The First Carnatic War (1740–1748) was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars that established early British dominance on the east coast of the Indian subcontinent. In this conflict the British and French East India Companies vied with each other on land for control of their respective trading posts at Madras, Pondicherry, and Cuddalore, while naval forces of France and Britain engaged each other off the coast. The war set the stage for the rapid growth of French hegemony in southern India under the command of French Governor-General Joseph François Dupleix in the Second Carnatic War.
In 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Company, and began using it to expand its imperial interests. This became a source of conflict with the British in India with the entry of Britain into the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744.[1] Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to request additional forces.[2] This resulted in the despatch of a fleet under La Bourdonnais that arrived in 1746. In July of that year La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam, after which La Bourdonnais put in at Pondicherry for repairs and strategising with Dupleix. The fleets met again on 19 August, but Peyton refused battle, recognising that La Bourdonnais had acquired additional guns at Pondicherry, and retreated to Bengal. On 4 September 1746, La Bourdonnais led an attack on Madras. After several days of bombardment the British surrendered and the French entered the city.[3] The British leadership was taken prisoner and sent to Pondicherry. It was originally agreed that the town would be restored to the British after negotiation but this was opposed by Dupleix, who sought to annex Madras to French holdings.[4] The remaining British residents were asked to take an oath promising not to take up arms against the French; a handful refused, among them a young Robert Clive, and were kept under weak guard as the French prepared to destroy the fort. Disguising themselves as natives, Clive and three others eluded their inattentive sentry, slipped out of the fort, and made their way to Fort St. David (the British post at Cuddalore), some 110 miles (180 km) to the south.[5][6] Dupleix, in the meantime, had before the assault promised to turn over Fort St. George to the Nawab of the CarnaticAnwaruddin Khan, but refused to do so.
Anwaruddin responded by sending a 10,000-man army to take the fort from Dupleix by force. Dupleix, who had lost the support of La Bourdonnais over the status of Madras, had only 930 French troops. In the Battle of Adyar this small force successfully repulsed the attacks of Anwaruddin's army.
British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in late 1748
Dupleix then launched an assault on Fort St. David. Stung by his defeat at Adyar, Anwaruddin sent his son Muhammed Ali to assist the British in the defence of Cuddalore, and was instrumental in holding off a French attack in December 1746. Over the next few months Anwaruddin and Dupleix had made peace, and the Carnatic troops were withdrawn.
The French, under the command of De Brurie, launched another attempt to take Fort St. David, forcing the British defenders inside the fort's walls. The timely counterattack by the British and the Nawab, however, turned the tables and prompted the French to withdraw to Pondicherry.[7]
In 1748 Major Stringer Lawrence arrived to take command of the British troops at Fort St. David.[8] With the arrival of reinforcements from Europe, the British besieged Pondicherry in late 1748. Clive distinguished himself in successfully defending a trench against a French sortie: one witness of the action wrote "[Clive's] platoon, animated by his exhortation, fired again with new courage and great vivacity upon the enemy."[9] The siege was lifted in October 1748 with the arrival of the monsoons, and the war came to a conclusion with the arrival in December of news of the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Under its terms Madras was returned to British control.
Consequences
The power of a small number of heavily-trained French and French trained Indian troops over larger Indian formations using older military tactics was not lost on Joseph Dupleix, and over the next several years he capitalised on this advantage to greatly expand French influence in south India. In the Second Carnatic War (1748–1754) he took advantage of struggles for succession to the Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of the Carnatic to establish strong French influence over a number of states in south India. The British East India Company, in contrast, did little to expand its own influence and only weakly attempted to oppose Dupleix's expansive activities. Robert Clive recognised that this threatened the entire livelihood of the Company in the area, and in 1751 engaged in a series of celebrated military exploits that cemented British control over Madras by the end of that conflict. There were no territorial gains for either the British or the French and the former territories were restored to these two parties.[10] The war had also enhanced the prestige of the French in the Carnatic Region.[10]
Malleson, George (1893). Lord Clive. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 2143228.
March 05, 2023
first, carnatic, also, siege, trichinopoly, 1743, part, austrian, successionand, carnatic, warsthe, british, surrender, madras, 1746date1744, 1748locationcarnatic, region, south, indiaresultmughal, allied, victory, territorialchangesstatus, ante, bellumbellige. See also Siege of Trichinopoly 1743 First Carnatic WarPart of the War of the Austrian Successionand the Carnatic WarsThe British surrender of Madras 1746Date1744 1748LocationCarnatic region South IndiaResultMughal allied victory how Territorialchangesstatus quo ante bellumBelligerentsMughal Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Nawab of CarnaticKingdom of France French East India CompanyKingdom of Great Britain British East India CompanyCommanders and leadersAnwaruddin KhanMuhammad Ali Khan WallajahJoseph Francois DupleixBertrand Francois Mahe de La BourdonnaisStringer LawrenceEdward PeytonEdward Boscawen The First Carnatic War 1740 1748 was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars that established early British dominance on the east coast of the Indian subcontinent In this conflict the British and French East India Companies vied with each other on land for control of their respective trading posts at Madras Pondicherry and Cuddalore while naval forces of France and Britain engaged each other off the coast The war set the stage for the rapid growth of French hegemony in southern India under the command of French Governor General Joseph Francois Dupleix in the Second Carnatic War Contents 1 Course of the war 2 Consequences 3 Naval Forces 3 1 French Royal Navy 3 2 British Royal Navy 4 Notes 5 ReferencesCourse of the war EditFor details on the European causes of the war see War of the Austrian Succession In 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Company and began using it to expand its imperial interests This became a source of conflict with the British in India with the entry of Britain into the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744 1 Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745 which led the French Governor General Dupleix to request additional forces 2 This resulted in the despatch of a fleet under La Bourdonnais that arrived in 1746 In July of that year La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam after which La Bourdonnais put in at Pondicherry for repairs and strategising with Dupleix The fleets met again on 19 August but Peyton refused battle recognising that La Bourdonnais had acquired additional guns at Pondicherry and retreated to Bengal On 4 September 1746 La Bourdonnais led an attack on Madras After several days of bombardment the British surrendered and the French entered the city 3 The British leadership was taken prisoner and sent to Pondicherry It was originally agreed that the town would be restored to the British after negotiation but this was opposed by Dupleix who sought to annex Madras to French holdings 4 The remaining British residents were asked to take an oath promising not to take up arms against the French a handful refused among them a young Robert Clive and were kept under weak guard as the French prepared to destroy the fort Disguising themselves as natives Clive and three others eluded their inattentive sentry slipped out of the fort and made their way to Fort St David the British post at Cuddalore some 110 miles 180 km to the south 5 6 Dupleix in the meantime had before the assault promised to turn over Fort St George to the Nawab of the Carnatic Anwaruddin Khan but refused to do so Anwaruddin responded by sending a 10 000 man army to take the fort from Dupleix by force Dupleix who had lost the support of La Bourdonnais over the status of Madras had only 930 French troops In the Battle of Adyar this small force successfully repulsed the attacks of Anwaruddin s army British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in late 1748 Dupleix then launched an assault on Fort St David Stung by his defeat at Adyar Anwaruddin sent his son Muhammed Ali to assist the British in the defence of Cuddalore and was instrumental in holding off a French attack in December 1746 Over the next few months Anwaruddin and Dupleix had made peace and the Carnatic troops were withdrawn The French under the command of De Brurie launched another attempt to take Fort St David forcing the British defenders inside the fort s walls The timely counterattack by the British and the Nawab however turned the tables and prompted the French to withdraw to Pondicherry 7 In 1748 Major Stringer Lawrence arrived to take command of the British troops at Fort St David 8 With the arrival of reinforcements from Europe the British besieged Pondicherry in late 1748 Clive distinguished himself in successfully defending a trench against a French sortie one witness of the action wrote Clive s platoon animated by his exhortation fired again with new courage and great vivacity upon the enemy 9 The siege was lifted in October 1748 with the arrival of the monsoons and the war came to a conclusion with the arrival in December of news of the Peace of Aix la Chapelle Under its terms Madras was returned to British control Consequences EditThe power of a small number of heavily trained French and French trained Indian troops over larger Indian formations using older military tactics was not lost on Joseph Dupleix and over the next several years he capitalised on this advantage to greatly expand French influence in south India In the Second Carnatic War 1748 1754 he took advantage of struggles for succession to the Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of the Carnatic to establish strong French influence over a number of states in south India The British East India Company in contrast did little to expand its own influence and only weakly attempted to oppose Dupleix s expansive activities Robert Clive recognised that this threatened the entire livelihood of the Company in the area and in 1751 engaged in a series of celebrated military exploits that cemented British control over Madras by the end of that conflict There were no territorial gains for either the British or the French and the former territories were restored to these two parties 10 The war had also enhanced the prestige of the French in the Carnatic Region 10 Naval Forces EditFrench Royal Navy Edit The French naval squadron in the East Indies during the war included 11 Commander Bertrand Francois Mahe Comte de La Bourdonnais Original Squadron Achille 74 guns only 70 guns on ship Duc d Orleans 56 guns only 36 guns on ship Bourbon 56 guns only 34 guns on ship Neptune 54 guns only 34 guns on ship Phoenix 54 guns only 34 guns on ship Sainte Louis 44 guns only 30 guns on ship Lys 40 guns only 28 guns on ship Insulaire 30 guns only 26 guns on ship Joining in September Centaure 74 guns Mars 56 guns Brillant 50 guns British Royal Navy Edit The British naval squadron in the East Indies during the war included 12 Commander Rear admiral of the Red Thomas Griffin HMS Princess Mary 60 guns HMS Medway 60 guns HMS Exeter 60 guns HMS York 60 guns HMS Winchester 50 guns HMS Harwich 50 guns HMS Preston 50 guns HMS Eltham 40 guns HMS Pearl 40 guns HMS Medway s Prize 40 guns HMS Lively 20 guns Notes Edit Harvey 1998 p 30 Harvey 1998 p 31 Malleson p 35 Harvey 1998 pp 31 34 Malleson p 38 Harvey 1998 pp 35 36 Naravane M S 2014 Battles of the Honorourable East India Company A P H Publishing Corporation pp 152 154 ISBN 9788131300343 Harvey 1998 p 41 Harvey 1998 p 42 a b Basu Sucharita 2019 Frank Modern Certificate History and Civics Noida Frank Bros and Co p 49 ISBN 978 9386811295 George Nafziger 1 FrenchSquadron in the East Indies 1746 United States Army Combined Arms Center George Nafziger Royal Navy Squadron in the East Indies 1747 United States Army Combined Arms Center References EditHarvey Robert Clive The life and Death of a British Emperor Hodder amp Stoughton 1988 Malleson George 1893 Lord Clive Oxford Clarendon Press OCLC 2143228 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title First Carnatic War amp oldid 1122797830, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
