Liao claimed 800,000[2][7] but the number is believed to be much lower.
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Unknown
In 993, the Liao dynasty invaded Goryeo's northwest border with an army that the Liao commander claimed to number 800,000, demanding Goryeo cede territories along the Yalu River.[2][7] Goryeo appealed for assistance from the Song dynasty, with whom they had a military alliance, but no Song assistance came. After the initial battles, the Khitans made steady southward progress before reaching the Cheongcheon River, at which point they called for negotiations with Goryeo military leadership. While the Khitans initially demanded total surrender from Goryeo, and Goryeo initially appeared willing to consider it, So Hui was eventually able to convince the Khitans to accept Goryeo as a tributary state instead. By 994, regular diplomatic exchanges between the Khitans and Goryeo began.[8]
They forced Goryeo to end its tributary relations with the Song dynasty, to become a Liao tributary state and to adopt Liao's calendar.[1][2][3][4][5][6] With Goryeo's agreement of these requirements, Liao forces withdrew. The Liao dynasty gave Goryeo permission to incorporate the land along the border of the two states, which was occupied by Jurchen tribes that were troublesome to Liao, up to the Yalu River.[9][10] In spite of the settlement, Goryeo continued to communicate with the Song dynasty,[11] having strengthened its defenses by building fortresses in the newly gained northern territories.[2]
^ abHatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969, p. 52: "In the thirteenth year of the reign of King Sŏngjong (994), Koryŏ submitted to the Khitan and adopted their calendar".
^ abEbrey & Walthall 2014, [1], p. 171, at Google Books: Liao forces invaded Goryeo territory in 993. Instead of pushing for total victory, the Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song (a violation of King Taejo’s testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan)."
^ abSimons 1995, p. 95: "In 994, during the reign of King Songjong, Koryo was forced to acknowledged the dominance of Khitan".
^Yun 1998, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sô Hûi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch’ôngch’ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory."
^Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.102: "Until the 980s Khitan-Koryǒ relations had been at arm’s length, for the Jurchen tribes and Ting-an had provided a buffer zone between Koryǒ's northern frontier and the Liao border". p.103: "Koryǒ was left free to deal with the Jurchen tribes south of the Yalu Valley".
^Hyun 2013, p.106: "Even though the Goryeo court agreed to set up tribute exchanges with the Liao court, that same year [=994] it also sent an envoy to the Song court to appeal, but in vain, for military assistance against the Khitan."
Referencesedit
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014), Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, ISBN978-1-133-60651-2.
Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969), A History of Korea, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, ISBN0-87436-064-1.
Hyun, Jeongwon (2013), Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century (Thesis (Ph.D.)), University of Washington, hdl:1773/24231.
Nahm, Andrew C. (1988), Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, ISBN0-930878-56-6.
Simons, Geoff (1995), Korea: The Search for Sovereignty, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, ISBN0-312-12531-3.
Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994), "The Liao", in Franke, Herbert; Twitchettr Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, ISBN0-521-24331-9.
Yun, Peter I. (1998), Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600 (Thesis (Ph.D.)), University of California, Los Angeles, ISBN9780599031203.
January 01, 1970
first, conflict, goryeo, khitan, first, goryeo, khitan, chinese, 第一次高麗契丹戰爭, korean, 제1차, 고려, 거란, 전쟁, 10th, century, conflict, between, goryeo, dynasty, korea, khitan, liao, dynasty, china, near, what, border, between, china, north, korea, occurred, first, gory. The First Goryeo Khitan War Chinese 第一次高麗契丹戰爭 Korean 제1차 고려 거란 전쟁 was a 10th century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea It occurred in 993 and was the first of the Goryeo Khitan Wars which were continued with the Second Goryeo Khitan War 1010 and Third Goryeo Khitan War 1018 First Goryeo Khitan WarPart of Goryeo Khitan WarsDateNovember 993 December 993LocationNorthern Korean PeninsulaResultDiplomatic resolution Liao dynasty withdraws after achieving strategic goal without resorting to combat Goryeo became a Liao tributary 1 2 and adopted their calendar in 994 3 4 5 6 Liao gave Goryeo permission to incorporate the land between the border of Liao and Goryeo And Goryeo fortifies the area to counter the Liao dynasty BelligerentsGoryeoLiao DynastyCommanders and leadersSo HuiTae TosuXiao XunningStrengthUnknownLiao claimed 800 000 2 7 but the number is believed to be much lower Casualties and lossesUnknownUnknown In 993 the Liao dynasty invaded Goryeo s northwest border with an army that the Liao commander claimed to number 800 000 demanding Goryeo cede territories along the Yalu River 2 7 Goryeo appealed for assistance from the Song dynasty with whom they had a military alliance but no Song assistance came After the initial battles the Khitans made steady southward progress before reaching the Cheongcheon River at which point they called for negotiations with Goryeo military leadership While the Khitans initially demanded total surrender from Goryeo and Goryeo initially appeared willing to consider it So Hui was eventually able to convince the Khitans to accept Goryeo as a tributary state instead By 994 regular diplomatic exchanges between the Khitans and Goryeo began 8 They forced Goryeo to end its tributary relations with the Song dynasty to become a Liao tributary state and to adopt Liao s calendar 1 2 3 4 5 6 With Goryeo s agreement of these requirements Liao forces withdrew The Liao dynasty gave Goryeo permission to incorporate the land along the border of the two states which was occupied by Jurchen tribes that were troublesome to Liao up to the Yalu River 9 10 In spite of the settlement Goryeo continued to communicate with the Song dynasty 11 having strengthened its defenses by building fortresses in the newly gained northern territories 2 See also editGoryeo Khitan War Second Goryeo Khitan War Third Goryeo Khitan War History of KoreaNotes edit a b Hyun 2013 p 106 the Khitan army attacked Goryeo who was forced to accept the status of a Liao tributary in 994 a b c d e Twitchett amp Tietze 1994 p 103 a b Yun 1998 pp 63 65 a b Hatada Smith Jr amp Hazard 1969 p 52 In the thirteenth year of the reign of King Sŏngjong 994 Koryŏ submitted to the Khitan and adopted their calendar a b Ebrey amp Walthall 2014 1 p 171 at Google Books Liao forces invaded Goryeo territory in 993 Instead of pushing for total victory the Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song a violation of King Taejo s testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan a b Simons 1995 p 95 In 994 during the reign of King Songjong Koryo was forced to acknowledged the dominance of Khitan a b Nahm 1988 p 89 Twitchett amp Tietze 1994 p 103 104 Yun 1998 p 64 By the end of the negotiation So Hui had ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch ongch on and Amnok Rivers into Koryo territory Twitchett amp Tietze 1994 p 102 Until the 980s Khitan Koryǒ relations had been at arm s length for the Jurchen tribes and Ting an had provided a buffer zone between Koryǒ s northern frontier and the Liao border p 103 Koryǒ was left free to deal with the Jurchen tribes south of the Yalu Valley Hyun 2013 p 106 Even though the Goryeo court agreed to set up tribute exchanges with the Liao court that same year 994 it also sent an envoy to the Song court to appeal but in vain for military assistance against the Khitan References editEbrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne 2014 Pre Modern East Asia To 1800 A Cultural Social and Political History Third Edition Boston MA Wadsworth Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 133 60651 2 Hatada Takashi Smith Jr Warren W Hazard Benjamin H 1969 A History of Korea Santa Barbara CA ABC Clio ISBN 0 87436 064 1 Hyun Jeongwon 2013 Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century Thesis Ph D University of Washington hdl 1773 24231 Nahm Andrew C 1988 Korea Tradition amp Transformation A History of the Korean People Elizabeth NJ Hollym ISBN 0 930878 56 6 Simons Geoff 1995 Korea The Search for Sovereignty New York NY St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 12531 3 Twitchett Denis Tietze Klaus Peter 1994 The Liao in Franke Herbert Twitchettr Denis eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 6 Alien Regime and Border States 907 1368 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 43 153 ISBN 0 521 24331 9 Yun Peter I 1998 Rethinking the Tribute System Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations 600 1600 Thesis Ph D University of California Los Angeles ISBN 9780599031203 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title First conflict in the Goryeo Khitan War amp oldid 1184295737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
