Feuerbach point

In the geometry of triangles, the incircle and nine-point circle of a triangle are internally tangent to each other at the Feuerbach point of the triangle. The Feuerbach point is a triangle center, meaning that its definition does not depend on the placement and scale of the triangle. It is listed as X(11) in Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers, and is named after Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach.^[1][2]

Feuerbach's theorem: the nine-point circle is tangent to the incircle and excircles of a triangle. The incircle tangency is the Feuerbach point.

Feuerbach's theorem, published by Feuerbach in 1822,^[3] states more generally that the nine-point circle is tangent to the three excircles of the triangle as well as its incircle.^[4] A very short proof of this theorem based on Casey's theorem on the bitangents of four circles tangent to a fifth circle was published by John Casey in 1866;^[5] Feuerbach's theorem has also been used as a test case for automated theorem proving.^[6] The three points of tangency with the excircles form the Feuerbach triangle of the given triangle.

Construction

The incircle of a triangle ABC is a circle that is tangent to all three sides of the triangle. Its center, the incenter of the triangle, lies at the point where the three internal angle bisectors of the triangle cross each other.

The nine-point circle is another circle defined from a triangle. It is so called because it passes through nine significant points of the triangle, among which the simplest to construct are the midpoints of the triangle's sides. The nine-point circle passes through these three midpoints; thus, it is the circumcircle of the medial triangle.

These two circles meet in a single point, where they are tangent to each other. That point of tangency is the Feuerbach point of the triangle.

Associated with the incircle of a triangle are three more circles, the excircles. These are circles that are each tangent to the three lines through the triangle's sides. Each excircle touches one of these lines from the opposite side of the triangle, and is on the same side as the triangle for the other two lines. Like the incircle, the excircles are all tangent to the nine-point circle. Their points of tangency with the nine-point circle form a triangle, the Feuerbach triangle.

Properties

The Feuerbach point lies on the line through the centers of the two tangent circles that define it. These centers are the incenter and nine-point center of the triangle.^[1][2]

Let ${\displaystyle x}$ , ${\displaystyle y}$ , and ${\displaystyle z}$  be the three distances of the Feuerbach point to the vertices of the medial triangle (the midpoints of the sides BC=a, CA=b, and AB=c respectively of the original triangle). Then,^[7][8]

${\displaystyle x+y+z=2\max(x,y,z),}$ 

or, equivalently, the largest of the three distances equals the sum of the other two. Specifically, we have ${\displaystyle x={\frac {R}{2OI}}|b-c|,\,y={\frac {R}{2OI}}|c-a|,z={\frac {R}{2OI}}|a-b|,}$  where O is the reference triangle's circumcenter and I is its incenter.^{[8]: Propos. 3}

The latter property also holds for the tangency point of any of the excircles with the nine–point circle: the greatest distance from this tangency to one of the original triangle's side midpoints equals the sum of the distances to the other two side midpoints.^[8]

If the incircle of triangle ABC touches the sides BC, CA, AB at X, Y, and Z respectively, and the midpoints of these sides are respectively P, Q, and R, then with Feuerbach point F the triangles FPX, FQY, and FRZ are similar to the triangles AOI, BOI, COI respectively.^{[8]: Propos. 4}

Coordinates

The trilinear coordinates for the Feuerbach point are^[2]

${\displaystyle 1-\cos(B-C):1-\cos(C-A):1-\cos(A-B).}$ 

Its barycentric coordinates are^[8]

${\displaystyle (s-a)(b-c)^{2}:(s-b)(c-a)^{2}:(s-c)(a-b)^{2},}$ 

where s is the triangle's semiperimeter (a+b+c)/2.

The three lines from the vertices of the original triangle through the corresponding vertices of the Feuerbach triangle meet at another triangle center, listed as X(12) in the Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. Its trilinear coordinates are:^[2]

${\displaystyle 1+\cos(B-C):1+\cos(C-A):1+\cos(A-B).}$ 

References

1. Kimberling, Clark (1994), "Central Points and Central Lines in the Plane of a Triangle", Mathematics Magazine, 67 (3): 163–187, doi:10.1080/0025570X.1994.11996210, JSTOR 2690608, MR 1573021.
2. Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2014-10-24.
3. Feuerbach, Karl Wilhelm; Buzengeiger, Carl Heribert Ignatz (1822), Eigenschaften einiger merkwürdigen Punkte des geradlinigen Dreiecks und mehrerer durch sie bestimmten Linien und Figuren. Eine analytisch-trigonometrische Abhandlung (Monograph ed.), Nürnberg: Wiessner.
4. Scheer, Michael J. G. (2011), "A simple vector proof of Feuerbach's theorem" (PDF), Forum Geometricorum, 11: 205–210, arXiv:1107.1152, MR 2877268.
5. Casey, J. (1866), "On the Equations and Properties: (1) of the System of Circles Touching Three Circles in a Plane; (2) of the System of Spheres Touching Four Spheres in Space; (3) of the System of Circles Touching Three Circles on a Sphere; (4) of the System of Conics Inscribed to a Conic, and Touching Three Inscribed Conics in a Plane", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 9: 396–423, JSTOR 20488927. See in particular the bottom of p. 411.
6. Chou, Shang-Ching (1988), "An introduction to Wu's method for mechanical theorem proving in geometry", Journal of Automated Reasoning, 4 (3): 237–267, doi:10.1007/BF00244942, MR 0975146, S2CID 12368370.
7. Weisstein, Eric W. "Feuerbach Point". MathWorld.
8. Sa ́ndor Nagydobai Kiss, "A Distance Property of the Feuerbach Point and Its Extension", Forum Geometricorum 16, 2016, 283–290. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201634.pdf

Further reading

• Thébault, Victor (1949), "On the Feuerbach points", American Mathematical Monthly, 56 (8): 546–547, doi:10.2307/2305531, JSTOR 2305531, MR 0033039.
• Emelyanov, Lev; Emelyanova, Tatiana (2001), "A note on the Feuerbach point", Forum Geometricorum, 1: 121–124 (electronic), MR 1891524.
• Suceavă, Bogdan; Yiu, Paul (2006), "The Feuerbach point and Euler lines", Forum Geometricorum, 6: 191–197, MR 2282236.
• Vonk, Jan (2009), "The Feuerbach point and reflections of the Euler line", Forum Geometricorum, 9: 47–55, MR 2534378.
• Nguyen, Minh Ha; Nguyen, Pham Dat (2012), "Synthetic proofs of two theorems related to the Feuerbach point", Forum Geometricorum, 12: 39–46, MR 2955643.