The National Forces of Liberation (French: Forces nationales de libération, or FNL) is a political party and former rebel group in Burundi. An ethnic Hutu group, the party was previously known as the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu, or PALIPEHUTU) and adhered to a radical Hutu Power ideology, but since the mid- to late-2000s has moderated its stance and cooperated with the Tutsi-supported Union for National Progress party in opposition to the rule of Pierre Nkurunziza and the CNDD-FDD.
PALIPEHUTU was a participant in the Burundian Civil War. Its armed wing was the National Forces of Liberation (Forces nationales de libération, or FNL). It was led by Agathon Rwasa and was estimated to have around 3,000 combatants.[1]
A dissident wing is led by Jean Bosco Sindayigaya.[1]
PALIPEHUTU was founded in 1980 in refugee camps in Tanzania, where Hutus had fled following persecution by the Tutsi-led government.[2] PALIPEHUTU advocated armed struggle and established its armed wing, the FNL, in 1985. The National Liberation Front (FROLINA) split from PALIPEHUTU in 1990, and the armed wing PALIPEHUTU-FNL, led by Cossan Kabura split from the political wing of PALIPEHUTU in 1991. The political wing of PALIPEHUTU was renamed the Party for the Liberation of People-Agakiza and is led by Etienne Karatasi. In 2002 PALIPEHUTU-FNL split into two factions, one led by Kabura and one by Agathon Rwasa.
Generally, PALIPEHUTU's support comes more from the central region of Muramvya and Lake Tanganyika, whereas the main Hutu political party CNDD derives its support from the southern Bururi region.[3]
PALIPEHUTU-FNL was the last Hutu rebel group to sign an agreement with the Burundi government, which it did in September 2006[6]
Further agreements led to a final agreement in December 2008, according to which it also changed its name to remove "PALIPEHUTU" to leave only "FNL" as its name (as Burundian political parties may not refer to ethnicities in their names).[7]
Wikinews has related news:
Activists remember Burundi's Gatumba massacre
On May 15, 2009, UNICEF reported that 136 ex-FNL child soldiers returned to their communities in Burundi.[8]
Party emblemedit
The party's emblem a bent bow and an arrow placed between a hoe and a hammer. The party's flag is red with the centre inscribed with the emblem of the party in black. Red symbolizes the suffering endured by the people of Burundi. The bent bow and the arrow symbolize the struggle for the fundamental rights and liberties. The hoe and the hammer, whose handles converges, symbolize the commitment in unity to agricultural and industrial development, respectively. Green symbolizes the hope to set up peace, justice and democracy in Burundi.[9]
Forces Nationales de Liberation (FNL) at the Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides
May 07, 2024
national, forces, liberation, french, forces, nationales, libération, political, party, former, rebel, group, burundi, ethnic, hutu, group, party, previously, known, party, liberation, hutu, people, parti, pour, libération, peuple, hutu, palipehutu, adhered, r. The National Forces of Liberation French Forces nationales de liberation or FNL is a political party and former rebel group in Burundi An ethnic Hutu group the party was previously known as the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People Parti pour la liberation du peuple Hutu or PALIPEHUTU and adhered to a radical Hutu Power ideology but since the mid to late 2000s has moderated its stance and cooperated with the Tutsi supported Union for National Progress party in opposition to the rule of Pierre Nkurunziza and the CNDD FDD National Forces of Liberation Forces nationales de liberationChairpersonJacques BigirimanaFounded1980 founded 2008 registered IdeologyHutu nationalismHistorical Hutu PowerColorsRed greenSenate0 43National Assembly0 123Party flagWebsitewww wbr fnl burundi wbr orgPolitics of BurundiPolitical partiesElections PALIPEHUTU was a participant in the Burundian Civil War Its armed wing was the National Forces of Liberation Forces nationales de liberation or FNL It was led by Agathon Rwasa and was estimated to have around 3 000 combatants 1 A dissident wing is led by Jean Bosco Sindayigaya 1 Contents 1 Formation 2 Civil war 3 Party emblem 4 References 5 External linksFormation editPALIPEHUTU was founded in 1980 in refugee camps in Tanzania where Hutus had fled following persecution by the Tutsi led government 2 PALIPEHUTU advocated armed struggle and established its armed wing the FNL in 1985 The National Liberation Front FROLINA split from PALIPEHUTU in 1990 and the armed wing PALIPEHUTU FNL led by Cossan Kabura split from the political wing of PALIPEHUTU in 1991 The political wing of PALIPEHUTU was renamed the Party for the Liberation of People Agakiza and is led by Etienne Karatasi In 2002 PALIPEHUTU FNL split into two factions one led by Kabura and one by Agathon Rwasa Generally PALIPEHUTU s support comes more from the central region of Muramvya and Lake Tanganyika whereas the main Hutu political party CNDD derives its support from the southern Bururi region 3 Civil war editDuring the civil war PALIPEHUTU FNL was linked to the killing of Monsignor Michael Courtney 4 the Catholic Church s chief representative in Burundi the Titanic Express massacre and the Gatumba massacre in which over 150 Banyamulenge Congolese refugees were killed PALIPEHUTU also fought in the Second Congo War alongside the Congolese army the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda and the Mai Mai against the Burundian army 2 Following the Gatumba massacre clarification needed the Great Lakes Peace Initiative clarification needed declared PALIPEHUTU FNL to be a terrorist organisation and the South African President Thabo Mbeki called on the International Criminal Court to prosecute 5 PALIPEHUTU FNL was the last Hutu rebel group to sign an agreement with the Burundi government which it did in September 2006 6 Further agreements led to a final agreement in December 2008 according to which it also changed its name to remove PALIPEHUTU to leave only FNL as its name as Burundian political parties may not refer to ethnicities in their names 7 nbsp Wikinews has related news Activists remember Burundi s Gatumba massacre On May 15 2009 UNICEF reported that 136 ex FNL child soldiers returned to their communities in Burundi 8 Party emblem editThe party s emblem a bent bow and an arrow placed between a hoe and a hammer The party s flag is red with the centre inscribed with the emblem of the party in black Red symbolizes the suffering endured by the people of Burundi The bent bow and the arrow symbolize the struggle for the fundamental rights and liberties The hoe and the hammer whose handles converges symbolize the commitment in unity to agricultural and industrial development respectively Green symbolizes the hope to set up peace justice and democracy in Burundi 9 References edit a b AU Peace amp Security Council Report Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Peace and Security Council 2006 11 09 a b Palipehutu FNL Conflict Database Uppsala University PALIPEHUTU amp FNL Global Security Assassination of Apostolic Nuncio blamed on FNL Palipehutu Relief Web 2003 12 30 Young lions of the African Century Archived 2007 06 20 at the Wayback Machine African National Congress 2004 08 26 At last Burundi Palipehutu FNL sign ceasefire IPP Media 2006 09 08 Irinnews org Olalekan Ajia 15 May 2009 Burundi s last child soldiers homeward bound toward a new life UNICEF Gitega Burundi Retrieved 20 May 2017 Political flags of BurundiExternal links editForces Nationales de Liberation FNL at the Office francais de protection des refugies et apatrides Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Forces of Liberation amp oldid 1122970742, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
