Primeiro Comando da Capital
Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC; "First Command of the Capital", Portuguese pronunciation: [pɾiˈmejɾu koˈmɐ̃du da kapiˈtaw], 1533) is, according to a 2012 Brazilian Government report, the largest Brazilian criminal organization,[5] with a membership of almost 20,000 members, 6,000 of whom are in prison.[5]
| Founded | 31 August 1993 |
|---|---|
| Founding location | Taubaté prison, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Territory | |
| Ethnicity | Brazilians (predominantly) Paraguayans, Venezuelans, Argentines |
| Membership | 20,000 |
| Leader(s) | [1] |
| Activities | Drug trafficking, terrorism, murder, fraud, pimping, arms trafficking, extortion, assault, money laundering, smuggling, kidnapping, highway robbery, bribery, gambling and human trafficking |
| Allies | Amigos dos Amigos, Terceiro Comando Puro, Hezbollah, 'Ndrangheta, Tren de Aragua |
| Rivals | Terceiro Comando, Comando Vermelho, Família do Norte, Clan Rotela,[2][3][4] Militias |
The criminal organization is based largely in the state of São Paulo and is active in at least 22 of the country's 27 states, as well as in Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia,[5] Chile[6] and the United States[7] Since its inception, PCC has been responsible for several criminal activities such as murders, prison breaks, prison riots, drug trafficking, bank robberies, highway robberies, protection rackets, pimping, kidnappings-for-ransom, money laundering, bribery, coercion, narco-terrorism, and obstruction of justice. The name refers to the state capital, city of São Paulo.
In 2012, a wave of violence in São Paulo killed upwards of 100 people including many police officers allegedly following the breakdown of an informal truce between the gang and the police.[8]
History Edit
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
The PCC was founded on August 31, 1993, by eight prisoners at Taubaté Penitentiary, called Piranhão (Big Piranha) in the state of São Paulo. At the time, this was considered the safest jail in the state.[9]
The group initially got together during a football game. The prisoners had been transferred from the city of São Paulo to the Piranhão as punishment for bad behavior, and they decided to name their team the Capital Command—a name which would stick, as the game was followed by the brutal killing and decapitation of both the deputy director and a prisoner with special privileges. The head of the latter being put on a stake.[10]
The initial members were Misael "Misa" Aparecido da Silva, Wander Eduardo "Cara Gorda" (Fat Face) Ferreira, Antônio Carlos Roberto da Paixão, Isaías "Esquisito" (Weird) Moreira do Nascimento, Ademar "Dafé" dos Santos, Antônio "Bicho Feio" (Ugly Beast) Carlos dos Santos, César "Césinha" (Little César) Augusto Roris da Silva and José "Geleião" (Big Jelly) Márcio Felício.
PCC, which was also formerly referred to as the Party of Crime, and as 15.3.3 (following the order of the letters "P" and "C" in the former Brazilian alphabet, which did not contain the letter "K"), was founded with a clear agenda, to "fight the oppression inside the São Paulo penitentiary system" and to "avenge the death of 111 prisoners," victims of the October 2, 1992 Carandiru massacre, when the São Paulo State Military Police stormed the now-defunct Casa de Detenção and killed the prisoners from the 9th pavilion in the process.
The group made use of the Chinese taititu ("yin yang") symbol as their emblem, saying it represented "a way to balance good and evil with wisdom." In February 2001, Idemir "Sombra" (Shadow) Carlos Ambrósio became the most prominent leader of the organization when he coordinated, by cell phone, simultaneous rebellions in 29 São Paulo state prisons, in which 16 prisoners were killed. "Sombra," also referred to as "father," was beaten to death in the Piranhão five months later by five members of the criminal faction in an internal struggle for the general command of the PCC. The PCC was led by "Geleião" and "Cesinha," responsible for the alliance with another criminal organization, Rio de Janeiro's Comando Vermelho. Following the alliance with Comando Vermelho, the gang adopted Vermelho's far-left beliefs and began advocating for revolution and the destruction of Brazil's capitalist system.[11]
Geleião and Cesinha, from the Bangu Penitentiary where they were held, went on to coordinate violent attacks against public buildings. Considered radicals by another moderate current of the PCC, they used terrorism to intimidate authorities of the prison system and were withdrawn from leadership in November 2002, when the leadership was taken over by the current leader of the organization Marcos "Marcola" Willians Herbas Camacho. The organization then put a death bounty on Geleião and Cesinha, for having testified to the police and for creating the Terceiro Comando da Capital (Third Capital Command, TCC).
Under the leadership of Marcola, also known as "Playboy," currently detained for bank robbery, the PCC took part in the March 2003 murder of Judge Antônio José Machado Dias, who ran the Penitentiary Readaptation Center (CRP) from Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo, currently Brazil's most strict supermax-style prison. The PCC also announced its objective to use prison uprisings as a way to demoralize the government and to destroy the CRP.
The organization is partly funded by its members, called "brothers." They are required to pay a monthly fee of R$50.00 (about US $12.90) while in prison, or R$500.00 (about US $129.00) if they are outside of it. The money is used to buy weapons and drugs, pay lawyers, finance operations and to bail out prisoners connected to the organization.[12] In order to become a member of the PCC, the prospective member needs to be formally introduced by another regular member, taking an oath to follow its 16-clause statute.
The PCC is often said to have a different modus operandi to other criminal cartels, avoiding conflicts with law enforcement that would draw unwanted attention, instead focusing on conducting business operations that extend to money laundering and bribery. However, the group has been responsible for waves of violence on different occasions.[12][13]
Incidents Edit
2006 attacks Edit
Since the beginning of Friday May 12, 2006 there have been 299 attacks against public establishments such as police stations, justice forums, buses, etc.; which are allegedly organized by the PCC. The violence represents the bloodiest assault of its kind in the history of Brazil's richest state, São Paulo. The attacks have apparently been organized by gang members in prison via cell phone.[14]
2012 attacks Edit
By June 2012, another wave of attacks against the police began. In May 28, six PCC members were killed in a shootout with ROTA members. However, investigations later showed that one suspect, 31-year old Anderson Minhano was taken from the scene alive and placed in a ROTA cruiser, where it was discovered that he was wanted for the point-blank murder of a police officer two months earlier. The PCC member was then taken to Ayrton Senna highway where he was tortured and executed on the side of the road, an action witnessed by a civilian passerby. As a result, the PCC leadership ordered retaliation against military police officers, allowing members with debts to the organization to clear their slates by murdering police officers.[15][13]
Throughout the next few months, off-duty police were targeted while driving to and from work, grocery shopping or moonlighting, and buses were set on fire. Police retaliated, with the number of killings by police increasing dramatically, as well as reports of multiple homicides at drug sale points by police vigilante groups.[13]
By December, the wave of violence had subsided. By the end of 2012, 106 police officers[16] had been killed throughout the year, with 775[17] civilians being killed as a result of police intervention, 84 of those by ROTA.[18]
2013 activity Edit
This section needs to be updated. (July 2023) |
Even though no more attacks have happened, police reports point out that behind the scenes PCC is getting stronger and bigger. They operate in almost every Brazilian state, and commanding minor gangs in those places. Activity in other countries of South America also takes place. The reports also show that other uprisings were planned, but taken down by the State police. They also plan on running elections for the Congress, and have planned attacks to the Governor of the State of São Paulo, Geraldo Alckmin, who's been working hard to dismantle the gang.
Reports by the end of 2013 show that PCC's influence has reached Rio de Janeiro and they have taken control of the factions that command the city's drug market. The factions Comando Vermelho (Red Command), Amigos dos Amigos (Friends of the Friends) and Terceiro Comando (Third Command) are now ruled by PCC, whose order has been to stop fights between the factions, and increase the crack market, as that drug's selling was not well seen by Rio's gangs.
Paraguay heist Edit
In April 2017 the company Prosegur located in Ciudad del Este, in the Triple Frontier of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, was robbed by a group of at least 30 men carrying heavy firepower.[19] Early reports said 40 million dollars were stolen, although this was later revised to eight million.[20][21] The group used automatic rifles, infrared sights, anti-aircraft guns, explosives, bullet-proof getaway cars, speedboats and blocked avenues with torched cars and trucks, locals described the heist as "movie-like".[22] Since the Modus operandi was similar to that of past robberies in Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and Santos in 2015 and 2016, the PCC was the main suspect for the heist, but this was never confirmed.[23] It was the biggest robbery in the history of Paraguay.[24] A police officer was killed and four people were injured.[25][26]
Statute Edit
The Primeiro Comando da Capital has a statute with various rules for the criminal organization. Disobeying the rules, says the statute, carries a penalty of death. On May 16, 2006 a couple was arrested with a copy of the statute.[27]
Notable leaders and members Edit
- Marco Willians Herbas Camacho, a.k.a. "Marcola[Note 1][28] (Incarcerated) [Note 2][29]
- Alejandro Juvenal Herbas Camacho Júnior, a.k.a. "Marcolinha"[Note 3]/Little Marcola (Incarcerated)[29]
- César Augusto Roriz Silva, a.k.a. "Cesinha"/Little Caesar (Deceased)[Note 4][30]
- Reinaldo Teixeira dos Santos, a.k.a. "Funchal" (Incarcerated)[29]
- Júlio César Guedes de Moraes, a.k.a. Carambola/Star Friit (Incarcerated)[29]
- Daniel Vinícius Canônico, a.k.a. "O Cego"/The Blind One (Incarcerated)[29]
- Márcio Luciano Neves Soares, a.k.a. "Pezão"/The Bigfoot (Incarcerated)[29]
- Alessandro Garcia de Jesus Rosa, a.k.a. "Pulft" (Incarcerated)[29]
- Lourinaldo Gomes Flor, a.k.a. "Lori" (Incarcerated)[29]
- Antônio José Muller Júnior, a.k.a. "Granada"/The Grenade (Incarcerated)[29]
- Lucival de Jesus Feitoza, a.k.a. "Val do Bristol" (Incarcerated)[29]
- Patric Velinton Salomão, a.k.a. "Forjado"/The Forged (Incarcerated)[29]
- Fernando Gonçalves dos Santos, a.k.a. "Colorido"/The Colorful (Incarcerated)[29]
- Pedro Luiz da Silva Soares, a.k.a. "Chacal"/The Jackal (Incarcerated)[29]
- Luiz Eduardo Marcondes Machado de Barros, a.k.a. "Dú da Bela Vista" (Incarcerated)[29]
- Alexandre Cardozo da Silva, a.k.a. "Bradok"/Braddock (Incarcerated)[29]
- André Macedo Oliveira, a.k.a. "André do Rap" (Fugitive)[Note 5][31][32][33]
- Gilberto Aparecido dos Santos, a.k.a. "Fuminho" (Incarcerated)[34][35][36][37]
- Idemir Carlos Ambrósio, a.k.a. "Sombra"/The Shadow (Deceased)[38]
- Marcos Roberto de Almeida, a.k.a. "Tuta" (Fugitive)[Note 6][39]
- Rogério Jeremias de Simone, a.k.a. "Gegê do Mangue" (Deceased)[40]
- Fabiano Alves de Souza, a.k.a. "Paca" (Deceased)[40]
- Wagner Ferreira da Silva, a.k.a. "Cabelo Duro"/Frizzy Hair (Deceased)[Note 7][41][42]
- Marcio Vinicius da Paixão Vieira, a.k.a. "Pica-Pau"/The Woodpecker (Incarcerated)[Note 8][43]
Notes Edit
- ^ He sniffed glue at Praça da Sé as a teenager and his associates originally called him Marco da Cola and later Marcola.
- ^ The current top leader of the PCC.
- ^ Marcola's younger brother.
- ^ He was executed by the Primeiro Comando da Capital at the behest of Marcola himself in retaliation for the fact that Cesinha had ordered the murder of Marcola's former wife, Ana Maria Olivatto in October 2002.
- ^ According to the São Paulo Police and the Public Ministry of São Paulo, he may have fled to Baixada Santista (on the coast of São Paulo) or Paraguay.
- ^ According to the Public Ministry of São Paulo, Tuta's last known whereabouts would be Bolivia, where he is supposedly currently hiding.
- ^ Although the motive for his murder is still unknown, there is a suspicion by the Civil Police of São Paulo that he was killed in revenge for the murders of Gege do Mangue and Paca (the two PCC members mentioned above).
- ^ Leader of the PCC in Minas Gerais.
Alliances Edit
Alliance with Hezbollah Edit
According to the Brazilian Federal Police, the PCC maintains commercial relations with the Lebanese organization and militant group Hezbollah, specifically in illegal cigarette contraband, arms trafficking and money laundering schemes. Cooperation between the two groups happens mostly in the Triple Frontier area between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.[44][45]
Alliance with 'Ndrangheta Edit
According to investigations carried out by both Europol and the Brazilian Federal Police, the PCC has ties to the 'Ndrangheta, considered the most bloodthirsty group of the Italian Mafia and the richest and most powerful criminal syndicate in the West.[46]
This was evident after the arrests of high-ranking 'Ndrangheta bosses and members in Brazil, such as Rocco Morabito (known as the “Cocaine King of Milan”), cousin of Giuseppe Morabito (one of the most powerful 'Ndrangheta bosses) and considered one of the organization's main drug traffickers.[47]
According to investigations, Morabito is considered one of the main associates of André Macedo Oliveira (known as "André do Rap"), one of the current leaders of the PCC and considered one of the most bloodthirsty drug lords in Latin America.[48]
See also Edit
Further reading Edit
- Karina Biondi, Sharing This Walk: An Ethnography of Prison Life and the PCC in Brazil. Edited and translated by John F. Collins (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press: 2016)
References Edit
- ^ "Os donos do crime: Marcola, Beira-Mar e Zé Roberto da Compensa". Istoé. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
- ^ Fonseca, Pedro; Brooks, Brad (6 January 2017). "Brazil gang kills 31, many hacked to death, as prison violence explodes". Reuters. from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ InformeAgora: PCC x Clã Rotela: uma guerra que não acaba no Paraguai
- ^ Midiamax (VÍDEO): imagens mostram massacre em presídio durante guerra entre PCC e Clã Protela
- ^ a b c "Brazil crime gang has spread through most of country". Emirates 24/7. November 25, 2012. from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ^ "Crimen organizado: UDI alerta que Primer Comando Capital de Brasil estaría en Chile". Bio Bio Chile. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- ^ "14 Gang Members and Associates Charged with Committing Violent Crimes in Masschusetts". www.justice.gov. 2019-04-25. from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
- ^ "Threat of new police, gang war loom over Sao Paulo after informal truce appears to collapse". Fox News. Associated Press. November 15, 2012. from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
- ^ "Facção criminosa PCC foi criada em 1993" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. 14 May 2006. from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ Galarraga Gortázar, Naiara; Alessi, Gil (13 June 2020). "PCC, la hermandad de los criminales" (in Spanish). El País. from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "First Capital Command – PCC". InSight Crime. July 9, 2018. from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "PCC Profile". Insight Crime. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ a b c Willis, Graham Denyer (September 2013). The Killing Consensus: Homicide Detectives, Police that Kill and Organized Crime in São Paulo, Brazil (PDF). MIT. p. 222,223.
- ^ "Brazil prison guards nab pigeon with cell phone". from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "PMs da Rota suspeitos de matarem integrante do PCC são absolvidos" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ "2012, o ano em que o PCC matou 106 policiais militares no estado de SP" (in Portuguese). UOL. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ "FBSP Violent Death Data" (in Portuguese). Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública.
- ^ "Em 19 anos, 27 PMs da Rota foram assassinados, apenas um durante o serviço" (in Portuguese). UOL. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (2017-04-25). . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Romero, Simon (2017-04-25). . New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Pestre, Maria Clara (25 April 2017). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22.
- ^ Molina, Federico Rivas (2017-04-25). . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 2018-07-18.
- ^ . Folha de S. Paulo. 2017-04-24. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ . La Nación (in Spanish). 2017-04-24. Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Hisayasu; José Maria Tomazela, Alexandre; José Maria (2017-04-24). . Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-05-16.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Explosiones, tiroteo y persecución en asalto de película en Paraguay". CNN (in European Spanish). 2017-04-24. from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Couple were arrested with a copy of the statute 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine - Folha de S.Paulo.
- ^ Super Interessante: Quem é Marcola, o líder do PCC
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Veja: Quem são os líderes do PCC transferidos para presídios federais
- ^ Folha de S.Paulo: Fundador do PCC é assassinado na prisão
- ^ R7: Conheça André do Rap, suposto líder do PCC e foragido da Justiça de SP
- ^ G1 (Santos e Região): André do Rap comanda o tráfico na América do Sul e lidera facção criminosa, mesmo foragido há quase 2 anos, diz delegado
- ^ Poder360: André do Rap fugiu para o Paraguai, dizem polícia e MP
- ^ Reuters: Brazil cocaine kingpin nabbed in Mozambique as gang expands
- ^ Ponte Jornalismo: Quem é Fuminho, o braço direito do líder do PCC, preso após 21 anos foragido
- ^ UOL Noticias/Josmar Jozino: Justiça condena Fuminho, braço direito de Marcola, a 26 anos por tráfico
- ^ UOL: Preso em Moçambique, Fuminho planejava controlar tráfico na África
- ^ Folha de S.Paulo: PCC racha e mata um de seus fundadores
- ^ Yahoo Noticias: Líder do PCC nas ruas é sequestrado pelo 'tribunal do crime' na Bolívia
- ^ a b G1: Gegê do Mangue, chefe de facção de SP, é encontrado morto no CE
- ^ Ponte Jornalismo: As ostentações milionárias de Cabelo Duro, o gerente do tráfico internacional do PCC
- ^ UOL Noticias/Josmar Jozino: Mensagens em celular de chefe do PCC detalham o início da guerra na facção
- ^ BAND: Líder do PCC em Minas Gerais, Pica-Pau é preso no Paraguai
- ^ Financial Times: How Brazil’s largest crime syndicate built a global drug empire
- ^ Correio Braziliense: the PCC signs commercial partnership with Hezbollah, expands financial power
- ^ UOL: The PCC and the Italian Mafia
- ^ Gazeta do Povo: Who is Rocco Morabito, the “cocaine king” of the Italian mafia who was arrested by the Federal Police
- ^ UOL/Blog do Josimar Jozino: Italian mobster arrested in Brazil gave away R$100 in a flat in Paraíba
External links Edit
- Wave of attacks strike policemen in Br
- Various pictures of the attack of May 2006
- [1]