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Food choice of older adults

March 03, 2023

Food preferences in older adults and seniors take into consideration how people's dietary experiences change with aging, and help people understand how taste, nutrition, and food choices can change throughout one's lifetime. This can occur when people approach the age of 70 or older. Influencing variables can include: social and cultural environment, gender and/or personal habits, and also physical and mental health. Scientific studies have been performed to attempt to explain why people like or dislike certain foods and what factors may affect these preferences.

The Science of Food Preferences

Research is continuously examining the variables that cause the elderly to change food preferences, an example being the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP). The ENP explored how food preferences varied depending on biological sex and ethnic groups in an attempt to improve the quality of meal programs. A total of 2,024 participants in the ENP aged 60 years or older were interviewed. A majority of the participants were female, served by congregate meal programs, or meals served in community settings such as senior centers, churches, or senior housing communities.

A general impression of the meals and preferences for 13 food groups (fresh fruit, chicken, soup, salad, vegetables, potatoes, meat, sandwiches, pasta, canned fruit, legumes, deli meats, and ethnic foods) were assessed. After adjusting for variables, older male subjects were found to be significantly more likely to prefer deli meats, meat, legumes, canned fruit, and ethnic foods compared to females. In addition, compared with African Americans, the study found that "... Caucasians demonstrated higher percentages of preference for 9 of 13 food groups including pasta, meat, and fresh fruit", and recommended that "... To improve the quality of the ENP, and to increase dietary compliance of the older adults to the programs, the nutritional services require a strategic meal plan that solicits and incorporates older adults' food preferences".[2]

Influences on Food Preference

There are multiple factors in an elderly person's life that can affect food preferences. Aspects like their environment, mental and physical health, and lifestyle choices can all contribute to the individual taste and/or habits of elderly persons.

An article about Influences On Cognitive Function In Older Adults (Neuropsychology, November 2014) states that "the nutritional status of older adults relates to their quality of life, ability to live independently, and their risk for developing costly chronic illnesses. An ageing adult’s nutritional well-being can be affected by multiple socio-environmental factors, including access to healthy and affordable foods, congregate meal sites, and nutritious selections at restaurants. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Society for Nutrition, and the Society for Nutrition Education have identified an older adult's access to a balanced diet to be critical for the prevention of disease and promotion of nutritional wellness so that quality of life and independence can be maintained throughout the ageing process and excessive health care costs can be reduced".[3]

Younger vs. Older Adults

Taste buds, a person's needs of certain vitamins and nutrients, and their desire for different types of food can change throughout a person's life. In a study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center,[4] fifty young adults and forty-eight elderly adults participated in the study. "Young" subjects ranged from eighteen to thirty-five years of age and "elderly" subjects were defined as sixty-five years of age or older. There were more females than males in the study, but there were approximately equal proportions of males and females in the two age groups.

The study observed that younger females had stronger cravings for sweets than elderly females. Causation theories included accounting for this difference in preference with the younger female test subject's menstrual cycles and the fact that elderly women no longer go through menopause. The study also postulated that "... Ninety-one percent of the cycle-associated cravings were said to occur in the second half of the cycle (between ovulation and the start of menstruation)".[4]

These physical changes can be considered when assessing why someone of an older age might not be getting the nutrition they need. As taste buds change with age, certain foods might not be seen as appetizing. For example, a study done by Dr. Phyllis B. Grzegorczyk says that as people age, their sense for tasting salty foods slowly goes away.[5]

Male vs. Female

 
Elderly couple eating lunch together

There are differences in food preferences between biological sexes. In a study conducted by the ENP, preferences of male and female subjects throughout 13 individual food groups (fresh fruit, chicken, soup, salad, vegetables, potatoes, meat, sandwiches, pasta, canned fruit, legumes, deli meats, and ethnic groups) were identified.

Through this study, it was apparent that older males were "significantly more likely to prefer deli meats, meat, legumes, canned fruit, and ethnic foods compared to females".[2]

Another study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center concluded that females had significantly more cravings for sweets and for chocolate than males; and the study results suggested that males had more cravings or preferences for entrees than sweets.[4]

Personal Health

Physical health

With age, some people avoid food or are unwilling to modify their diets due to oral health problems. These issues, such as ill-fitting dentures (false teeth) or gum disease, are associated with significant differences in dietary quality, which is a measure of the quality of the diet using a total of eight recommendations regarding the consumption of foods and nutrients from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Approaches to minimize food avoidance and promote changes to the diets of people that have eating difficulties due to oral health conditions are needed desperately because without being able to chew or take in food properly, their health is affected dramatically and their food preferences are limited greatly (to soft or liquids only).[6]

Due to varying factors of older adults' physical and mental wellbeing, eating choices can become more restricted. Many elderly people are forced into eating softer foods, foods that incorporate fiber and protein, drinking calcium-packed liquids, and so on. Six of the leading causes of death for older adults, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes mellitus, have nutrition-related causes and/or respond favorably to nutrition interventions.[7] These six illnesses can implement certain restrictions and heavily influence the diet of elderly persons.

Declines in physical health can also cause deterioration in diet due to difficulties in preparing and eating food as a result of conditions like arthritis.[8]

At the 2010 "Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age" conference sponsored by the Institute of Medicine, Dr. Katherine Tucker noted that the elderly are less active and have lower metabolism with a consequent lower need to eat.[9] In addition, they tend to have existing diseases and/or take medications that interfere with nutrient absorption. Based on their research dietary requirements, one study developed a modified food pyramid for adults over 70.[10]

Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment

There is currently limited evidence to form a strong conclusion to recommend the use of any form of carbohydrate in preventing or reducing cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment.[11] So, more evidence is needed to evaluate memory improvement and find nutritional issues due to carbohydrates.

Mental health

The impact of certain diseases can also impact the quality of the food in the elderly population, especially those that are in care facilities. Certain risk factors include conditions that impair cognitive function, such as dementia. When a person falls victim to a condition that limits mental capacity, mortality risk can rise if due care is not implemented.[12]

As a result of certain mental health conditions and/or diseases—like Alzheimer's disease—a person's food preferences might become affected. With certain diseases, individuals can develop specific preferences or distaste for various types of food that were not present before onset. For example, people with Alzheimer's disease may experience many big and small changes as a result of their symptoms.[13] One change identified by Suszynski in "How Dementia Tampers With Taste Buds" is within the taste buds of a patient with dementia, which contain the receptors for taste. Since the experience of flavor is significantly altered, people with dementia can often change their eating habits and take on entirely new food preferences. In this study, the researchers found that these dementia patients had trouble identifying flavors and appeared to have lost the ability to remember tastes, therefore leading to a theory that dementia caused the patients to lose their knowledge of flavors.[13]

Psychological conditions can also affect elderly eating habits. For instance, the length of widowhood may affect nutrition.[14] Depression in elderly people is also associated with a risk of malnutrition.[15]

Lifestyle Choices

Elderly people, like all people, have different lifestyle choices involved in their eating habits. Dietary choices are often a result of personal beliefs and preferences.[8]

A survey based on self-reporting found that many rural community-dwelling elderly Iowans adopted eating habits that provided inadequate levels of some key nutrients and most did not take supplements to correct the deficiencies.[16] In contrast, a restaurant study found that the impact of a lifestyle of health and sustainability on healthy food choices is much stronger for senior diners than for non-senior diners.[17]

Other research has found that adults, regardless of age, will tend to increase fruit and vegetable consumption following a diagnosis of breast, prostate or colorectal cancer.[8]

Social Environment and Conditioning

The environment can greatly impact food the preferences of older adults. Those around 75 years old and older are more likely to suffer with limited mobility due to health conditions[18] and often rely on others for food shopping and preparation.[19]

In some areas, homebound seniors receive one meal per day (several fresh and frozen meals may be included in a single delivery) by communities that offer congregate meals, or meals served in community settings such as senior centers, churches or senior housing communities.[20] These congregate meal programs are encouraged to offer these elderly people a meal at least five times per week.

Impeded access to transportation may also be an issue for elderly persons, especially in rural areas where there is less public transportation. This can vary greatly due to geographic location; for instance, an Iowa-based study failed to find problems in purchasing food among elderly in rural open country and towns, as those without their own transportation relied on family, friends and senior services.[19] A separate study found a slight difference in urban areas with elderly who did not own a car.[21] Aside from transportation, the kind and quality of available food can also shape food choice if a person lives in a so-called "food desert".

Social network type can also affect individuals food choices in our elderly population. For example, one study showed that a person that has a larger social network and lower economic status is more likely to have proper nutrition that someone who has a smaller social network and higher economic status.[22] Health and social aid can be instrumental into introducing positive change for those at risk.

See also

References

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Song HJ, Simon JR, Patel DU (March 21, 2014). "Food preferences of older adults in senior nutrition programs". Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. 33 (1): 55–67. doi:10.1080/21551197.2013.875502. PMID 24597997.
  3. ^ Brewster PW, Melrose RJ, Marquine MJ, Johnson JK, Napoles A, MacKay-Brandt A, et al. (November 2014). "Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults". Neuropsychology. 28 (6): 846–58. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.6629. doi:10.1037/neu0000098. PMC 4227962. PMID 24933483.
  4. ^ a b c Pelchat ML (April 1997). "Food cravings in young and elderly adults". Appetite. 28 (2): 103–13. doi:10.1006/appe.1996.0063. PMID 9158846.
  5. ^ Grzegorczyk PB, Jones SW, Mistretta CM (November 1979). "Age-related differences in salt taste acuity". Journal of Gerontology. 34 (6): 834–40. doi:10.1093/geronj/34.6.834. PMID 512303.
  6. ^ Savoca MR, Arcury TA, Leng X, Chen H, Bell RA, Anderson AM, et al. (July 2010). "Association between dietary quality of rural older adults and self-reported food avoidance and food modification due to oral health problems". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 58 (7): 1225–32. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02909.x. PMC 3098620. PMID 20533966.
  7. ^ Jung SE, Lawrence J, Hermann J, McMahon A (2020). "Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Nutrition Students' Intention to Work with Older Adults". Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. 39 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1080/21551197.2019.1664967. PMID 31517572.
  8. ^ a b c Nicklett EJ, Kadell AR (August 2013). "Fruit and vegetable intake among older adults: a scoping review". Maturitas. 75 (4): 305–12. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.005. PMC 3713183. PMID 23769545.
  9. ^ Tucker K (2010). "Chapter 5: Diet Quality Issues for Aging Populations". Institute of Medicine (US) Food Forum. Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-15883-1.
  10. ^ Russell RM, Rasmussen H, Lichtenstein AH (March 1999). "Modified Food Guide Pyramid for people over seventy years of age". The Journal of Nutrition. 129 (3): 751–3. doi:10.1093/jn/129.3.751. PMID 10082784.
  11. ^ Ooi CP, Loke SC, Yassin Z, Hamid TA (April 2011). "Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD007220. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007220.pub2. PMC 7388979. PMID 21491398.
  12. ^ Field K, Duizer LM (2016-08-01). "Food Sensory Properties and the Older Adult". Journal of Texture Studies. 47 (4): 266–276. doi:10.1111/jtxs.12197. ISSN 1745-4603.
  13. ^ a b Suszynski M. "How Dementia Tampers With Taste Buds". EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  14. ^ Quandt SA, McDonald J, Arcury TA, Bell RA, Vitolins MZ (February 2000). "Nutritional self-management of elderly widows in rural communities". The Gerontologist. 40 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1093/geront/40.1.86. PMID 10750316.
  15. ^ Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M (March 2013). "Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population". Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 18 (Suppl 1): S15-9. PMC 3743311. PMID 23961277.
  16. ^ Marshall TA, Stumbo PJ, Warren JJ, Xie XJ (August 2001). "Inadequate nutrient intakes are common and are associated with low diet variety in rural, community-dwelling elderly". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (8): 2192–6. doi:10.1093/jn/131.8.2192. PMID 11481416.
  17. ^ Kim MJ, Lee CK, Kim WG, Kim JM (2013). "Relationships Between Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability And Healthy Food Choices For Seniors". International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 25 (4): 558–576. doi:10.1108/09596111311322925.
  18. ^ "Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey 2014" (PDF). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. 2014. Retrieved Nov 11, 2016.
  19. ^ a b Bitto EA, Morton LW, Oakland MJ, Sand M (2003). "Grocery Store Access Patterns in Rural Food Deserts". Journal for the Study of Food and Society. 6 (2): 35–48. doi:10.2752/152897903786769616.
  20. ^ "Congregate Meals". mhcc.maryland.gov/. Maryland Health Care Commission. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  21. ^ Fitzpatrick K, Greenhalgh-Stanley N, Ver Ploeg M (2016). "The Impact of Food Deserts on Food Insufficiency and SNAP Participation among the Elderly". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 98: 19–40. doi:10.1093/ajae/aav044.
  22. ^ Kim CO (January 2016). "Food choice patterns among frail older adults: The associations between social network, food choice values, and diet quality". Appetite. 96: 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.015. PMID 26385288.

March 03, 2023
food, choice, older, adults, this, article, tone, style, reflect, encyclopedic, tone, used, wikipedia, wikipedia, guide, writing, better, articles, suggestions, november, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, food, preferences, older, adults, sen. This article s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions November 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Food preferences in older adults and seniors take into consideration how people s dietary experiences change with aging and help people understand how taste nutrition and food choices can change throughout one s lifetime This can occur when people approach the age of 70 or older Influencing variables can include social and cultural environment gender and or personal habits and also physical and mental health Scientific studies have been performed to attempt to explain why people like or dislike certain foods and what factors may affect these preferences Contents 1 The Science of Food Preferences 2 Influences on Food Preference 2 1 Younger vs Older Adults 2 2 Male vs Female 2 3 Personal Health 2 3 1 Physical health 2 3 2 Mental health 2 4 Lifestyle Choices 2 5 Social Environment and Conditioning 3 See also 4 ReferencesThe Science of Food Preferences Edit The Food Guide Pyramid 1 Research is continuously examining the variables that cause the elderly to change food preferences an example being the Elderly Nutrition Program ENP The ENP explored how food preferences varied depending on biological sex and ethnic groups in an attempt to improve the quality of meal programs A total of 2 024 participants in the ENP aged 60 years or older were interviewed A majority of the participants were female served by congregate meal programs or meals served in community settings such as senior centers churches or senior housing communities A general impression of the meals and preferences for 13 food groups fresh fruit chicken soup salad vegetables potatoes meat sandwiches pasta canned fruit legumes deli meats and ethnic foods were assessed After adjusting for variables older male subjects were found to be significantly more likely to prefer deli meats meat legumes canned fruit and ethnic foods compared to females In addition compared with African Americans the study found that Caucasians demonstrated higher percentages of preference for 9 of 13 food groups including pasta meat and fresh fruit and recommended that To improve the quality of the ENP and to increase dietary compliance of the older adults to the programs the nutritional services require a strategic meal plan that solicits and incorporates older adults food preferences 2 Influences on Food Preference EditThere are multiple factors in an elderly person s life that can affect food preferences Aspects like their environment mental and physical health and lifestyle choices can all contribute to the individual taste and or habits of elderly persons An article about Influences On Cognitive Function In Older Adults Neuropsychology November 2014 states that the nutritional status of older adults relates to their quality of life ability to live independently and their risk for developing costly chronic illnesses An ageing adult s nutritional well being can be affected by multiple socio environmental factors including access to healthy and affordable foods congregate meal sites and nutritious selections at restaurants The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics American Society for Nutrition and the Society for Nutrition Education have identified an older adult s access to a balanced diet to be critical for the prevention of disease and promotion of nutritional wellness so that quality of life and independence can be maintained throughout the ageing process and excessive health care costs can be reduced 3 Younger vs Older Adults Edit Taste buds a person s needs of certain vitamins and nutrients and their desire for different types of food can change throughout a person s life In a study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center 4 fifty young adults and forty eight elderly adults participated in the study Young subjects ranged from eighteen to thirty five years of age and elderly subjects were defined as sixty five years of age or older There were more females than males in the study but there were approximately equal proportions of males and females in the two age groups The study observed that younger females had stronger cravings for sweets than elderly females Causation theories included accounting for this difference in preference with the younger female test subject s menstrual cycles and the fact that elderly women no longer go through menopause The study also postulated that Ninety one percent of the cycle associated cravings were said to occur in the second half of the cycle between ovulation and the start of menstruation 4 These physical changes can be considered when assessing why someone of an older age might not be getting the nutrition they need As taste buds change with age certain foods might not be seen as appetizing For example a study done by Dr Phyllis B Grzegorczyk says that as people age their sense for tasting salty foods slowly goes away 5 Male vs Female Edit Elderly couple eating lunch together There are differences in food preferences between biological sexes In a study conducted by the ENP preferences of male and female subjects throughout 13 individual food groups fresh fruit chicken soup salad vegetables potatoes meat sandwiches pasta canned fruit legumes deli meats and ethnic groups were identified Through this study it was apparent that older males were significantly more likely to prefer deli meats meat legumes canned fruit and ethnic foods compared to females 2 Another study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center concluded that females had significantly more cravings for sweets and for chocolate than males and the study results suggested that males had more cravings or preferences for entrees than sweets 4 Personal Health Edit Physical health Edit With age some people avoid food or are unwilling to modify their diets due to oral health problems These issues such as ill fitting dentures false teeth or gum disease are associated with significant differences in dietary quality which is a measure of the quality of the diet using a total of eight recommendations regarding the consumption of foods and nutrients from the National Academy of Sciences NAS Approaches to minimize food avoidance and promote changes to the diets of people that have eating difficulties due to oral health conditions are needed desperately because without being able to chew or take in food properly their health is affected dramatically and their food preferences are limited greatly to soft or liquids only 6 Due to varying factors of older adults physical and mental wellbeing eating choices can become more restricted Many elderly people are forced into eating softer foods foods that incorporate fiber and protein drinking calcium packed liquids and so on Six of the leading causes of death for older adults including cardiovascular disease cancer chronic lower respiratory disease stroke Alzheimer s disease and diabetes mellitus have nutrition related causes and or respond favorably to nutrition interventions 7 These six illnesses can implement certain restrictions and heavily influence the diet of elderly persons Declines in physical health can also cause deterioration in diet due to difficulties in preparing and eating food as a result of conditions like arthritis 8 At the 2010 Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age conference sponsored by the Institute of Medicine Dr Katherine Tucker noted that the elderly are less active and have lower metabolism with a consequent lower need to eat 9 In addition they tend to have existing diseases and or take medications that interfere with nutrient absorption Based on their research dietary requirements one study developed a modified food pyramid for adults over 70 10 Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairmentThere is currently limited evidence to form a strong conclusion to recommend the use of any form of carbohydrate in preventing or reducing cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment 11 So more evidence is needed to evaluate memory improvement and find nutritional issues due to carbohydrates Mental health Edit The impact of certain diseases can also impact the quality of the food in the elderly population especially those that are in care facilities Certain risk factors include conditions that impair cognitive function such as dementia When a person falls victim to a condition that limits mental capacity mortality risk can rise if due care is not implemented 12 As a result of certain mental health conditions and or diseases like Alzheimer s disease a person s food preferences might become affected With certain diseases individuals can develop specific preferences or distaste for various types of food that were not present before onset For example people with Alzheimer s disease may experience many big and small changes as a result of their symptoms 13 One change identified by Suszynski in How Dementia Tampers With Taste Buds is within the taste buds of a patient with dementia which contain the receptors for taste Since the experience of flavor is significantly altered people with dementia can often change their eating habits and take on entirely new food preferences In this study the researchers found that these dementia patients had trouble identifying flavors and appeared to have lost the ability to remember tastes therefore leading to a theory that dementia caused the patients to lose their knowledge of flavors 13 Psychological conditions can also affect elderly eating habits For instance the length of widowhood may affect nutrition 14 Depression in elderly people is also associated with a risk of malnutrition 15 Lifestyle Choices Edit Elderly people like all people have different lifestyle choices involved in their eating habits Dietary choices are often a result of personal beliefs and preferences 8 A survey based on self reporting found that many rural community dwelling elderly Iowans adopted eating habits that provided inadequate levels of some key nutrients and most did not take supplements to correct the deficiencies 16 In contrast a restaurant study found that the impact of a lifestyle of health and sustainability on healthy food choices is much stronger for senior diners than for non senior diners 17 Other research has found that adults regardless of age will tend to increase fruit and vegetable consumption following a diagnosis of breast prostate or colorectal cancer 8 Social Environment and Conditioning Edit The environment can greatly impact food the preferences of older adults Those around 75 years old and older are more likely to suffer with limited mobility due to health conditions 18 and often rely on others for food shopping and preparation 19 In some areas homebound seniors receive one meal per day several fresh and frozen meals may be included in a single delivery by communities that offer congregate meals or meals served in community settings such as senior centers churches or senior housing communities 20 These congregate meal programs are encouraged to offer these elderly people a meal at least five times per week Impeded access to transportation may also be an issue for elderly persons especially in rural areas where there is less public transportation This can vary greatly due to geographic location for instance an Iowa based study failed to find problems in purchasing food among elderly in rural open country and towns as those without their own transportation relied on family friends and senior services 19 A separate study found a slight difference in urban areas with elderly who did not own a car 21 Aside from transportation the kind and quality of available food can also shape food choice if a person lives in a so called food desert Social network type can also affect individuals food choices in our elderly population For example one study showed that a person that has a larger social network and lower economic status is more likely to have proper nutrition that someone who has a smaller social network and higher economic status 22 Health and social aid can be instrumental into introducing positive change for those at risk See also Edit Food portalAssisted living Centenarian Elderly care Food choice Food studies Illnesses related to poor nutrition List of nutrition guides Meals on Wheels Nutrition Portion size Research into centenarians Tea and toast syndromeReferences Edit Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion CNPP USDA FNS PDF Archived from the original PDF on August 24 2014 Retrieved August 14 2014 a b Song HJ Simon JR Patel DU March 21 2014 Food preferences of older adults in senior nutrition programs Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics 33 1 55 67 doi 10 1080 21551197 2013 875502 PMID 24597997 Brewster PW Melrose RJ Marquine MJ Johnson JK Napoles A MacKay Brandt A et al November 2014 Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults Neuropsychology 28 6 846 58 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 456 6629 doi 10 1037 neu0000098 PMC 4227962 PMID 24933483 a b c Pelchat ML April 1997 Food cravings in young and elderly adults Appetite 28 2 103 13 doi 10 1006 appe 1996 0063 PMID 9158846 Grzegorczyk PB Jones SW Mistretta CM November 1979 Age related differences in salt taste acuity Journal of Gerontology 34 6 834 40 doi 10 1093 geronj 34 6 834 PMID 512303 Savoca MR Arcury TA Leng X Chen H Bell RA Anderson AM et al July 2010 Association between dietary quality of rural older adults and self reported food avoidance and food modification due to oral health problems Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58 7 1225 32 doi 10 1111 j 1532 5415 2010 02909 x PMC 3098620 PMID 20533966 Jung SE Lawrence J Hermann J McMahon A 2020 Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Nutrition Students Intention to Work with Older Adults Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics 39 1 44 55 doi 10 1080 21551197 2019 1664967 PMID 31517572 a b c Nicklett EJ Kadell AR August 2013 Fruit and vegetable intake among older adults a scoping review Maturitas 75 4 305 12 doi 10 1016 j maturitas 2013 05 005 PMC 3713183 PMID 23769545 Tucker K 2010 Chapter 5 Diet Quality Issues for Aging Populations Institute of Medicine US Food Forum Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age Workshop Summary Washington D C National Academies Press US ISBN 978 0 309 15883 1 Russell RM Rasmussen H Lichtenstein AH March 1999 Modified Food Guide Pyramid for people over seventy years of age The Journal of Nutrition 129 3 751 3 doi 10 1093 jn 129 3 751 PMID 10082784 Ooi CP Loke SC Yassin Z Hamid TA April 2011 Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 CD007220 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd007220 pub2 PMC 7388979 PMID 21491398 Field K Duizer LM 2016 08 01 Food Sensory Properties and the Older Adult Journal of Texture Studies 47 4 266 276 doi 10 1111 jtxs 12197 ISSN 1745 4603 a b Suszynski M How Dementia Tampers With Taste Buds EverydayHealth com Retrieved November 4 2014 Quandt SA McDonald J Arcury TA Bell RA Vitolins MZ February 2000 Nutritional self management of elderly widows in rural communities The Gerontologist 40 1 86 96 doi 10 1093 geront 40 1 86 PMID 10750316 Vafaei Z Mokhtari H Sadooghi Z Meamar R Chitsaz A Moeini M March 2013 Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 18 Suppl 1 S15 9 PMC 3743311 PMID 23961277 Marshall TA Stumbo PJ Warren JJ Xie XJ August 2001 Inadequate nutrient intakes are common and are associated with low diet variety in rural community dwelling elderly The Journal of Nutrition 131 8 2192 6 doi 10 1093 jn 131 8 2192 PMID 11481416 Kim MJ Lee CK Kim WG Kim JM 2013 Relationships Between Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability And Healthy Food Choices For Seniors International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 25 4 558 576 doi 10 1108 09596111311322925 Summary Health Statistics National Health Interview Survey 2014 PDF Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics 2014 Retrieved Nov 11 2016 a b Bitto EA Morton LW Oakland MJ Sand M 2003 Grocery Store Access Patterns in Rural Food Deserts Journal for the Study of Food and Society 6 2 35 48 doi 10 2752 152897903786769616 Congregate Meals mhcc maryland gov Maryland Health Care Commission Retrieved November 6 2014 Fitzpatrick K Greenhalgh Stanley N Ver Ploeg M 2016 The Impact of Food Deserts on Food Insufficiency and SNAP Participation among the Elderly American Journal of Agricultural Economics 98 19 40 doi 10 1093 ajae aav044 Kim CO January 2016 Food choice patterns among frail older adults The associations between social network food choice values and diet quality Appetite 96 116 121 doi 10 1016 j appet 2015 09 015 PMID 26385288 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Food choice of older adults amp oldid 1136749538, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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