Feroze Gandhi
Feroze Gandhi (born Feroze Jehangir Ghandy;[4][5] 12 September 1912– 8 September 1960)[6] was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and journalist.
Feroze Gandhi | |
|---|---|
Gandhi before 1950 | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| In office 17 April 1952 – 4 April 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Himself |
| Constituency | Rae Bareli[1] (previously Pratapgarh District (west)-Rae Bareli district) |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| In office 5 May 1957 – 8 September 1960 | |
| Succeeded by | Baij Nath Kureel |
| Constituency | Rae Bareli[2] |
| Preceded by | Himself |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Feroze Jehangir Ghandy 12 September 1912 Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India (now Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) |
| Died | 8 September 1960 (aged 47) New Delhi, India |
| Cause of death | Heart attack |
| Resting place | Parsi cemetery, Allahabad |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | See Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Alma mater | Ewing Christian College |
Gandhi published the newspapers The National Herald and The Navjivan. He served as a member of the provincial parliament between 1950 and 1952, and later a member of the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of India's parliament.
Gandhi's wife, Indira Nehru (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India), and their elder son Rajiv Gandhi were both prime ministers of India.[7]
Early life
Feroze Gandhy was born on 12 September 1912 to a Parsi family at the Tehmulji Nariman Hospital in the Fort district of Bombay; his parents, Jehangir Faredoon Gandhy and Ratimai (née Commissariat), lived in Nauroji Natakwala Bhawan in Khetwadi Mohalla in Bombay. His father Jahangir was a marine engineer working for Killick Nixon and was later promoted as a warrant engineer.[8][9] Feroze was the youngest of the five children with two brothers Dorab and Faridun Jehangir,[10][11] and two sisters, Tehmina Kershasp and Aloo Dastur. The family had migrated to Bombay from Bharuch (now in South Gujarat) where their ancestral home, which belonged to his grandfather, still exists in Kotpariwad.[12]
In the early 1920s, after the death of his father, Feroze and his mother moved to Allahabad to live with his unmarried maternal aunt, Shirin Commissariat, a surgeon at the city's Lady Dufferin Hospital. He attended the Vidya Mandir High School and then graduated from the British-staffed Ewing Christian College.[13]
He spelled his surname as 'Gandhy' until 1930s,[14] and changed it to 'Gandhi' when he joined the independence movement because of his admiration for Mahatma Gandhi.[15][16]
Family and career
In 1930, the wing of Congress Freedom fighters, the Vanar Sena was formed. Feroze met Kamala Nehru and Indira among the women demonstrators picketing outside Ewing Christian College. Kamala fainted with the heat of the sun and Feroze went to comfort her. The next day, he abandoned his studies to join the Indian independence movement.
He was imprisoned in 1930, along with Lal Bahadur Shastri (the 2nd Prime Minister of India), head of Allahabad District Congress Committee, and lodged in Faizabad Jail for nineteen months over his participation in the independence movement. Soon after his release, he was involved with the agrarian no-rent campaign in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) and was imprisoned twice, in 1932 and 1933, while working closely with Nehru.[17]
Feroze first proposed to Indira in 1933, but she and her mother rejected it, putting forward that she was too young, only 16.[19] He grew close to the Nehru family, especially to Indira's mother Kamala Nehru, accompanying her to the TB sanatorium at Bhowali in 1934, helping arrange her trip to Europe when her condition worsened in April 1935, and visiting her at the sanitarium at Badenweiler and finally at Lausanne, where he was at her bedside when she died on 28 February 1936.[20] In the following years, Indira and Feroze grew closer to each other while in England. They married in March 1942 according to Hindu rituals.[18][21][22]
Indira's father Jawaharlal Nehru opposed her marriage and approached Mahatma Gandhi to dissuade the young couple, but to no avail. The couple were arrested and jailed in August 1942, during the Quit India Movement less than six months after their marriage. He was imprisoned for a year in Allahabad's Naini Central Prison.[23] The following five years were of comfortable domestic life and the couple had two sons, Rajiv and Sanjay, born in 1944 and 1946, respectively.
After independence, Jawaharlal became the first Prime Minister of India. Feroze and Indira settled in Allahabad with their two young children, and Feroze became Managing Director of The National Herald, a newspaper founded by his father-in-law, Jawaharlal Nehru.
After being a member of the provincial parliament (1950–1952), Feroze won independent India's first general elections in 1952, from Rae Bareli constituency in Uttar Pradesh. Indira came down from Delhi and worked as his campaign organizer. Feroze soon became a prominent force in his own right, criticizing the government of his father-in-law and beginning a fight against corruption.
In the years after independence, many Indian business houses had become close to the political leaders, and some of them started various financial irregularities. In a case exposed by Feroze in December 1955,[24] he revealed how Ram Kishan Dalmia, as chairman of a bank and an insurance company, used these companies to fund his takeover of Bennett and Coleman and started transferring money illegally from publicly held companies for personal benefit.
In 1957, he was re-elected from Rae Bareli. In the parliament in 1958, he raised the Haridas Mundhra scandal involving the government controlled LIC insurance company. This revelation eventually led to the resignation of the Finance Minister T.T. Krishnamachari.
Feroze also initiated a number of nationalization drives, starting with the Life Insurance Corporation. At one point he also suggested that TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) be nationalized since they were charging nearly double the price of a Japanese railway engine. This raised a stir in the Parsi community since the Tatas were also Parsi. He continued challenging the government on a number of other issues, and emerged as a parliamentarian well-respected on both sides of the bench.[24]
Death and legacy
Feroze suffered a heart attack in 1958. Indira, who stayed with her father at Teen Murti House, the official residence of the prime minister, was at that time away on a state visit to Bhutan. She returned to look after him in Kashmir.[25] Feroze died in 1960 at the Willingdon Hospital in Delhi, after suffering a second heart attack. He was cremated and his ashes interred at the Parsi cemetery in Allahabad.[26]
His Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency seat was held by his wife, Indira Gandhi from 1967 to 1976. Also by his daughter-in-law, and wife of Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi since 2004.
A school of higher education that he helped found was named after him in Rae Bareli.[27]
NTPC Limited renamed their Unchahar Thermal Power Station in Uttar Pradesh to Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant.
Notes
References
- ^ . Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ . Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ a b "The 'Gandhi' in Rahul Gandhi's surname: The remarkable life and career of Feroze Ghandy". The Indian Express. Indian Express. Indian Express. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ "The 'Gandhi' in Rahul Gandhi's surname: The remarkable life and career of Feroze Gandhi". The Indian Express. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "'Forgotten Gandhi': Congress's tribute to Feroze raises eyebrows". The Week. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ India. Ministry of External Affairs (1989). India Perspectives. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. p. 37. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ [usurped] The Hindu, 20 October 2002.
- ^ Bhushan 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Frank 2002, p. 93: [He was] the youngest child of a marine engineer named Jehangir Faredoon Gandhi and his wife Rattimai.
- ^ "Sonia assures help for father-in-law's grave". The Indian Express. 21 November 2005. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ "This Mrs Gandhi only wants her pension". The Indian Express. 28 September 2005. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Minhaz Merchant (1991). Rajiv Gandhi, the end of a dream. Viking. ISBN 9780670844104.
- ^ Frank 2002, p. 94: Feroze was a student at Bidya Mandir High School and Ewing Christian College.
- ^ Ali, A.A.; Raghavan, G.N.S.; Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (1989). Private Face of a Public Person: A Study of Jawaharlal Nehru. Radiant Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-7027-132-1. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ George, T. J. S. (3 October 2022). The Dismantling of India: In 35 Portraits. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-93-92099-16-8.
- ^ Mount, Ferdinand (20 July 2023). Big Caesars and Little Caesars: How They Rise and How They Fall - From Julius Caesar to Boris Johnson. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-3994-0968-1.
- ^ Frank 2002, p. 94.
- ^ a b "Mrs. Gandhi Not Hindu, Daughter-in-Law Says". The New York Times. 2 May 1984. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ Frank 2002, p. 81.
- ^ Frank 2002, pp. 92, 99, 110–111, 113.
- ^ "The wonder of Indira". outlook.
- ^ "Indira Nehru - Feroze Gandhi Wedding (in page 4 bottom/right)". The Indian Express. 27 March 1942.
- ^ Gupte, Pranay (15 February 2012). Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi. Penguin Books India. pp. 189–205. ISBN 9780143068266.
- ^ a b Shashi Bhushan, M.P. (1977). Feroze Gandhy: A political Biography. Progressive People's Sector Publications, New Delhi. pp. 166, 179. See these excerpts
- ^ "Indira Gandhi's courage was an inspiration". Samay Live. 7 November 2009.
- ^ Kapoor, Comi (10 February 1998). . The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010.
- ^ Feroze Gandhi College; http://fgc.edu.in 8 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Bhushan, Shashi (2008), Feroze Gandhi, Frank Bros. & Co., ISBN 978-81-8409-494-7
- Frank, Katherine (2002), Indira: The life of Indira Nehru Gandhi, Houghton Mifflin Co., ISBN 0-395-73097-X