Folmar of Karden (ca. 1135 – 1189), also occurring in the variant forms Fulmar, Vollmar, Volcmar, Formal, or Formator, was the Archbishop of Trier from 1183 and the last not also to be a prince elector.[1] He opposed the emperor in the late twelfth-century phase of the Investiture Controversy. The historian Bernhard von Simson characterized Folmar as "that restless, ambitious, and hard-hearted man."[2]
Silver denier of the Archbishop of Trier, issued ca. 1186-1189 by the cathedral chapter. Obverse shows the mitered archbishop with a crosier; reverse shows two towers and a roofed apse surmounted by a cross, probably representing the cathedral. (This coin is identified as representing either Rudolf of Wied or Folmar of Karden, more likely the former.)
ElectionEdit
On the death on May 25, 1183 of the previous archbishop, the pro-StaufenArnold I, the succession came into dispute between Folmar, the candidate of the pro-papal party, Henry III, Duke of Limburg (the Vogt of the church of Trier) and other local nobles, the citizens,[5] and the smaller part of the clergy; and the Provost of Trier, Rudolf of Wied, the candidate favored by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the greater part of the canons and prelates present for the election. After a certain amount of intriguing by various factions,[6] Folmar was elected archbishop by a part of the cathedral chapter and by popular acclaim in 1183; Lucius III somewhat dubiously ratified the election after the Synod of Verona.[7] Nevertheless, the Emperor had Rudolf formally invested as anti-archbishop.[8] Folmar proceeded to Italy, where the case was argued inconclusively before the Roman Curia.[9] At length, Folmar was consecrated by Pope Urban III in Verona on Whit-Sunday (June 1) of 1186.
DisputeEdit
He hastened to return in disguise from Italy, pausing in Toul, where Bishop Peter of Brixey, a suffragan of Trier and an adherent of Barbarossa's, refused to receive him; he fared better with Bishop Bertram of Metz, who received him as his metropolitan with a solemn procession. Unable to proceed to Trier, which was held by the adherents of Rudolf, Folmar set out for his erstwhile home in the Abbey of Saint-Pierremont (German: Abtei Petersberg) in Avril, then in the territory of Count Theobald I of Bar; thence he immediately began to issue edicts against Rudolf and his supporters. Strife arose in the bishopric between the followers of Folmar and Rudolf, to the point that Philip II of France had to obtain from Barbarossa the release of a French Cistercian who had been transmitting Folmar's letters on the condition that no such messengers would be allowed to leave France again.[10] Folmar's claim was strengthened by the support of the Archbishop of Köln, Philip of Heinsberg, who erected a fortress in Zeltingen to that purpose,[11] and by Folmar's appointment to the position of Papal legate. In 1187, Folmar called a provincial synod in Mouzon, which duly pronounced the excommunications of Peter of Brixey and Bishop Henry of Verdun [fr].[12] (These excommunications were nullified by a bull of Gregory VIII issued on 30 November 1187.)[13] Armed clashes between the two factions became common, and it was said that the violence in the diocese was a fulfillment of the baleful prophecies of Hildegard of Bingen.[14]
Exile, Deposition, and DeathEdit
Folmar proceeded to France, until through the influence of Barbarossa he was expelled by Philip Augustus, and then departed to the Angevin territory of Henry II of England, where he was received and honorably maintained at the royal expense in the AugustinianPriory of St. Cosmas (French: Prieuré de Saint-Cosme) at La Riche near Tours; on 7 July 1189 he took part in Henry's sepulture at Fontevraud Abbey[15] and departed thence to London, where, according to Roger of Hoveden's Chronicle, "Formalis Treverensis archiepiscopus" was among those prelates concelebrating the coronation of King Richard I of England on September 3, 1189,[16] subsequently (September 15-16) attending a royal council at Pipewell.[17] In view of the devastation of the archbishopric and the fact that neither he nor his competitor Rudolf ever gained full possession of the see, both had been deprived by Pope Clement III[18] in a papal bull of June 26, 1189;[19] Folmar died the same year, still in exile, at Northampton.[20] The schism was ended in 1190 with the consecration of John, Archdeacon of Speyer and Provost of the monastery of St. Germain, as John I.[21]
In popular cultureEdit
Folmar is among a number of historical characters depicted in the 2013 German historical novel, Das Salz der Erde (German: The Salt of the Earth) by Christoph Lode (writing under the name "Daniel Wolf").
FootnotesEdit
^Because Folmar was never formally installed in the see, he is often omitted (as is Rudolf of Wied) from official lists of the Bishops of Trier, e.g., the list displayed in Trier Cathedral.
^German: der unruhige, ehrgeizige und harte Mann. Geschichte der deutschen Kaisterzeit, Vol. VI, p. 142. Simson's prejudice against "ultramontane" interference in German internal politics, typical of the Protestant historiography of the WilhelmineGerman Empire, must be taken into account in his evaluation of Folmar's character and actions.
^ADB, Vol. 14, p. 420. Simson disputes this, GddK, Vol. VI, p. 58, n. 1.
^Concilium Germaniæ, p. 437. Schannat lays stress on the choice of Folmar by the "people or the nobility," while Rudolf had been chosen by the "Clerus Trevericus."
^Gesta Treverorum, Vol. 1, pp. 272-275. According to the Gesta, Folmar insisted that the election be held immediately after the funeral of the deceased archbishop; while most of Rudolf's adherents expected to be called for a formal ballot in the afternoon, Folmar's supporters insisted on an immediate vote during which most of the canons and prelates in attendance were still at lunch. Rudolf's supporters immediately sent messengers to Barbarossa, then at Konstanz, to dispute the election.
^ADB, vol. 7, p. 431. Under the terms of the Concordat of Worms, disputed elections were to be settled by the Emperor. When both parties were summoned to Konstanz, Folmar alleged threats to his safety and failed to appear; Barbarossa unsurprisingly ruled in Rudolf's favor.
^GddK, Vol. VI, p. 130. The Papal Chancellor, Cardinal Alberto di Morra, who generally pursued a conciliatory line toward the Emperor, argued strongly in favor of setting aside both candidates and allowing the canons of Trier to hold a new election, but was overruled by Pope Urban.
^Concilium, loc. cit. The two latter, suffragans of Trier, had refused either to attend the Synod of Mouzon or to lend aid to recover the Archbishopric from Rudolf.
^Heinrich Beyer; Leopold Eltester; Adam Goerz (1860–1873), Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch (MRUB) (in German), vol. Band II, Koblenz, pp. 130–132{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Heinrich Beyer, Leopold Eltester, & Adam Goerz (1860–1873), Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch (MRUB), Band II, Koblenz, pp. 130–132. Available on Google Books here:Vol. 2. (in German and Latin).
Bernhard Endrulat (1877), "Friedrich I. Barbarossa", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol. 7, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 491–436 (in German)
Bernhard Endrulat (1881), "Johann I., Erzbischof von Trier", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol. 14, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 420–421(in German)
Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von & Simson, Bernhard von (1895), Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. VI, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, available at the Internet Archive here: Volume VI. (in German)
Lode, Christoph (as Daniel Wolf) Das Salz der Erde ("The Salt of the Earth"). Goldmann, Munich 2013, ISBN978-3-442-47947-4
Wilhelm Martens (1888), "Philipp von Heinsberg, Erzbischof von Köln", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol. 26, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 3–8 (in German)
Morris, Colin (1989). The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford University Press.
Concilia Germaniæ (ed. Johann Friedrich Schannat and Joseph Hartzmann, S.J.) (11 fol. vols., 1759–90). Cologne, 1760. (Full text available at Google Books Volume 3.: Ab Anno M. Ad MCCXC.) (in Latin)
Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hovedene (ed. William Stubbs) (4 vols., Rolls series, 1868–71), available at the Internet Archive here: Volume 3. (in Latin)
Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis (ed. William Stubbs) (2 vols., Rolls series, 1868–71), available at Google Books here: Volume 2. (in Latin)
Gesta Trevirorum (ed. Johann Hugo Wyttenbach and Franz Joseph Müller) (8 vols.), available at the Internet Archive here: Volume 1. (in Latin)
Folmar von Karden in den Saarländischen Biografien 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
folmar, karden, 1135, 1189, also, occurring, variant, forms, fulmar, vollmar, volcmar, formal, formator, archbishop, trier, from, 1183, last, also, prince, elector, opposed, emperor, late, twelfth, century, phase, investiture, controversy, historian, bernhard,. Folmar of Karden ca 1135 1189 also occurring in the variant forms Fulmar Vollmar Volcmar Formal or Formator was the Archbishop of Trier from 1183 and the last not also to be a prince elector 1 He opposed the emperor in the late twelfth century phase of the Investiture Controversy The historian Bernhard von Simson characterized Folmar as that restless ambitious and hard hearted man 2 Folmar of KardenArchbishop of TrierElected25 May 1183Term ended26 June 1189PredecessorArnold ISuccessorJohn IOther post s Papal LegateOrdersConsecration1 June 1186by Urban IIIPersonal detailsBornca 1135Diedca November 1189NorthamptonNationalityGermanDenominationRoman Catholic Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early career 1 2 Election 1 3 Dispute 1 4 Exile Deposition and Death 2 In popular culture 3 Footnotes 4 ReferencesBiography EditEarly career Edit Possibly a relation of the Counts of Bliescastel 3 Folmar was provost in the city of Karden on the Moselle and became an archdeacon in Trier and Metz 4 nbsp Silver denier of the Archbishop of Trier issued ca 1186 1189 by the cathedral chapter Obverse shows the mitered archbishop with a crosier reverse shows two towers and a roofed apse surmounted by a cross probably representing the cathedral This coin is identified as representing either Rudolf of Wied or Folmar of Karden more likely the former Election Edit On the death on May 25 1183 of the previous archbishop the pro Staufen Arnold I the succession came into dispute between Folmar the candidate of the pro papal party Henry III Duke of Limburg the Vogt of the church of Trier and other local nobles the citizens 5 and the smaller part of the clergy and the Provost of Trier Rudolf of Wied the candidate favored by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the greater part of the canons and prelates present for the election After a certain amount of intriguing by various factions 6 Folmar was elected archbishop by a part of the cathedral chapter and by popular acclaim in 1183 Lucius III somewhat dubiously ratified the election after the Synod of Verona 7 Nevertheless the Emperor had Rudolf formally invested as anti archbishop 8 Folmar proceeded to Italy where the case was argued inconclusively before the Roman Curia 9 At length Folmar was consecrated by Pope Urban III in Verona on Whit Sunday June 1 of 1186 Dispute Edit He hastened to return in disguise from Italy pausing in Toul where Bishop Peter of Brixey a suffragan of Trier and an adherent of Barbarossa s refused to receive him he fared better with Bishop Bertram of Metz who received him as his metropolitan with a solemn procession Unable to proceed to Trier which was held by the adherents of Rudolf Folmar set out for his erstwhile home in the Abbey of Saint Pierremont German Abtei Petersberg in Avril then in the territory of Count Theobald I of Bar thence he immediately began to issue edicts against Rudolf and his supporters Strife arose in the bishopric between the followers of Folmar and Rudolf to the point that Philip II of France had to obtain from Barbarossa the release of a French Cistercian who had been transmitting Folmar s letters on the condition that no such messengers would be allowed to leave France again 10 Folmar s claim was strengthened by the support of the Archbishop of Koln Philip of Heinsberg who erected a fortress in Zeltingen to that purpose 11 and by Folmar s appointment to the position of Papal legate In 1187 Folmar called a provincial synod in Mouzon which duly pronounced the excommunications of Peter of Brixey and Bishop Henry of Verdun fr 12 These excommunications were nullified by a bull of Gregory VIII issued on 30 November 1187 13 Armed clashes between the two factions became common and it was said that the violence in the diocese was a fulfillment of the baleful prophecies of Hildegard of Bingen 14 Exile Deposition and Death Edit Folmar proceeded to France until through the influence of Barbarossa he was expelled by Philip Augustus and then departed to the Angevin territory of Henry II of England where he was received and honorably maintained at the royal expense in the Augustinian Priory of St Cosmas French Prieure de Saint Cosme at La Riche near Tours on 7 July 1189 he took part in Henry s sepulture at Fontevraud Abbey 15 and departed thence to London where according to Roger of Hoveden s Chronicle Formalis Treverensis archiepiscopus was among those prelates concelebrating the coronation of King Richard I of England on September 3 1189 16 subsequently September 15 16 attending a royal council at Pipewell 17 In view of the devastation of the archbishopric and the fact that neither he nor his competitor Rudolf ever gained full possession of the see both had been deprived by Pope Clement III 18 in a papal bull of June 26 1189 19 Folmar died the same year still in exile at Northampton 20 The schism was ended in 1190 with the consecration of John Archdeacon of Speyer and Provost of the monastery of St Germain as John I 21 In popular culture EditFolmar is among a number of historical characters depicted in the 2013 German historical novel Das Salz der Erde German The Salt of the Earth by Christoph Lode writing under the name Daniel Wolf Footnotes Edit Because Folmar was never formally installed in the see he is often omitted as is Rudolf of Wied from official lists of the Bishops of Trier e g the list displayed in Trier Cathedral German der unruhige ehrgeizige und harte Mann Geschichte der deutschen Kaisterzeit Vol VI p 142 Simson s prejudice against ultramontane interference in German internal politics typical of the Protestant historiography of the Wilhelmine German Empire must be taken into account in his evaluation of Folmar s character and actions ADB Vol 14 p 420 Simson disputes this GddK Vol VI p 58 n 1 GddK Vol VI p 58 Concilium Germaniae p 437 Schannat lays stress on the choice of Folmar by the people or the nobility while Rudolf had been chosen by the Clerus Trevericus Gesta Treverorum Vol 1 pp 272 275 According to the Gesta Folmar insisted that the election be held immediately after the funeral of the deceased archbishop while most of Rudolf s adherents expected to be called for a formal ballot in the afternoon Folmar s supporters insisted on an immediate vote during which most of the canons and prelates in attendance were still at lunch Rudolf s supporters immediately sent messengers to Barbarossa then at Konstanz to dispute the election Morris 1989 p 199 ADB vol 7 p 431 Under the terms of the Concordat of Worms disputed elections were to be settled by the Emperor When both parties were summoned to Konstanz Folmar alleged threats to his safety and failed to appear Barbarossa unsurprisingly ruled in Rudolf s favor GddK Vol VI p 130 The Papal Chancellor Cardinal Alberto di Morra who generally pursued a conciliatory line toward the Emperor argued strongly in favor of setting aside both candidates and allowing the canons of Trier to hold a new election but was overruled by Pope Urban GddK Vol VI p 142 ADB Vol 26 pp 3 8 Concilium loc cit The two latter suffragans of Trier had refused either to attend the Synod of Mouzon or to lend aid to recover the Archbishopric from Rudolf GddK Vol VI p 170 GddK Vol VI p 142 GddK Vol VI pp 175 176 Hoveden Chronica Volume 3 p 8 Hoveden Chronica Volume 3 p 15 Benedict Gesta Henrici Volume 2 p 79 n 1 Heinrich Beyer Leopold Eltester Adam Goerz 1860 1873 Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch MRUB in German vol Band II Koblenz pp 130 132 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hoveden Chronica Volume 3 p 18 ADB Vol 14 p 420 References EditHeinrich Beyer Leopold Eltester amp Adam Goerz 1860 1873 Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch MRUB Band II Koblenz pp 130 132 Available on Google Books here Vol 2 in German and Latin Bernhard Endrulat 1877 Friedrich I Barbarossa Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 7 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 491 436 in German Bernhard Endrulat 1881 Johann I Erzbischof von Trier Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 14 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 420 421 in German Giesebrecht Wilhelm von amp Simson Bernhard von 1895 Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit vol VI Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot available at the Internet Archive here Volume VI in German Lode Christoph as Daniel Wolf Das Salz der Erde The Salt of the Earth Goldmann Munich 2013 ISBN 978 3 442 47947 4 Wilhelm Martens 1888 Philipp von Heinsberg Erzbischof von Koln Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 26 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 3 8 in German Morris Colin 1989 The Papal Monarchy The Western Church from 1050 to 1250 Oxford University Press Concilia Germaniae ed Johann Friedrich Schannat and Joseph Hartzmann S J 11 fol vols 1759 90 Cologne 1760 Full text available at Google Books Volume 3 Ab Anno M Ad MCCXC in Latin Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hovedene ed William Stubbs 4 vols Rolls series 1868 71 available at the Internet Archive here Volume 3 in Latin Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis ed William Stubbs 2 vols Rolls series 1868 71 available at Google Books here Volume 2 in Latin Gesta Trevirorum ed Johann Hugo Wyttenbach and Franz Joseph Muller 8 vols available at the Internet Archive here Volume 1 in Latin Folmar von Karden in den Saarlandischen Biografien Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine in German Catholic Church titlesPreceded byArnold I of Vaucourt Archbishop of Trier1183 1189 Succeeded byJohn I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Folmar of Karden amp oldid 1175125400, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
