fbpx
Wikipedia

Fir'im

May 09, 2024

Fir'im (Arabic: فرعم) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict that was depopulated during the 1948 Palestine war. It was first attacked during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 2, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion during Operation Yiftach. In 1945 the population had been 740.

Fir'im
فرعم
Feram[1]
Village
Etymology: from personal name[2]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Fir'im (click the buttons)
Fir'im
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°59′07″N 35°31′59″E / 32.98528°N 35.53306°E / 32.98528; 35.53306
Palestine grid200/265
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictSafad
Date of depopulationMay 26, 1948[5]
Area
[3]
 • Total2,023 dunams (2.023 km2 or 500 acres)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total740[3][4]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesHatzor HaGlilit

Location edit

Fir'im was located 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northeast of Safad. It was situated on the southeastern slope of Mount Kan'an, and overlooked land between Lake Tiberias and Lake Hula.[6]

History edit

An archaeological site near Fir'im contained the ruins of buildings and rock-hewn tombs.[6] In the late 19th century, remains of ancient structures built into the modern buildings were observed.[7]

In 1964, a resident of Afula reported the discovery of an intricately inscribed limestone lintel featuring a bilingual Aramaic/Greek funerary inscription dedicated to Yosef, son of ʿUzi (יוסף בר עוזי). He said he had found it at Fir'im years earlier. Triglyphs divide the lintel, with a rosette on the right and a Jewish script inscription on the left, presented in tabula ansata. Below the Jewish script, a Greek inscription is also in tabula ansata.[8]

Ottoman era edit

According to the Ottomans 1596 tax records, Fir'im belonged to the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira, (in the Safad Sanjak), and had a 72 households and 9 bachelors, an estimated population of 446, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural product, such as wheat, barley, olives, goats, beehives, and a press that was used for processing either olives or grapes; total of 6,222 akçe.[9][10] According to HaReuveni, Jews also lived in Fir'im in the 16th century, and the son of Rabbi Yom Tov Tzahalon died there.[11]

The village appeared under the name of Farhan on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799.[12]

In 1838, it was noted as Fur'am, a Muslim village, located in the el-Khait district.[13]

In 1875 Victor Guérin noted that the village contained about twenty houses.[14] In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Fir'im as a stone-built village, situated at the end of a ridge. The villagers, who were Muslim, numbered about 200 and cultivated olives and figs.[15]

A population list from about 1887 showed Fe'ram to have about 765 Muslim inhabitants.[16]

British Mandate era edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Fer'em had a population of 449; all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 527, still all Muslims, in a total of 109 houses.[18]

Most of the stone houses in the village were densely situated in a northwest—southeast order.[6] The village had a village council, and an elementary school for boys.[6] The village economy was based on agriculture; fruit was the main crop, followed by grain. The village also had two olive presses.[6]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 740 Muslims,[4] and the total land area was 2,023 dunums.[3] Of this, 700 dunams (0.70 km2; 0.27 sq mi) was allocated to cereal farming, while 935 dunams (0.935 km2; 0.361 sq mi) were used for plantations or were irrigated.[4][6][19]

1948, and aftermath edit

The village was attacked by forces from the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah on the night of 2 May 1948. The attack, called Operation Yiftach, was led by Yigal Allon. In the operation, the villages of 'Ein al Zeitun and Biriyya were conquered, while the villages of Fir'im, Qabba'a and Mughr al-Khayt were intimidated with mortar barrages, which precipitated mass evacuation.[20] However, the villagers soon began to return, only to find that Fir'im was torched by Palmach forces on 22 May.[21] During late May it was reported that hungry refugees once again began to drift back to their old villages, including Fir'im. Mainly the villagers tried to harvest their crops, and many erected temporary shelters outside their old villages from where they could reach their crops and were relatively inaccessible to Israeli troops.[22] The Haganah acted to curb this, and on 24 May, they started the "systematic torching of the villages of the Hula [Valley]".[23]

By late June 1948, Israeli military intelligence reported (somewhat inaccurately, according to Morris), that "All the Arab villages in the Safad area as far [northwestward] as Sasa were empty".[24]

Today the settlement of Hatzor HaGlilit (Chatzor ha-Gelilit), established in 1953, is situated about 1 kilometer southeast of where the village stood.[6]

The Palestinian Historian Walid Khalidi described the village site in 1992: "The rubble of destroyed village houses is scattered across the site. Some terraces with olive trees remain. Olive trees and cactuses grow on the site and the surrounding lands. Some small portions of these lands are wooded but most are used for pasture."[25]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.197
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 72
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69
  4. ^ a b c Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #51. Also gives cause of depopulation
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Khalidi, 1992, p.450
  7. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 222
  8. ^ "Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 276–277, 20 March 2023, doi:10.1515/9783110715774, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 5 February 2024
  9. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 179. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 450
  10. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  11. ^ HaReuveni (1999), p. 327
  12. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 165 22 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 136
  14. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 453
  15. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 197-198. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 450.
  16. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 189
  17. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  18. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 106
  19. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118
  20. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 249, note 693
  21. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 251, note 710
  22. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 252, note 712. The other villages mentioned are Al-Muftakhira, Al-Hamra', Al-Zuq al-Tahtani, Al-Salihiyya and Al-'Abisiyya.
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 251-2, note 713
  24. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 252, note 714
  25. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 450-451

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.
  • HaReuveni, Immanuel (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Rhode, H. (1979). . Columbia University. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.

External links edit

May 09, 2024
arabic, فرعم, palestinian, arab, village, safad, subdistrict, that, depopulated, during, 1948, palestine, first, attacked, during, 1947, 1948, civil, mandatory, palestine, 1948, palmach, first, battalion, during, operation, yiftach, 1945, population, been, فرع. Fir im Arabic فرعم was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict that was depopulated during the 1948 Palestine war It was first attacked during the 1947 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 2 1948 by the Palmach s First Battalion during Operation Yiftach In 1945 the population had been 740 Fir im فرعمFeram 1 VillageEtymology from personal name 2 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Fir im click the buttons Fir imLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 32 59 07 N 35 31 59 E 32 98528 N 35 53306 E 32 98528 35 53306Palestine grid200 265Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictSafadDate of depopulationMay 26 1948 5 Area 3 Total2 023 dunams 2 023 km2 or 500 acres Population 1945 Total740 3 4 Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesHatzor HaGlilit Contents 1 Location 2 History 2 1 Ottoman era 2 2 British Mandate era 2 3 1948 and aftermath 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksLocation editFir im was located 4 kilometers 2 5 mi northeast of Safad It was situated on the southeastern slope of Mount Kan an and overlooked land between Lake Tiberias and Lake Hula 6 History editAn archaeological site near Fir im contained the ruins of buildings and rock hewn tombs 6 In the late 19th century remains of ancient structures built into the modern buildings were observed 7 In 1964 a resident of Afula reported the discovery of an intricately inscribed limestone lintel featuring a bilingual Aramaic Greek funerary inscription dedicated to Yosef son of ʿUzi יוסף בר עוזי He said he had found it at Fir im years earlier Triglyphs divide the lintel with a rosette on the right and a Jewish script inscription on the left presented in tabula ansata Below the Jewish script a Greek inscription is also in tabula ansata 8 Ottoman era edit According to the Ottomans 1596 tax records Fir im belonged to the nahiya subdistrict of Jira in the Safad Sanjak and had a 72 households and 9 bachelors an estimated population of 446 all Muslim The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25 on various agricultural product such as wheat barley olives goats beehives and a press that was used for processing either olives or grapes total of 6 222 akce 9 10 According to HaReuveni Jews also lived in Fir im in the 16th century and the son of Rabbi Yom Tov Tzahalon died there 11 The village appeared under the name of Farhan on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon s invasion of 1799 12 In 1838 it was noted as Fur am a Muslim village located in the el Khait district 13 In 1875 Victor Guerin noted that the village contained about twenty houses 14 In 1881 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine described Fir im as a stone built village situated at the end of a ridge The villagers who were Muslim numbered about 200 and cultivated olives and figs 15 A population list from about 1887 showed Fe ram to have about 765 Muslim inhabitants 16 British Mandate era edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Fer em had a population of 449 all Muslims 17 increasing in the 1931 census to 527 still all Muslims in a total of 109 houses 18 Most of the stone houses in the village were densely situated in a northwest southeast order 6 The village had a village council and an elementary school for boys 6 The village economy was based on agriculture fruit was the main crop followed by grain The village also had two olive presses 6 In the 1945 statistics the population was 740 Muslims 4 and the total land area was 2 023 dunums 3 Of this 700 dunams 0 70 km2 0 27 sq mi was allocated to cereal farming while 935 dunams 0 935 km2 0 361 sq mi were used for plantations or were irrigated 4 6 19 1948 and aftermath edit The village was attacked by forces from the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah on the night of 2 May 1948 The attack called Operation Yiftach was led by Yigal Allon In the operation the villages of Ein al Zeitun and Biriyya were conquered while the villages of Fir im Qabba a and Mughr al Khayt were intimidated with mortar barrages which precipitated mass evacuation 20 However the villagers soon began to return only to find that Fir im was torched by Palmach forces on 22 May 21 During late May it was reported that hungry refugees once again began to drift back to their old villages including Fir im Mainly the villagers tried to harvest their crops and many erected temporary shelters outside their old villages from where they could reach their crops and were relatively inaccessible to Israeli troops 22 The Haganah acted to curb this and on 24 May they started the systematic torching of the villages of the Hula Valley 23 By late June 1948 Israeli military intelligence reported somewhat inaccurately according to Morris that All the Arab villages in the Safad area as far northwestward as Sasa were empty 24 Today the settlement of Hatzor HaGlilit Chatzor ha Gelilit established in 1953 is situated about 1 kilometer southeast of where the village stood 6 The Palestinian Historian Walid Khalidi described the village site in 1992 The rubble of destroyed village houses is scattered across the site Some terraces with olive trees remain Olive trees and cactuses grow on the site and the surrounding lands Some small portions of these lands are wooded but most are used for pasture 25 See also editEin al Zeitun massacreReferences edit Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 197 Palmer 1881 p 72 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 69 a b c Department of Statistics 1945 p 9 Morris 2004 p xvi village 51 Also gives cause of depopulation a b c d e f g Khalidi 1992 p 450 Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 222 Volume 5 Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions 5876 6924 Volume 5 Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions 5876 6924 De Gruyter pp 276 277 20 March 2023 doi 10 1515 9783110715774 ISBN 978 3 11 071577 4 retrieved 5 February 2024 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 179 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 450 Note that Rhode 1979 p 6 Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hutteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595 6 but from 1548 9 HaReuveni 1999 p 327 Karmon 1960 p 165 Archived 22 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Robinson and Smith vol 3 2nd appendix p 136 Guerin 1880 p 453 Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I pp 197 198 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 450 Schumacher 1888 p 189 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Safad p 41 Mills 1932 p 106 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 118 Morris 2004 p 249 note 693 Morris 2004 p 251 note 710 Morris 2004 p 252 note 712 The other villages mentioned are Al Muftakhira Al Hamra Al Zuq al Tahtani Al Salihiyya and Al Abisiyya Morris 2004 pp 251 2 note 713 Morris 2004 p 252 note 714 Khalidi 1992 p 450 451Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 1 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Government of Palestine Guerin V 1880 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 3 Galilee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre HaReuveni Immanuel 1999 Lexicon of the Land of Israel in Hebrew Miskal Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books ISBN 965 448 413 7 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 22 December 2019 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Rhode H 1979 Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century Columbia University Archived from the original on 20 April 2019 Retrieved 2 December 2017 Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 3 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 External links editWelcome To Fir im Fir im Zochrot Fir im Dr Khalil Rizk Survey of Western Palestine Map 4 IAA Wikimedia commons Fir im at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fir 27im amp oldid 1215255376, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.