Late in June 1990, Albanian members of the provincial assembly proposed a vote on whether to form an independent republic; the ethnic Serb president of the assembly immediately shut it down and promised to reopen the assembly on 2 July, which was later postponed.
On 2 July, the vast majority of Albanian members of the Provincial Assembly returned to the Assembly, but it had been locked; so in the street outside they voted to declare Kosovo a Republic within the Yugoslav federation.[2] The Serbian government responded by dissolving the Assembly and the government of Kosovo, removing any remaining autonomy. The Serb government then passed another law on labour relations which dismissed another 80,000 Albanian workers.
Ethnic Albanian members of the now officially dissolved Kosovo Assembly met in secret in Kaçanik on 7 September and declared the "Republic of Kosova" in which laws from Yugoslavia would only be valid if compatible with the Republic's constitution. The assembly went on to declare the "Republic of Kosova" an independent state on 22 September 1991.[3] This declaration was endorsed by 99% of voters in an unofficial referendum held a few days later.[4] The Republic of Kosova received diplomatic recognition from Albania.
Parallel structuresedit
Kosovo Albanians organized a resistance movement, creating a number of parallel structures in education, medical care, and taxation.[5] New schools opened, with houses being turned into facilities for schools, including high schools and universities. And on parallel elections, new leaders were elected, forming a new country within a country. Because of the repression, the new government had its seat in exile. There was a parallel football league, following all the sports men and women being expelled from the stadiums and sports facilities.[6][7]
From 1995 onwards, tensions in the region escalated leading to the Kosovo War which began in February 1998,[8][9][10][11] fought between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) guerrilla force.[12] The KLA-led campaign continued into January 1999 and was brought to the attention of the world media by the Račak massacre, the mass killing of about 45 Albanians (Including 9 KLA insurgents)[13] by Serbian security forces.[14] An international conference was held in Rambouillet, France later that spring and resulted in a proposed peace agreement (the Rambouillet Agreement) which was accepted by the ethnic Albanian side but rejected by the Yugoslav government.[15]
The failure of the talks at Rambouillet resulted in a NATO air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia lasting from 24 March to 11 June when the Yugoslav authorities signed a military technical agreement allowing NATO peacekeepers (KFOR) and an international civilian mission (UNMIK) to enter Kosovo.
UNMIK assumed control of Kosovo. Provisional Institutions of Self-Government were established to allow Kosovo political and community leaders to be represented in decisions. The KLA was disbanded and replaced by the Kosovo Protection Corps, a lightly armed civilian emergency response organization.
^. keshilliministrave.al. 2008-02-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
^Malcolm, Noel (1999). Kosovo: a short history. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 346. ISBN9780060977757.
^Vidmar, Jure (2021). "International Legal Responses to Kosovo's Declaration of Independence". Vanderbilt Law Review. 42 (3): 779. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Müller, Beat (30 September 1991). "Kosovo (Jugoslawien), 30 September 1991: Unabhängigkeit". sudd.ch (in German). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Clark, Howard (2000). Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto Press. p. Back side. ISBN0745315690.
^Demi, Agron (19 April 2018). "How to build a parallel state". prishtinainsight.com. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Pula, Besnik (1 January 2004). "The emergence of the Kosovo "parallel state," 1988–1992". Nationalities Papers. 32 (4): 797–826. doi:10.1080/0090599042000296131. S2CID 154818009. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). The Kosovo Report(PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN9780199243099.
^Quackenbush, Stephen L. (2015). International Conflict: Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 202. ISBN9781452240985.
^Association of the United States Army (June 1999). "Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^"Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). June 1999. (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
^Glenny, Misha (2012). The Balkans. USA: Penguin Books. p. 652. ISBN9780142422564.
^Strauss, Julius (30 June 2001). "Massacre that started long haul to justice". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Suy, Eric (2000). "NATO's Intervention in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". Leiden Journal of International Law. 13 (1): 193–205. doi:10.1017/S0922156500000133. S2CID 145232986. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^"Alternative government: Republic of Kosovo". WorldStatesmen.org. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
Sourcesedit
Booksedit
Judah, Tim (2000). Kosovo: War and Revenge. Yale University Press. ISBN0300097255. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
October 29, 2023
republic, kosova, present, partially, recognised, state, kosovo, other, uses, kosova, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, ch. For the present day partially recognised state see Kosovo For other uses see Kosova disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Republic of Kosova news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Republic of Kosova Albanian Republika e Kosoves or First Republic of Kosovo was a self declared proto state in Southeastern Europe established in 1991 1 During its peak it tried to establish its own parallel political institutions in opposition to the institutions of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija held by Yugoslavia s Republic of Serbia Republic of KosovaRepublika e Kosoves1991 1999Flag Coat of armsAnthem Himni i Flamurit Hymn to the Flag Location of the Republic of Kosova in relation to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1999 StatusRecognised only by AlbaniaCapitalPristinaCommon languagesAlbanian official GovernmentRepublicPresident 1992 2000Ibrahim RugovaPrime Minister 1990 1991Jusuf Zejnullahu 1991 2000Bujar BukoshiHistorical eraYugoslav Wars Established22 September 1991 Disestablished10 June 1999Population 19952 100 000CurrencyYugoslav dinarAlbanian lekDeutsche MarkPreceded by Succeeded bySocialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo United Nations Administered KosovoToday part ofKosovoThe flag used by the Republic of Kosova was very similar to the flag of Albania depicting the same symbol on the same coloured background Contents 1 History 1 1 Proclamation 1 2 Parallel structures 1 3 NATO intervention 2 Government 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 5 1 BooksHistory editFurther information Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija Proclamation edit Late in June 1990 Albanian members of the provincial assembly proposed a vote on whether to form an independent republic the ethnic Serb president of the assembly immediately shut it down and promised to reopen the assembly on 2 July which was later postponed On 2 July the vast majority of Albanian members of the Provincial Assembly returned to the Assembly but it had been locked so in the street outside they voted to declare Kosovo a Republic within the Yugoslav federation 2 The Serbian government responded by dissolving the Assembly and the government of Kosovo removing any remaining autonomy The Serb government then passed another law on labour relations which dismissed another 80 000 Albanian workers Ethnic Albanian members of the now officially dissolved Kosovo Assembly met in secret in Kacanik on 7 September and declared the Republic of Kosova in which laws from Yugoslavia would only be valid if compatible with the Republic s constitution The assembly went on to declare the Republic of Kosova an independent state on 22 September 1991 3 This declaration was endorsed by 99 of voters in an unofficial referendum held a few days later 4 The Republic of Kosova received diplomatic recognition from Albania Parallel structures edit Kosovo Albanians organized a resistance movement creating a number of parallel structures in education medical care and taxation 5 New schools opened with houses being turned into facilities for schools including high schools and universities And on parallel elections new leaders were elected forming a new country within a country Because of the repression the new government had its seat in exile There was a parallel football league following all the sports men and women being expelled from the stadiums and sports facilities 6 7 NATO intervention edit Main article Kosovo War From 1995 onwards tensions in the region escalated leading to the Kosovo War which began in February 1998 8 9 10 11 fought between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army KLA guerrilla force 12 The KLA led campaign continued into January 1999 and was brought to the attention of the world media by the Racak massacre the mass killing of about 45 Albanians Including 9 KLA insurgents 13 by Serbian security forces 14 An international conference was held in Rambouillet France later that spring and resulted in a proposed peace agreement the Rambouillet Agreement which was accepted by the ethnic Albanian side but rejected by the Yugoslav government 15 The failure of the talks at Rambouillet resulted in a NATO air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia lasting from 24 March to 11 June when the Yugoslav authorities signed a military technical agreement allowing NATO peacekeepers KFOR and an international civilian mission UNMIK to enter Kosovo UNMIK assumed control of Kosovo Provisional Institutions of Self Government were established to allow Kosovo political and community leaders to be represented in decisions The KLA was disbanded and replaced by the Kosovo Protection Corps a lightly armed civilian emergency response organization Government editPosition Name Period Notes RefPresident Ibrahim Rugova 1992 2000 In exile in Italy from 5 May to 15 July 1999 16 Prime MinisterBujar Bukoshi 1991 2000 In exile in Ljubljana then from May 1992 to Aug 1999 in BonnHashim Thaci 1999 2000 Provisional Prime Minister in oppositionChairman of the Assembly Ilaz Ramajli 1990 1992See also editArmed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo Kosovo Liberation ArmyReferences edit Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law which recognized the Republic of Kosova keshilliministrave al 2008 02 18 Archived from the original on 2012 03 16 Retrieved 2020 02 06 Malcolm Noel 1999 Kosovo a short history New York HarperPerennial p 346 ISBN 9780060977757 Vidmar Jure 2021 International Legal Responses to Kosovo s Declaration of Independence Vanderbilt Law Review 42 3 779 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Muller Beat 30 September 1991 Kosovo Jugoslawien 30 September 1991 Unabhangigkeit sudd ch in German Retrieved 17 January 2023 Clark Howard 2000 Civil Resistance in Kosovo London Pluto Press p Back side ISBN 0745315690 Demi Agron 19 April 2018 How to build a parallel state prishtinainsight com Retrieved 17 January 2023 Pula Besnik 1 January 2004 The emergence of the Kosovo parallel state 1988 1992 Nationalities Papers 32 4 797 826 doi 10 1080 0090599042000296131 S2CID 154818009 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo Report PDF Oxford Oxford University Press p 2 ISBN 9780199243099 Quackenbush Stephen L 2015 International Conflict Logic and Evidence Los Angeles Sage p 202 ISBN 9781452240985 Association of the United States Army June 1999 Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo PDF Retrieved 17 January 2023 Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo PDF June 1999 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 06 25 Retrieved 2020 08 08 Glenny Misha 2012 The Balkans USA Penguin Books p 652 ISBN 9780142422564 Judah 2000 p 193 Strauss Julius 30 June 2001 Massacre that started long haul to justice Telegraph co uk Retrieved 17 January 2023 Suy Eric 2000 NATO s Intervention in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Leiden Journal of International Law 13 1 193 205 doi 10 1017 S0922156500000133 S2CID 145232986 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Alternative government Republic of Kosovo WorldStatesmen org Retrieved 17 January 2023 Sources editBooks edit Judah Tim 2000 Kosovo War and Revenge Yale University Press ISBN 0300097255 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of Kosova amp oldid 1180407817, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
