A request that this article title be changed to Ferdinando II de' Medici is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.
Ferdinando was only 10 years of age when his father Cosimo II died. Because he had not yet reached maturity, his mother Maria Maddalena and paternal grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as joint regents.[3] His two regents arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the last Duke of Urbino, in 1633, in hopes of acquiring the Duchy. However, their political weakness prevented them from securing Urbino, and it was subsequently conquered by the Papal States.[4] In his seventeenth year, Ferdinando embarked on a tour of Europe, traveling to Rome, Bologna, Ferrara, Venice, and finally Austria and Prague.[5] One year later, his regency ended and his personal rule began.[6] The dowager Grand Duchess Christina was the power behind the throne until her death in 1636.
With his wife, Vittoria, he had two surviving children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, in 1660. The latter was the fruit of a brief reconciliation, as after the birth of Cosimo, the two became estranged; Vittoria caught Ferdinando in bed with a page, Count Bruto della Molera.[7] In fact, Ferdinando sexual preferences went largely to men, and his lovers may have included the scientist and Ferdinando's personal physician, Francesco Redi.[8]
The first calamity of Ferdinando’s reign was an outbreak of the plague that swept through Florence in 1630 and took 10% of the population with it.[9] Unlike the Tuscan nobility, Ferdinando and his brothers stayed in the city to try to ameliorate the general suffering, traveling through the city on foot to help and encourage his subjects.[10]
Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro, the last time Medicean Tuscany was involved in a military conflict and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643.[11] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%.[12] The economy became so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places.[11]
Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti.[14] In 1654, influenced by Galileo Galilei, he is reported to have invented the sealed-glass thermometer by sealing the glass tip of a tube filled to a certain height with colored alcohol. Small glass bubbles filled with air at varying pressures hovered trapped within the liquid, changing positions as the temperature rose or fell. Marked off with 360 divisions, like the gradations or "degrees" of a circle, this type of device was called a "spirit thermometer", because it was filled with "spirit of wine" (distilled alcohol), or a "Florentine thermometer".[15] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the grand duke’s youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento. It was set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study.[16]
Ferdinand, like his father before him, was a patron, ally, and friend of Galileo Galilei. Galileo dedicated his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems to him. This work led to Galileo's second set of hearings before the Inquisition. Ferdinand attempted to keep the concerns of the Holy See from leading to a full-fledged hearing and kept Galileo in Florence until December 1632, when the Roman Inquisitors finally threatened to bring Galileo to Rome in chains if he would not come voluntarily. In June 1633, the Roman Inquisition convicted the astronomer for "vehement suspicion of heresy" and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. After this was commuted to house arrest, Ferdinando came to visit the elderly scientist at his villa, where he lived out the remainder of his life.[17]
Styles of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Media related to Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany at Wikimedia Commons
Liedtke, Walter A. (1984). Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN0870993569. (see index, v.1, for information about Ferdinando as a patron of the arts)
HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE' MEDICI 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
Treccani (IT)
I MEDICI VISTI DA DIETRO: Ferdinando II (1610–1670) e Giovan Gastone (o Giangastone) de' Medici (1671–1737) (IT)
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A request that this article title be changed to Ferdinando II de Medici is under discussion Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed Ferdinando II de Medici 14 July 1610 23 May 1670 was grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670 He was the eldest son of Cosimo II de Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria He was remembered by his contemporaries as a man of culture and science actively participating in the Accademia del Cimento the first scientific society in Italy formed by his younger brother Leopoldo de Medici 1 His 49 year rule was punctuated by the beginning of Tuscany s long economic decline 2 which was further exacerbated by his successor Cosimo III de Medici He married Vittoria della Rovere a first cousin with whom he had two children who reached adulthood the aforementioned Cosimo III and Francesco Maria de Medici Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro a cardinal Ferdinando IIFerdinando II de Medici in Coronation Robes by Justus Sustermans Grand Duke of TuscanyReign28 February 1621 23 May 1670PredecessorCosimo IISuccessorCosimo IIIBorn14 July 1610Pitti Palace FlorenceDied23 May 1670 aged 59 Pitti Palace FlorenceSpouseVittoria della Rovere m 1632 wbr IssueDetailCosimo III Grand Duke of TuscanyFrancesco Maria Duke of RovereNamesFerdinando de MediciHouseHouse of MediciFatherCosimo II de MediciMotherMaria Maddalena of AustriaReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Contents 1 Reign 2 Ferdinando and science 3 Issue 4 Ancestry 5 Citations 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksReign editFerdinando was only 10 years of age when his father Cosimo II died Because he had not yet reached maturity his mother Maria Maddalena and paternal grandmother Christina of Lorraine acted as joint regents 3 His two regents arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere a granddaughter of the last Duke of Urbino in 1633 in hopes of acquiring the Duchy However their political weakness prevented them from securing Urbino and it was subsequently conquered by the Papal States 4 In his seventeenth year Ferdinando embarked on a tour of Europe traveling to Rome Bologna Ferrara Venice and finally Austria and Prague 5 One year later his regency ended and his personal rule began 6 The dowager Grand Duchess Christina was the power behind the throne until her death in 1636 nbsp Equestrian portrait of Ferdinando de Medici by Justus SustermansWith his wife Vittoria he had two surviving children Cosimo in 1642 and Francesco Maria de Medici in 1660 The latter was the fruit of a brief reconciliation as after the birth of Cosimo the two became estranged Vittoria caught Ferdinando in bed with a page Count Bruto della Molera 7 In fact Ferdinando sexual preferences went largely to men and his lovers may have included the scientist and Ferdinando s personal physician Francesco Redi 8 The first calamity of Ferdinando s reign was an outbreak of the plague that swept through Florence in 1630 and took 10 of the population with it 9 Unlike the Tuscan nobility Ferdinando and his brothers stayed in the city to try to ameliorate the general suffering traveling through the city on foot to help and encourage his subjects 10 nbsp Portrait of Ferdinando II engraved by Cornelis Meyssens after Adriaen van BloemenTuscany participated in the Wars of Castro the last time Medicean Tuscany was involved in a military conflict and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643 11 The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds The interest rate was lowered by 0 75 12 The economy became so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places 11 Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 of apoplexy and dropsy He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo the Medicis crypt 13 Ferdinando and science editFerdinando was obsessed with new technology and had several hygrometers barometers thermometers and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti 14 In 1654 influenced by Galileo Galilei he is reported to have invented the sealed glass thermometer by sealing the glass tip of a tube filled to a certain height with colored alcohol Small glass bubbles filled with air at varying pressures hovered trapped within the liquid changing positions as the temperature rose or fell Marked off with 360 divisions like the gradations or degrees of a circle this type of device was called a spirit thermometer because it was filled with spirit of wine distilled alcohol or a Florentine thermometer 15 In 1657 Leopoldo de Medici the grand duke s youngest brother established the Accademia del Cimento It was set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study 16 Ferdinand like his father before him was a patron ally and friend of Galileo Galilei Galileo dedicated his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems to him This work led to Galileo s second set of hearings before the Inquisition Ferdinand attempted to keep the concerns of the Holy See from leading to a full fledged hearing and kept Galileo in Florence until December 1632 when the Roman Inquisitors finally threatened to bring Galileo to Rome in chains if he would not come voluntarily In June 1633 the Roman Inquisition convicted the astronomer for vehement suspicion of heresy and sentenced him to imprisonment for life After this was commuted to house arrest Ferdinando came to visit the elderly scientist at his villa where he lived out the remainder of his life 17 Styles of Ferdinando II de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany nbsp Reference styleHis HighnessSpoken styleYour HighnessIssue editFrom his unhappy marriage to Vittoria Della Rovere Ferdinand II had four children of which only two reached adulthood nbsp Cosimo III second son of Ferdinando II engraving by Adriaen HaelweghCosimo Grand Prince of Tuscany 19 December 1639 21 December 1639 A nameless daughter who died at birth 1640 Cosimo III 14 August 1642 31 October 1723 Grand Duke of Toscany following his father s death married to Marguerite Louise d Orleans with issue Francesco Maria 12 November 1660 3 February 1711 Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro married to Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga without issueAncestry editAncestors of Ferdinando II de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany8 Cosimo I de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany4 Ferdinando I de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany9 Eleonora di Toledo2 Cosimo II de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany10 Charles III Duke of Lorraine5 Christina of Lorraine11 Claude of Valois1 Ferdinando II de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany12 Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor6 Charles II of Austria13 Anna of Bohemia and Hungary3 Maria Magdalena of Austria14 Albert V Duke of Bavaria7 Maria Anna of Bavaria15 Anna of AustriaCitations edit HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE MEDICI Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 Retrieved 17 August 2020 Strathern p 381 Hale p 178 Treccani IT Treccani IT Strathern p 375 Acton p 30 I MEDICI VISTI DA DIETRO Ferdinando II 1610 1670 e Giovan Gastone o Giangastone de Medici 1671 1737 IT Hale p 179 HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE MEDICI a b Hale p 180 Hale p 181 Acton p 108 Acton p 27 Bolton Henry C 1900 Evolution of the Thermometer 1592 1743 Ferdinand pg 33 Chemical Publishing Co Acton p 38 HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE MEDICISee also editGrand Duchy of TuscanyReferences editActon Harold The Last Medici Macmillan London 1980 ISBN 0 333 29315 0 Strathern Paul The Medici Godfathers of the Renaissance Vintage books London 2003 ISBN 978 0 09 952297 3 Hale J R Florence and the Medici Orion books London 1977 ISBN 1 84212 456 0External links edit nbsp Media related to Ferdinando II Grand Duke of Tuscany at Wikimedia Commons Liedtke Walter A 1984 Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 0870993569 see index v 1 for information about Ferdinando as a patron of the arts HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE MEDICI Archived 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Treccani IT I MEDICI VISTI DA DIETRO Ferdinando II 1610 1670 e Giovan Gastone o Giangastone de Medici 1671 1737 IT Ferdinando II de Medici Grand Duke of TuscanyHouse of MediciBorn 14 July 1610 Died 23 May 1670Regnal titlesPreceded byCosimo II de Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany1621 1670 Succeeded byCosimo III de MediciItalian royaltyPreceded byCosimo di Ferdinando de Medici Hereditary Prince of Tuscany1610 1621 Succeeded byCosimo di Ferdinando de Medici Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ferdinando II de 27 Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany amp oldid 1190080307, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
