 crown cover 3 323 Almost all forest is state owned and managed by the General Directorate of Forestry 2 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 4 The constitution prohibits forests being transferred from state ownership however private afforestation permits allow the private sector to reforest state land 5 Less than four thousand hectares a year are reforested by the private sector 6 5 of forest is coppice and the rest high forest 7 There are also six million hectares of maquis mostly in the south and west 8 High rainfall in the eastern Black Sea Region sustains temperate rainforest 9 Drought in Turkey is a threat both directly and by encouraging bark beetles 10 Forest products industry edit22 million cubic metres of wood was harvested in 2019 6 20 million lira 3 500 000 USD support was provided to 765 families in 2019 6 Distribution of forests editA quarter of the Black Sea Region is forested and other regions with over 10 forest are Marmara Aegean Mediterranean and East Anatolian 11 The most common species are cedar 2 juniper 3 fir 3 scotch pine 7 beech 9 larch 22 oak 24 and red pine 27 5 9 million ha 12 Wildfires in Turkey are increasing in some regions due to climate change in Turkey 13 Benefits of forests editMost forests are natural and semi natural on mountains and have a lot of biodiversity hosting most species of the flora of Turkey and fauna of Turkey 1 including Anatolian leopards 14 15 Deciduous forests are along the Black Sea region Species in various ecoregions in Turkey namely Irano Turanion Mediterranean and Euro Siberian belong to about 800 woody taxa The predominant species are Turkish pine Pinus brutia Black pine Pinus nigra European red pine Pinus silvestris Fir Abies spp Caucasian Spruce Picea orientalis Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani Juniper Juniperus spp Stone pine Pinus pinea Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis Oriental beech Fagus orientalis Oak Quercus spp Alder Alnus spp Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa Hornbeam Carpinus betulus 1 Over 20 of forests are certified by the Forest Stewardship Council and in 2019 more round wood was exported than imported 16 Forests are the country s main carbon sink in western Turkey mostly as living biomass rather than soil organic carbon 17 and are estimated to have absorbed 84 million tonnes of the 500 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey in 2019 3 309 As of 2016 update the government did not have enough expertise to easily issue reforestation carbon certificates for the Clean Development Mechanism 18 The World Bank says Increasing forest cover and improving forest health can help prevent soil erosion and landslides and reduce the impacts of floods 19 Regeneration and reforestation editRegeneration of ancient woodland also called old growth forest may be possible if local needs are properly considered 20 236 As some reforestation attempts have suffered due to lack of water desalination has been suggested 21 As of 2022 how much of the Central Anatolian steppe was originally forested was not certain but in some lower parts it is thought that it has always been steppe and too dry for trees due to rainshadows of the mountains 22 For steppe it has been suggested that overgrazing should be stopped but that full recovery to woodland should be prevented so as to have both steppe and woodland wildlife 23 References edit a b c Turkey Forests web ogm gov tr Archived from the original on 2021 06 03 Retrieved 2021 05 30 a b Bilir Nebi June 2017 General over view of forest establishment in Turkey PDF a b Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory report TurkStat report Turkish Statistical Institute Technical report April 2021 2019 2023 Stratejik Plan 2019 2023 Strategic Plan Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Report Retrieved 2021 05 29 Gencay Gokce 2020 07 01 Legal framework of private afforestation The case of Turkey Land Use Policy 96 104673 doi 10 1016 j landusepol 2020 104673 ISSN 0264 8377 S2CID 218962170 a b c ORMANCILIK ISTATISTIKLERI 2019 2019 forestry statistics PDF Resmi Istatistikler Official statistics www ogm gov tr Archived from the original on 2021 01 17 Retrieved 2021 05 30 EFIMED 2020 10 27 Integrating maquis vegetation to forest management plans in Turkey MedForest Retrieved 2021 05 30 Climate amp the Ecology of Turkey s Temperate Rain Forest www ldeo columbia edu Retrieved 2021 06 21 Tufekcioglu Aydin March 2018 Forest ecosystems and drought interactions Turkiye de Ormanlarin Cografi Bolgelere Gore Dagilimi www cografyatr com in Turkish Retrieved 2021 06 20 Turkiye orman Varligi PDF Orman Genel Mudurlugu 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 23 November 2015 Retrieved 14 November 2015 Climate change and forest fire trend in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey Karatas A Bulut S amp Akbaba B 2021 Camera trap records confirm the survival of the Leopard Panthera pardus L 1758 in eastern Turkey Mammalia Felidae Zoology in the Middle East 67 3 1 8 doi 10 1080 09397140 2021 1924419 S2CID 235564429 Sari A Gundogdu E Baskaya S amp Arpacik A 2020 Habitat preference by the Anatolian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes 1856 in North eastern Anatolia Turkey Belgian Journal of Zoology 150 153 168 doi 10 26496 bjz 2020 78 Turkey Forest Products Annual Market Review 2020 PDF General Directorate of Forestry Mumcu Kucuker Derya 2020 08 01 Spatiotemporal changes of carbon storage in forest carbon pools of Western Turkey 1972 2016 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192 8 555 doi 10 1007 s10661 020 08431 x ISSN 1573 2959 PMID 32740772 S2CID 220886275 Kus Melike Ulgen Huma Gunes Yusuf Kiris Rustem Ozel Ali Zeydanli Ugur 2017 Ersahin Sabit Kapur Selim Akca Erhan Namli Ayten eds Carbon Certification of Afforestation and Reforestation Areas in Turkey Carbon Management Technologies and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems The Anthropocene Politik Economics Society Science Cham Springer International Publishing vol 15 pp 131 137 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 45035 3 9 ISBN 978 3 319 45035 3 retrieved 2021 05 30 Turkey Resilient Landscape Integration Project World Bank 12 March 2020 Kirca Simay Colak Alper H Rotherham Ian D 2018 The ancient woodland concept as a practical conservation tool the Turkish experience Ancient Woodlands and Trees A Guide For Landscape Planners And Forest Managers Turkiye Bilimler Akademisi doi 10 53478 TUBA 2018 014 inactive 2023 09 27 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of September 2023 link Caldera Upeksha Breyer Christian 2023 02 06 Afforesting arid land with renewable electricity and desalination to mitigate climate change Nature Sustainability 6 5 526 538 doi 10 1038 s41893 022 01056 7 ISSN 2398 9629 S2CID 256646404 https forestist org Content files sayilar 446 192 198 pdf https ruffordorg s3 amazonaws com media project reports 29 04 09 20Detailed 20Final 20Report pdfExternal links editGeneral Directorate of Forestry Archived 2021 07 27 at the Wayback Machine Global Forest Resources Assessment at Food and Agriculture Organization Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 country report at Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Forest in Turkey amp oldid 1188028441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.