fbpx
Wikipedia

Focke-Wulf

March 16, 2024

Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG (German pronunciation: [ˌfɔkəˈvʊlf]) was a German manufacturer of civil and military aircraft before and during World War II.[1] Many of the company's successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. It is one of the predecessor companies of today's Airbus.

Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau
FormerlyBremer Flugzeugbau
Company typeinitially AG, later GmbH
IndustryAerospace
FoundedOctober 24, 1923; 100 years ago (1923-10-24)
Founders
Defunct1964
FateMerged
SuccessorVereinigte Flugtechnische Werke
Headquarters
Bremen
,
Germany
Key people

History edit

The company was founded in Bremen on 24 October 1923 as Bremer Flugzeugbau AG by Prof. Henrich Focke,[a] Georg Wulf [b] and Dr. rer. pol. Werner Naumann.[c] Almost immediately, they renamed the company Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG (later Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH).[2]

Focke-Wulf merged, under government pressure, with Albatros Flugzeugwerke of Berlin in 1931. The Albatros Flugzeugwerke engineer and test pilot Kurt Tank became head of the technical department and started work on the Fw 44 Stieglitz (Goldfinch).

Dr Ludwig Roselius became Chairman in 1925 and handed over to his brother Friedrich in early 1933. In 1938 Roselius' HAG combine increased its shareholding to 46% and C. Lorenz AG secured 28%. The company was reconstituted as Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH and no longer had to publish its accounts. A substantial capital injection occurred at this time.[3]

In August 1933 Hans Holle and Rudolf Schubert were given power of attorney over the Berlin branch of Focke-Wulf. Then in October 1933, Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau A.G. Albatros Berlin was officially registered with the Department of Trade.[4]

Dr Roselius always remained the driving force of Focke-Wulf. He and his closest collaborator, Barbara Goette, often met with technical director Professor Kurt Tank. When Roselius died in May 1943, Heinrich Puvogel (later chair of Focke-Wulf) raised 4 million RM and continued handling the financial affairs of Focke-Wulf as chief of Seehandel A.G.[5]

Hanna Reitsch demonstrated the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first fully controllable helicopter (as opposed to autogyro), in Berlin in 1938.[6] The four-engined Fw 200 airliner flew nonstop between Berlin and New York City on 10 August 1938, making the journey in 24 hours and 56 minutes. It was the first aircraft to fly that route without stopping. The return trip on 13 August 1938, took 19 hours and 47 minutes. These flights are commemorated with a plaque in the Böttcherstraße street of Bremen.

The Fw 190 Würger (Shrike/butcher-bird), designed from 1938 on, and produced in quantity from early 1941–1945, was a mainstay single-seat fighter for the Luftwaffe during World War II.

 
Destroyed Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen (1945)

Repeated bombing of Bremen in World War II resulted in the mass-production plants being moved to eastern Germany and General Government, with AGO Flugzeugwerke of Oschersleben as a major subcontractor for the Fw 190. Those plants used many foreign and forced labourers, and from 1944 also prisoners of war. Focke-Wulf's 100-acre (0.40 km2) plant at Marienburg produced approximately half of all Fw 190s and was bombed by the Eighth Air Force on 9 October 1943.[7]

Many Focke-Wulf workers, including Kurt Tank, worked at the Instituto Aerotécnico in Córdoba, Argentina between 1947 and 1955. Others, like Henrich Focke, went to Brazil's Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, helping Brazil's effort to build Embraer.[8] Focke-Wulf began to make gliders in 1951, and in 1955, motorised planes. Focke-Wulf, Weserflug and Hamburger Flugzeugbau joined forces in 1961 to form the Entwicklungsring Nord (ERNO) to develop rockets.

ITT Corporation, which had acquired a 25% stake in the company prior to the war, won $27 million in compensation in the 1960s for the damage that was inflicted on its share of the Focke-Wulf plant by WWII Allied bombing.[9] Colonel Sosthenes Behn, Ludwig Roselius and Barbara Goette outfoxed Hitler in 1936 when he tried to have Roselius removed as a major stakeholder from Focke-Wulf A.G. and reconstitution followed resulting in the privatized company Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH.[10] Focke-Wulf formally merged with Weserflug in 1964, becoming Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW), which after several further mergers became the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company N.V. (EADS). EADS was later reorganised as Airbus.

In early 2021 Focke Wulf Aircraft was re-registered as a trademark across the EU, the UK and Australia as a retailer of aviation watches and associated official Focke Wulf merchandise.[11]

Aircraft edit

 
1932 – Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz
 
1939 – Focke-Wulf Fw 190
 
1943 – Focke-Achgelis Fa 330
 
Focke-Wulf Fw 30
 
Focke-Wulf Fw 61
 
Borgward Kolibri

Company designations edit

In alphabetical order:

  • Focke-Wulf A 3
  • Focke-Wulf A 4
  • Focke-Wulf A 5
  • Focke-Wulf A 6
  • Focke-Wulf A 7
  • Focke-Wulf A 16 – light transport aircraft, 1924. First design built by Focke-Wulf.
  • Focke-Wulf A 17 Möwe (Gull) – 8-passenger airliner, 1927.
  • Focke-Wulf A 20 Habicht (Hawk) – 4-passenger airliner, 1927.
  • Focke-Wulf A 21 Photomöwe – aerial photography version of A 17, 1929.
  • Focke-Wulf A 26 – engine testbed
  • Focke-Wulf A 28 – re-engined A 20
  • Focke-Wulf A 29 – production version of A 17, 1929.
  • Focke-Wulf A 32 Bussard (Buzzard) – airliner, 1930.
  • Focke-Wulf A 33 Sperber (Sparrowhawk) – 3-passenger airliner, 1930.
  • Focke-Wulf A 36 Mastgans (Mast Goose) – mail plane, 1931.
  • Focke-Wulf A 38 Möwe (Gull) – 10-passenger airliner, 1931.
  • Focke-Wulf F 19 Ente (Duck) – experimental civil utility aircraft, 1927.
  • Focke-Wulf GL 18 – light transport aircraft developed from the A 16, 1926.
  • Focke-Wulf GL 22 – revised GL 18, 1927.
  • Focke-Wulf K 23 Buchfink (Chaffinch) – two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, 1928.
  • Focke-Wulf L 101 D Albatros
  • Focke-Wulf S 1 – trainer, 1925.
  • Focke-Wulf S 2 – two-seat trainer, 1928.
  • Focke-Wulf S 24 Kiebitz (Lapwing) – sport aircraft, 1928.
  • Focke-Wulf S 39
  • Focke-Wulf S 48
  • Focke-Wulf W 4 – reconnaissance floatplane, 1927.
  • Focke-Wulf W 7 – maritime patrol biplane, 1932.

RLM designations edit

Built under license edit

Planned/unfinished designs edit

  • Focke-Wulf Fw 42 – twin-engined medium bomber project developed from the F 19, 1929.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 160 – A design for a four-engined bomber with a twin-boom, unconnected tail.
  • Focke-Wulf Ta 183 Huckebein – design for a jet-engined fighter, 1942.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 206 – planned commercial aircraft, 1940.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 238 – long-range bomber project (RLM airframe number 8-238 already used by Blohm und Voss)
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 249 – large transport aircraft project; officially designated as Project 195.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 250 – twin-engine jet fighter project
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 252 – single engine jet fighter
  • Focke-Wulf Ta 254 – proposed version of the Ta 154 fighter.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 259 Frontjäger (concept)
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 260 – 1960s VTOL airliner proposal
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 261 – four-engine bomber/reconnaissance/U-boat support aircraft project
  • Focke-Wulf Ta 283 – interceptor fighter project
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 300 – proposed long-range version of Fw 200, 1941-1942.
  • Focke-Wulf Ta 400 – Amerikabomber design competitor, never built, 1943.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw P.03.10206 – series of long-range strategic bomber projects, 1944.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw P.03.10221-15 – large capacity strategic transport, 1941.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw P.03.10025 – A 1944 design with a swept wing, a forward-swept V-tail, and two pusher propellers at the rear.
  • Focke-Wulf Fw 03.10251 – series of jet-engined night and bad weather fighters
  • Focke-Wulf Fighter Project w/BMW803 – A 1941 design with a connected twin-boom tail, slightly swept-back wings, and two pusher propellers at the rear.

Projects edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In 1937, shareholders ousted Henrich Focke.
  2. ^ Georg Wulf died during a test flight 29 September 1927.
  3. ^ Dr. rer. pol. Werner Naumann is not to be confused with Dr. rer. nat. Werner Naumann, state secretary in Joseph Goebbel's Propagandaministerium.

References edit

  1. ^ Yenne, William (2003). From Focke-Wulf to Avrocar: Secret Weapons of World War II: The Techno-Military Breakthroughs That Changed History. New York: Berkley Books. pp. 281–283..
  2. ^ Initially, it produced several commercial aircraft, typically with thick wings mounted high over bulky fuselages."Focke-Wulf". Retrieved 1 July 2006.
  3. ^ Dieter Pfliegensdörfer; Volker Bergmann; Willi Elmers; Manfred Fittkau; Michael Jung; Michael Wolf; Wolfgang Günther. Wellblech & Windkanal. Arbeit und Geschäfte im Bremer Flugzeugbau von den Anfängen 1909 bis heute. Steintor, 1989, ISBN 3926028513
  4. ^ Thiel, Reinhold. Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau. Bremen, Verlag H.M. Hauschild GmbH, 2011. ISBN 9783897574892
  5. ^ Leidig, Ludwig. Bombshell. sbpra 2013. ISBN 978-1-62516-346-2
  6. ^ Hanna Reitsch “Fliegen, mein Leben” on p. 180–198. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart 1952
  7. ^ Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962). "The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat". New York: Bonanza Books: 219. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Forjaz, Maria Cecilia Spina (2005). "As origens da Embraer". Tempo Social (in Portuguese). 17 (1): 281–298. doi:10.1590/S0103-20702005000100012. ISSN 0103-2070.
  9. ^ Sampson, Anthony: The Sovereign State, Hodder and Stoughton, 1973, ISBN 0-340-17195-2
  10. ^ The Office of Military Government US Zone in Post-war Germany 1946-1949, declassified per Executive Order 12958, Section 3.5 NND Project Number: NND 775057 by: NND Date: 1977
  11. ^ "Global Brand Database". branddb.wipo.int. Retrieved 8 December 2022.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Focke-Wulf.

March 16, 2024
focke, wulf, flugzeugbau, german, pronunciation, ˌfɔkəˈvʊlf, german, manufacturer, civil, military, aircraft, before, during, world, many, company, successful, fighter, aircraft, designs, were, slight, modifications, predecessor, companies, today, airbus, flug. Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau AG German pronunciation ˌfɔkeˈvʊlf was a German manufacturer of civil and military aircraft before and during World War II 1 Many of the company s successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke Wulf Fw 190 It is one of the predecessor companies of today s Airbus Focke Wulf FlugzeugbauFormerlyBremer FlugzeugbauCompany typeinitially AG later GmbHIndustryAerospaceFoundedOctober 24 1923 100 years ago 1923 10 24 FoundersHenrich FockeWerner NaumannGeorg WulfDefunct1964FateMergedSuccessorVereinigte Flugtechnische WerkeHeadquartersBremen GermanyKey peopleHans MulthoppKurt Tank Contents 1 History 2 Aircraft 2 1 Company designations 2 2 RLM designations 2 3 Built under license 2 4 Planned unfinished designs 2 5 Projects 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory editThe company was founded in Bremen on 24 October 1923 as Bremer Flugzeugbau AG by Prof Henrich Focke a Georg Wulf b and Dr rer pol Werner Naumann c Almost immediately they renamed the company Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau AG later Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH 2 Focke Wulf merged under government pressure with Albatros Flugzeugwerke of Berlin in 1931 The Albatros Flugzeugwerke engineer and test pilot Kurt Tank became head of the technical department and started work on the Fw 44 Stieglitz Goldfinch Dr Ludwig Roselius became Chairman in 1925 and handed over to his brother Friedrich in early 1933 In 1938 Roselius HAG combine increased its shareholding to 46 and C Lorenz AG secured 28 The company was reconstituted as Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH and no longer had to publish its accounts A substantial capital injection occurred at this time 3 In August 1933 Hans Holle and Rudolf Schubert were given power of attorney over the Berlin branch of Focke Wulf Then in October 1933 Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau A G Albatros Berlin was officially registered with the Department of Trade 4 Dr Roselius always remained the driving force of Focke Wulf He and his closest collaborator Barbara Goette often met with technical director Professor Kurt Tank When Roselius died in May 1943 Heinrich Puvogel later chair of Focke Wulf raised 4 million RM and continued handling the financial affairs of Focke Wulf as chief of Seehandel A G 5 Hanna Reitsch demonstrated the Focke Wulf Fw 61 the first fully controllable helicopter as opposed to autogyro in Berlin in 1938 6 The four engined Fw 200 airliner flew nonstop between Berlin and New York City on 10 August 1938 making the journey in 24 hours and 56 minutes It was the first aircraft to fly that route without stopping The return trip on 13 August 1938 took 19 hours and 47 minutes These flights are commemorated with a plaque in the Bottcherstrasse street of Bremen The Fw 190 Wurger Shrike butcher bird designed from 1938 on and produced in quantity from early 1941 1945 was a mainstay single seat fighter for the Luftwaffe during World War II nbsp Destroyed Focke Wulf plant in Bremen 1945 Repeated bombing of Bremen in World War II resulted in the mass production plants being moved to eastern Germany and General Government with AGO Flugzeugwerke of Oschersleben as a major subcontractor for the Fw 190 Those plants used many foreign and forced labourers and from 1944 also prisoners of war Focke Wulf s 100 acre 0 40 km2 plant at Marienburg produced approximately half of all Fw 190s and was bombed by the Eighth Air Force on 9 October 1943 7 Many Focke Wulf workers including Kurt Tank worked at the Instituto Aerotecnico in Cordoba Argentina between 1947 and 1955 Others like Henrich Focke went to Brazil s Department of Aerospace Science and Technology helping Brazil s effort to build Embraer 8 Focke Wulf began to make gliders in 1951 and in 1955 motorised planes Focke Wulf Weserflug and Hamburger Flugzeugbau joined forces in 1961 to form the Entwicklungsring Nord ERNO to develop rockets ITT Corporation which had acquired a 25 stake in the company prior to the war won 27 million in compensation in the 1960s for the damage that was inflicted on its share of the Focke Wulf plant by WWII Allied bombing 9 Colonel Sosthenes Behn Ludwig Roselius and Barbara Goette outfoxed Hitler in 1936 when he tried to have Roselius removed as a major stakeholder from Focke Wulf A G and reconstitution followed resulting in the privatized company Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH 10 Focke Wulf formally merged with Weserflug in 1964 becoming Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke VFW which after several further mergers became the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company N V EADS EADS was later reorganised as Airbus In early 2021 Focke Wulf Aircraft was re registered as a trademark across the EU the UK and Australia as a retailer of aviation watches and associated official Focke Wulf merchandise 11 Aircraft edit nbsp 1932 Focke Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz nbsp 1939 Focke Wulf Fw 190 nbsp 1943 Focke Achgelis Fa 330 nbsp Focke Wulf Fw 30 nbsp Focke Wulf Fw 61 nbsp Borgward KolibriCompany designations edit In alphabetical order Focke Wulf A 3 Focke Wulf A 4 Focke Wulf A 5 Focke Wulf A 6 Focke Wulf A 7 Focke Wulf A 16 light transport aircraft 1924 First design built by Focke Wulf Focke Wulf A 17 Mowe Gull 8 passenger airliner 1927 Focke Wulf A 20 Habicht Hawk 4 passenger airliner 1927 Focke Wulf A 21 Photomowe aerial photography version of A 17 1929 Focke Wulf A 26 engine testbed Focke Wulf A 28 re engined A 20 Focke Wulf A 29 production version of A 17 1929 Focke Wulf A 32 Bussard Buzzard airliner 1930 Focke Wulf A 33 Sperber Sparrowhawk 3 passenger airliner 1930 Focke Wulf A 36 Mastgans Mast Goose mail plane 1931 Focke Wulf A 38 Mowe Gull 10 passenger airliner 1931 Focke Wulf F 19 Ente Duck experimental civil utility aircraft 1927 Focke Wulf GL 18 light transport aircraft developed from the A 16 1926 Focke Wulf GL 22 revised GL 18 1927 Focke Wulf K 23 Buchfink Chaffinch two seat reconnaissance aircraft 1928 Focke Wulf L 101 D Albatros Focke Wulf S 1 trainer 1925 Focke Wulf S 2 two seat trainer 1928 Focke Wulf S 24 Kiebitz Lapwing sport aircraft 1928 Focke Wulf S 39 Focke Wulf S 48 Focke Wulf W 4 reconnaissance floatplane 1927 Focke Wulf W 7 maritime patrol biplane 1932 RLM designations edit Focke Wulf Fw 40 Focke Wulf Fw 43 Falke Falcon utility aircraft known internally as A 43 Focke Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz Goldfinch trainer biplane 1932 Focke Wulf Fw 47 Hohengeier Vulture weather aircraft known internally as A 47 Focke Wulf Fw 55 biplane floatplane Focke Wulf Fw 56 Stosser Goshawk advanced trainer parasol monoplane 1933 Focke Wulf Fw 57 twin engined heavy fighter bomber prototype 1935 Focke Wulf Fw 58 Weihe Kite transport photo reconnaissance weather research aircraft 1937 Focke Wulf Fw 61 helicopter prototype 1936 Focke Wulf Fw 62 ship borne reconnaissance biplane seaplane 1937 Focke Wulf Ta 152 interceptor fighter derived from Fw 190 1944 Focke Wulf Ta 154 Moskito Mosquito night fighter with wood structure like its British namesake 1943 Focke Wulf Fw 159 fighter prototype only 1935 Focke Wulf Fw 186 autogiro reconnaissance aircraft prototype 1937 Focke Wulf Fw 187 Falke Falcon twin engined two seat heavy day fighter Zerstorer 1936 Focke Wulf Fw 188 reconnaissance aircraft prototype 1939 Focke Wulf Fw 189 Uhu Eagle Owl twin engined three seat army cooperation tactical reconnaissance 1938 Focke Wulf Fw 190 Wurger Shrike butcher bird single seat fighter interceptor 1939 Focke Wulf Fw 191 twin engine Bomber B design competitor prototype 1942 Focke Wulf Fw 200 Condor four engine airliner and maritime patrol bomber 1937 Built under license edit Focke Wulf C 20 license built autogyro Focke Wulf C 30 Heuschrecke Grasshopper license built autogyro Focke Wulf FWP 149D license built Piaggio P 149Planned unfinished designs edit Focke Wulf Fw 42 twin engined medium bomber project developed from the F 19 1929 Focke Wulf Fw 160 A design for a four engined bomber with a twin boom unconnected tail Focke Wulf Ta 183 Huckebein design for a jet engined fighter 1942 Focke Wulf Fw 206 planned commercial aircraft 1940 Focke Wulf Fw 238 long range bomber project RLM airframe number 8 238 already used by Blohm und Voss Focke Wulf Fw 249 large transport aircraft project officially designated as Project 195 Focke Wulf Fw 250 twin engine jet fighter project Focke Wulf Fw 252 single engine jet fighter Focke Wulf Ta 254 proposed version of the Ta 154 fighter Focke Wulf Fw 259 Frontjager concept Focke Wulf Fw 260 1960s VTOL airliner proposal Focke Wulf Fw 261 four engine bomber reconnaissance U boat support aircraft project Focke Wulf Ta 283 interceptor fighter project Focke Wulf Fw 300 proposed long range version of Fw 200 1941 1942 Focke Wulf Ta 400 Amerikabomber design competitor never built 1943 Focke Wulf Fw P 03 10206 series of long range strategic bomber projects 1944 Focke Wulf Fw P 03 10221 15 large capacity strategic transport 1941 Focke Wulf Fw P 03 10025 A 1944 design with a swept wing a forward swept V tail and two pusher propellers at the rear Focke Wulf Fw 03 10251 series of jet engined night and bad weather fighters Focke Wulf Fighter Project w BMW803 A 1941 design with a connected twin boom tail slightly swept back wings and two pusher propellers at the rear Projects edit Focke Wulf 1000x1000x1000 series of bomber designs 1944 Focke Wulf Project I single seat jet fighter 1943 Focke Wulf Project II Focke Wulf Project III Focke Wulf Project VII Flitzer fighter project 1944 Focke Wulf Project VIII turboprop powered fighter bomber project also designated Fw 281 Focke Rochen 1950s VTOL fighter project Focke Wulf Super Lorin Ramjet rocket combo powered fighter Focke Wulf Fw 354 Triebflugel tail sitter VTOL interceptor design Focke Wulf TO Project Focke Wulf Volksjager rocket powered interceptor fighter project Focke Wulf VTOL ProjectSee also editFocke Achgelis List of RLM aircraft designationsNotes edit In 1937 shareholders ousted Henrich Focke Georg Wulf died during a test flight 29 September 1927 Dr rer pol Werner Naumann is not to be confused with Dr rer nat Werner Naumann state secretary in Joseph Goebbel s Propagandaministerium References edit Yenne William 2003 From Focke Wulf to Avrocar Secret Weapons of World War II The Techno Military Breakthroughs That Changed History New York Berkley Books pp 281 283 Initially it produced several commercial aircraft typically with thick wings mounted high over bulky fuselages Focke Wulf Retrieved 1 July 2006 Dieter Pfliegensdorfer Volker Bergmann Willi Elmers Manfred Fittkau Michael Jung Michael Wolf Wolfgang Gunther Wellblech amp Windkanal Arbeit und Geschafte im Bremer Flugzeugbau von den Anfangen 1909 bis heute Steintor 1989 ISBN 3926028513 Thiel Reinhold Focke Wulf Flugzeugbau Bremen Verlag H M Hauschild GmbH 2011 ISBN 9783897574892 Leidig Ludwig Bombshell sbpra 2013 ISBN 978 1 62516 346 2 Hanna Reitsch Fliegen mein Leben on p 180 198 Deutsche Verlags Anstalt Stuttgart 1952 Gurney Gene Major USAF 1962 The War in the Air a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat New York Bonanza Books 219 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Forjaz Maria Cecilia Spina 2005 As origens da Embraer Tempo Social in Portuguese 17 1 281 298 doi 10 1590 S0103 20702005000100012 ISSN 0103 2070 Sampson Anthony The Sovereign State Hodder and Stoughton 1973 ISBN 0 340 17195 2 The Office of Military Government US Zone in Post war Germany 1946 1949 declassified per Executive Order 12958 Section 3 5 NND Project Number NND 775057 by NND Date 1977 Global Brand Database branddb wipo int Retrieved 8 December 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Focke Wulf List of Focke Wulf aircraft Documents and clippings about Focke Wulf in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Focke Wulf amp oldid 1193797174, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.