The Emirate of Diriyah (Arabic: إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ), also known as the First Saudi State,[1] was established in February 1727 (1139 AH).[2][3] In 1744, the emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula.[4]
The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Furthermore, Saud's forces brought the highlands of 'Asir under their suzerainty, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi'aholy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5000 civilians.[5] In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.
Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule.[6]Ta'if was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.
Decline of sovereigntyedit
The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah bin Saud, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.[7] Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital Istanbul with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus, marking the end of what was known as the First Saudi State.[8] However, both the Wahhabi sect and the remaining members of the Al Saud clan stayed committed. They founded a Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891, and later a third state, Saudi Arabia, which the Al Saud continue to rule up to the present day.[9]
^"Karbala". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
^Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Islam Life online magazine
^Abdullah bin Saud's capture 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource
^Abdullah bin Saud's execution 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource
^House of Saud Revivals 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource
Further readingedit
William Facey; Philip Hawkins (10 March 1997). Dirʻīyyah and the first Saudi state. Stacey International. ISBN978-0-905743-80-6. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
emirate, diriyah, arabic, ار, الد, also, known, first, saudi, state, established, february, 1727, 1139, 1744, emir, najdi, town, called, diriyah, muhammad, saud, religious, leader, muhammad, wahhab, formed, alliance, found, socio, religious, reform, movement, . The Emirate of Diriyah Arabic إ م ار ة الد ر ع ي ة also known as the First Saudi State 1 was established in February 1727 1139 AH 2 3 In 1744 the emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah Muhammad bin Saud and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab formed an alliance to found a socio religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula 4 Emirate of Dir iyahإ م ار ة الد ر ع ي ة Arabic 1727 1818Flag of the Emirate of DiriyahExpansion of the Emirate of Diriyah from 1744 to 1814StatusEmirateCapitalDiriyahCommon languagesArabicReligionSunni IslamDemonym s ArabianEmir 1727 1765Muhammad I 1765 1803Abdulaziz I 1803 1814Saud II 1814 1818Abdullah IHistory Diriyah agreement1727 Ottoman Saudi War1818CurrencyDiriyah RiyalPreceded by Succeeded by Sheikhdom of Diriyah Hejaz Eyalet Bani Khalid Emirate Omani Empire Yemeni Zaidi State Egypt Eyalet Emirate of Nejd Mu ammarid Imamate Contents 1 History 1 1 Early establishment 1 2 Decline of sovereignty 2 List of rulers 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory editEarly establishment edit The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman Furthermore Saud s forces brought the highlands of Asir under their suzerainty while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad After many military campaigns Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765 leaving the leadership to his son Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Saud s forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi a holy city of Karbala in 1801 Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5000 civilians 5 In retribution Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803 having followed him back to Najd Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792 In 1803 eleven years after his death the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Saud bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule 6 Ta if was the first city to be captured and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517 Decline of sovereignty edit The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha by the Ottomans This initiated the Ottoman Saudi War in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea His son Ibrahim Pasha then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd capturing town after town Saud s successor his son Abdullah bin Saud was unable to prevent the recapture of the region 7 Finally Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818 Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital Istanbul Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital Istanbul with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus marking the end of what was known as the First Saudi State 8 However both the Wahhabi sect and the remaining members of the Al Saud clan stayed committed They founded a Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891 and later a third state Saudi Arabia which the Al Saud continue to rule up to the present day 9 List of rulers editMain article List of rulers of Saudi Arabia nbsp Image of Abdullah bin Saud Emir Muhammad bin Saud 1727 1765 1139 1179 H Emir Abdulaziz bin Muhammad 1765 1803 1179 1218 H Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz 1803 1814 1218 1229 H Emir Abdullah bin Saud 1814 1818 1229 1233 H See also editSaudi Founding Day List of Sunni Muslim dynastiesReferences edit James Norman Dalrymple Anderson The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Stacey International 1983 p 77 Saudi Arabia to commemorate Founding Day on Feb 22 annually Royal order Al Arabiya English 27 January 2022 Retrieved 15 February 2022 History of the Kingdom kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Foreign Affairs www mofa gov sa Retrieved 15 February 2022 Madawi Al Rasheed 2010 A History of Saudi Arabia Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 74754 7 Karbala iranicaonline org Retrieved 14 November 2017 Sauds s campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Islam Life online magazine Abdullah bin Saud s capture Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource Abdullah bin Saud s execution Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource House of Saud Revivals Archived 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information ResourceFurther reading editWilliam Facey Philip Hawkins 10 March 1997 Dirʻiyyah and the first Saudi state Stacey International ISBN 978 0 905743 80 6 Retrieved 26 December 2011 24 44 N 46 34 E 24 733 N 46 567 E 24 733 46 567 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emirate of Diriyah amp oldid 1222635355, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
