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First Abenaki War

January 01, 1970

The First Abenaki War (also known as the northern theatre of King Philip's War) was fought along the New England/Acadia border primarily in present-day Maine. Richard Waldron and Charles Frost led the forces in the northern region, while Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin worked with the tribes that would make up the Wabanaki Confederacy. The natives engaged in annual campaigns against the English settlements in 1675, 1676, and 1677. Waldron sent forces so far north that he attacked the Mi'kmaq in Acadia.[1]

Historian Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac writes that Castine and the Abenaki "displayed consummate skill at it, holding in check at every point, from the Penobscot River to Salmon Falls, N.H., and even beyond, 700 regular troops, and even inflicting humiliating defeats upon them."[2] The official records indicate natives killed or captured 260 English. The villages of Cape Neddick, Scarborough, Casco, Arrowsick, Pemaquid and several others were destroyed. The war cost the colonial government £8,000.[3]

Historical context edit

Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the governor's orders to organize all the natives "throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France."[4] After Saint-Castin had settled among the Abenakis, King Philip (Pometacom) and his warriors ravaged New England in 1675. Historian Georges Salagnac writes that, "One may reasonably suppose that Saint-Castin began to exercise his talents as a military counsellor on the occasion of this war."[2] The people of Boston thought Saint-Castin was influencing the Wabanaki strategy and supplying them with superior equipment.

The war edit

In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1675) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed eighty colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion.[5] Settlers deserted community after community, leaving only the settlements south of the Saco River to maintain an Anglo presence in the region.[6]

In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1676) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. In the first month, they laid waste to 15 leagues of the coast east of Casco.[7] They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion. The Campaign of 1676 led the English to abandon the region, retreating to Salem.[8] The campaign is most notable for Richard Waldron entering the war, the death of Chief Mogg and the attack on the Mi'kmaq that initiated their involvement in the war.

Natives attacked a settlement at the Sheepscot River near Merrymeeting Bay in Maine in August 1676. Notably, Sir William Phips rescued local settlers by bringing them on board his vessel, forgoing his cargo of lumber. Although he was financially ruined (the Indians destroyed the shipyard and his intended cargo), he was seen as a hero in Boston.[9]

In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1677) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion.[5]

Afterwards edit

 
Native revenge on Richard Waldron for his role in King Philip's War, Dover, New Hampshire (1689)

In response to King Philip's War and King William's War (1689–97), many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki Indian raids.[10]

The fighting ended in the northern theatre with the Treaty of Casco (1678). Natives assassinated both Charles Frost and Charles Waldon in King William's War. Phips would initiate an attack on the capital of Acadia, Port Royal.

Conflict continued for decades in Maine, New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts. In response to King Philip's War, which stemmed from New England expansion onto native land, the five Indian tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion.[11] During the next 74 years, six colonial wars between New France and New England, along with their respective native allies, took place, starting with King William's War in 1689. (See the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War.) The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ Williamson (1832).
  2. ^ a b Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  3. ^ Williamson (1832), p. 553.
  4. ^ Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. citing "Mémoire des services rendus par les sieurs de Saint-Castin, père et fils, dans le pays de Canada en la Nouvelle-France," drawn up in 1720 by Jean-Vincent's son, Bernard-Anselme
  5. ^ a b Mandell (2010), p. 81.
  6. ^ Churchill, Edwin A. (1994). "Mid-Seventeenth-Century Maine: A World on the Edge". In Emerson W. Baker; Edwin A. Churchill; Richard S. D'Abate; et al. (eds.). American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. University of Nebraska Press. p. 258. ISBN 0-8032-4554-8.
  7. ^ Williamson (1832), p. 537.
  8. ^ Schultz & Tougias (1999), p. 310; Mandell (2010), p. 131-132
  9. ^ Lounsberry, Alice (1941). Sir William Phips: Treasure Fisherman and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 23–26.
  10. ^ Norton, Mary Beth (2002). In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42636-9.
  11. ^ Prins, Harald E.L. (March 1999). . The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Amherst, Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
  12. ^ Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Smith. p. 27.
    • Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
    • Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1.
Texts
  • Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). Baltimore, Maryland (ed.). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9948-5.
  • Schultz, Eric B.; Tougias, Michael J. (1999). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-701-3.
  • Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. I. Glazier, Masters & Smith.
Links
  • First Abenaki War

Further reading edit

  • Douglass, William (1755). A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America... Boston, New England: R. Baldwin. – also at Internet Archive
  • Mather, Cotton (1853) [1702]. Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 ... Hartford, Connecticut: Silus Andrus & son. – original 1702 edition at Internet Archive
  • Lincoln, Charles H., ed. Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699
  • Hubbard, William (1865). Samuel G. Drake (ed.). The History of the Indian Wars in New England: from the First Settlement to the Termination of the War with King Philip in 1677. Vol. II. Roxbury, Massachusetts: W. Elliot Woodward.
  • Hutchinson, Thomas (1828). The History of the Province of Massachusets-Bay, Vol. 1
  • Hutchinson, Thomas. The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1749 to 1774, Vol. 2
  • Minot, George Richards. Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, From the year 1748 to 1765, Vol. II
  • Morse, J. (1797). "District of Maine". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. OL 23272543M.
  • Penhallow, Samuel (1726). The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians
  • Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729. Vol. 1: 1674–1700. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. V
  • Sewall, Rufus King (1859). Ancient Dominions of Maine
  • Sullivan, James (1795). The History of the District of Maine
  • Abbott, John S.C., Edward H. Elwell (1892). The History of Maine, comprehensive older history

January 01, 1970
first, abenaki, also, known, northern, theatre, king, philip, fought, along, england, acadia, border, primarily, present, maine, richard, waldron, charles, frost, forces, northern, region, while, jean, vincent, abbadie, saint, castin, worked, with, tribes, tha. The First Abenaki War also known as the northern theatre of King Philip s War was fought along the New England Acadia border primarily in present day Maine Richard Waldron and Charles Frost led the forces in the northern region while Jean Vincent d Abbadie de Saint Castin worked with the tribes that would make up the Wabanaki Confederacy The natives engaged in annual campaigns against the English settlements in 1675 1676 and 1677 Waldron sent forces so far north that he attacked the Mi kmaq in Acadia 1 Historian Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac writes that Castine and the Abenaki displayed consummate skill at it holding in check at every point from the Penobscot River to Salmon Falls N H and even beyond 700 regular troops and even inflicting humiliating defeats upon them 2 The official records indicate natives killed or captured 260 English The villages of Cape Neddick Scarborough Casco Arrowsick Pemaquid and several others were destroyed The war cost the colonial government 8 000 3 Contents 1 Historical context 2 The war 3 Afterwards 4 References 5 Further readingHistorical context editJean Vincent d Abbadie de Saint Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the governor s orders to organize all the natives throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France 4 After Saint Castin had settled among the Abenakis King Philip Pometacom and his warriors ravaged New England in 1675 Historian Georges Salagnac writes that One may reasonably suppose that Saint Castin began to exercise his talents as a military counsellor on the occasion of this war 2 The people of Boston thought Saint Castin was influencing the Wabanaki strategy and supplying them with superior equipment The war editIn the Northeast Coast Campaign 1675 the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England Acadia border in present day Maine They killed eighty colonists and burned many farms blunting the tide of English expansion 5 Settlers deserted community after community leaving only the settlements south of the Saco River to maintain an Anglo presence in the region 6 In the Northeast Coast Campaign 1676 the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England Acadia border in present day Maine In the first month they laid waste to 15 leagues of the coast east of Casco 7 They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms blunting the tide of English expansion The Campaign of 1676 led the English to abandon the region retreating to Salem 8 The campaign is most notable for Richard Waldron entering the war the death of Chief Mogg and the attack on the Mi kmaq that initiated their involvement in the war Natives attacked a settlement at the Sheepscot River near Merrymeeting Bay in Maine in August 1676 Notably Sir William Phips rescued local settlers by bringing them on board his vessel forgoing his cargo of lumber Although he was financially ruined the Indians destroyed the shipyard and his intended cargo he was seen as a hero in Boston 9 In the Northeast Coast Campaign 1677 the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England Acadia border in present day Maine They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms blunting the tide of English expansion 5 Afterwards edit nbsp Native revenge on Richard Waldron for his role in King Philip s War Dover New Hampshire 1689 In response to King Philip s War and King William s War 1689 97 many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki Indian raids 10 The fighting ended in the northern theatre with the Treaty of Casco 1678 Natives assassinated both Charles Frost and Charles Waldon in King William s War Phips would initiate an attack on the capital of Acadia Port Royal Conflict continued for decades in Maine New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts In response to King Philip s War which stemmed from New England expansion onto native land the five Indian tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion 11 During the next 74 years six colonial wars between New France and New England along with their respective native allies took place starting with King William s War in 1689 See the French and Indian Wars Father Rale s War and Father Le Loutre s War The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine 12 References edit Williamson 1832 a b Salagnac Georges Cerbelaud 1979 1969 Abbadie de Saint Castin Jean Vincent d Baron de Saint Castin In Hayne David ed Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol II 1701 1740 online ed University of Toronto Press Williamson 1832 p 553 Salagnac Georges Cerbelaud 1979 1969 Abbadie de Saint Castin Jean Vincent d Baron de Saint Castin In Hayne David ed Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol II 1701 1740 online ed University of Toronto Press citing Memoire des services rendus par les sieurs de Saint Castin pere et fils dans le pays de Canada en la Nouvelle France drawn up in 1720 by Jean Vincent s son Bernard Anselme a b Mandell 2010 p 81 Churchill Edwin A 1994 Mid Seventeenth Century Maine A World on the Edge In Emerson W Baker Edwin A Churchill Richard S D Abate et al eds American Beginnings Exploration Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega University of Nebraska Press p 258 ISBN 0 8032 4554 8 Williamson 1832 p 537 Schultz amp Tougias 1999 p 310 Mandell 2010 p 131 132 Lounsberry Alice 1941 Sir William Phips Treasure Fisherman and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony C Scribner s Sons pp 23 26 Norton Mary Beth 2002 In the Devil s Snare The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 Knopf Doubleday ISBN 978 0 307 42636 9 Prins Harald E L March 1999 Storm Clouds Over Wabanakiak Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer s Treaty 1727 The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs Amherst Nova Scotia Archived from the original on 2016 11 06 Retrieved 2014 10 19 Williamson William D 1832 The History of the State of Maine From Its First Discovery A D 1602 to the Separation A D 1820 Inclusive Vol II Glazier Masters amp Smith p 27 Griffiths N E S 2005 From Migrant to Acadian A North American Border People 1604 1755 McGill Queen s University Press p 61 ISBN 978 0 7735 2699 0 Campbell William Edgar 2005 The Road to Canada The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec Goose Lane Editions p 21 ISBN 978 0 86492 426 1 Texts Mandell Daniel R 2010 Baltimore Maryland ed King Philip s War Colonial Expansion Native Resistance and the End of Indian Sovereignty Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 9948 5 Schultz Eric B Tougias Michael J 1999 King Philip s War The History and Legacy of America s Forgotten Conflict Countryman Press ISBN 978 1 58157 701 3 Williamson William D 1832 The History of the State of Maine From Its First Discovery A D 1602 to the Separation A D 1820 Inclusive Vol I Glazier Masters amp Smith Links First Abenaki WarFurther reading editDouglass William 1755 A Summary Historical and Political of the First Planting Progressive Improvements and Present State of the British Settlements in North America Boston New England R Baldwin also at Internet Archive Mather Cotton 1853 1702 Magnalia Christi Americana Or The Ecclesiastical History of New England from Its First Planting in the Year 1620 Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 Hartford Connecticut Silus Andrus amp son original 1702 edition at Internet Archive Lincoln Charles H ed Narratives of the Indian Wars 1675 1699 Hubbard William 1865 Samuel G Drake ed The History of the Indian Wars in New England from the First Settlement to the Termination of the War with King Philip in 1677 Vol II Roxbury Massachusetts W Elliot Woodward Hutchinson Thomas 1828 The History of the Province of Massachusets Bay Vol 1 Hutchinson Thomas The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1749 to 1774 Vol 2 Minot George Richards Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay From the year 1748 to 1765 Vol II Morse J 1797 District of Maine The American Gazetteer Boston Massachusetts At the presses of S Hall and Thomas amp Andrews OL 23272543M Penhallow Samuel 1726 The History of the Wars of New England with the Eastern Indians Diary of Samuel Sewall 1674 1729 Vol 1 1674 1700 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol V Sewall Rufus King 1859 Ancient Dominions of Maine Sullivan James 1795 The History of the District of Maine Abbott John S C Edward H Elwell 1892 The History of Maine comprehensive older history Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title First Abenaki War amp oldid 1138818593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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