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Felix König

December 20, 2023

Felix König (born c.1880) was an Austrian scientist, alpinist and Antarctic explorer. He was a member of Wilhelm Filchner's Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13, which failed in its attempt to determine the nature of the link, if any, between the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea, and thereby resolve the question as to whether the continent was a single landmass or a group of several elements. In the course of the expedition König, along with Filchner, was part of the group, that disproved the existence of the land known as New South Greenland, or "Morrell's Land", supposedly discovered in 1823 by the American sealer captain, Benjamin Morrell.

Felix König

On his return to Austria, König sought to continue Filchner's unfinished work, and for this purpose organised an Austrian Antarctic Expedition, which he hoped would depart in the summer of 1914. However, he found that his plans conflicted with those of Ernest Shackleton, who was concurrently preparing the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition on similar lines. Attempts to reconcile the two ventures failed; in the event, König's expedition was abandoned in August 1914 on the outbreak of the First World War, in which he served as an officer in the Austrian army. He was captured, and spent most of the conflict as a prisoner-of-war in Siberia. He never returned to the Antarctic.

Personal background edit

Felix König, born around 1880,[n 1] was a scientist and alpinist from Graz in Austria. He had acquired some experience of the Arctic in Greenland,[2] and in 1911 he was invited to join Wilhelm Filchner's Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13.[3]

In the Antarctic, 1911–13 edit

Main article: Second German Antarctic Expedition
 
Wilhelm Filchner

The main geographical objective of this expedition was to determine the relationship between the eastern and western landmasses of Antarctica; were they connected by land, or were there two landmasses separated by water?[4][5] The expedition would involve travel over uncharted terrain, in which König's alpine experiences might be a valuable asset.[6]

The expedition ship, Deutschland, entered the Weddell Sea in January 1912, and penetrated to 77°44'S. The ship reached an inlet, which Filchner named Vahsel Bay, after Deutschland's captain, Richard Vahsel.[7][8] Here he set attempted to up his Weddell Sea base camp, unfortunately on insecure ice; changes in the winds and tides caused the berg to break free, carrying the camp with it. Most of its equipment was retrieved, but after several attempts to re-establish the base the ship became caught in the ice and began to drift northwards. The expedition then endured a long, frustrating winter trapped in the Weddell Sea ice.[9][10]

The question as to whether overall control of the expedition lay with Filchner, or with the more experienced Vahsel – he had been second officer on the Gauss Expedition of 1901–03 – had not been satisfactorily resolved, and created a situation of divided command.[11][12] Factions formed behind these alternative leaders, followed by animosities and threats of violence.[8] König, firmly aligned with Filchner, alleged that he had been shot at;[13] Filchner slept behind locked doors with a loaded pistol by his side, for protection.[14]

 
Weddell Sea iceberg in the region of supposed "New South Greenland"

During the course of the winter drift, König participated with Filchner in an ice journey to investigate the location of land reportedly sighted by the American sealer Benjamin Morrell in 1823. This involved a hazardous trek over nearly 40 miles of treacherous sea ice. They found no trace of the land, and depth soundings confirmed that there was no land nearby. [9][15][16]

Deutschland finally escaped from the ice in late October 1912, and reached South Georgia on 19 December.[8] Here, the expedition dissolved; back in Germany, Filchner was largely exonerated from blame for the debacle, but had lost his taste for polar exploration, and decided to return to his original field of work, in Central and East Asia.[17]

Proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition edit

Back in Austria, and undiscouraged by Filchner's failures, König was ready to return to the Antarctic to continue the work. He began to organise the Austrian Antarctic Expedition, and with the backing of the influential Count Johann Wilczek, was able to buy Deutschland, the name of which he changed to Osterreich. His plans were supported by Filchner and, among others, Roald Amundsen and Otto Nordenskjöld.[18] König also obtained the blessing of the Austrian imperial family.[3]

 
Ernest Shackleton

However, König faced competition. Since his return in from his polar near-miss in 1909,[19] Ernest Shackleton had been considering a further journey south. In March 1912 he learned that Amundsen had reached the South Pole.[20] With that goal removed, the idea of a trans-Antarctic crossing became his objective,[21] something he had previously discussed with William Speirs Bruce, leader of the erstwhile Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902–04, whose own plans to make such a crossing had been stalled by lack of finance.[22][23] When, in January 1913, Shackleton learned that Filchner had failed in his principal objective, he felt free to develop his own scheme, based on the establishment of winter quarters in Vahsel Bay.[24]

Meanwhile, in Austria, König formally revealed his plans to a committee meeting of the Austrian Geographical Society in January 1914. The 1914 meeting noted that Shackleton was proposing a similar plan, meaning that two expeditions, with broadly similar objectives, would be operating in the same area of the Antarctic at the same time.[3] König's reaction was to claim that Filchner had transferred to him his rights of priority in the Vahsel Bay area, and that Shackleton should therefore go elsewhere.[18][3] The former president of the Royal Geographical Society, Sir Clements Markham, still an influential figure, concurred: "One has to leave the area to König where he has worked in former times".[3] This stance was similar to what Shackleton had experienced with Captain Scott, prior to the Nimrod Expedition in 1907, when Scott had claimed priority in the McMurdo Sound area of the Ross Sea and demanded that Shackleton find another base. Shackleton then had reluctantly deferred to Scott only to be forced by circumstances, when in the Antarctic, to break his promise and establish his base within McMurdo Sound.[25] Now, Shackleton was determined he would not yield, and informed the Royal Geographical Society: "I have as much right to use Vahsel Bay as Dr. König ... I cannot alter plans I have long since formulated".[26]

As the scheduled departure dates of both expeditions approached in the summer of 1914, attempts were made to get the two ventures to either combine or at least cooperate. Filchner invited Shackleton to Berlin, to discuss the situation, but Shackleton was too distracted by last-minute preparations for his expedition, and could not find the time. He suggested that König should come to London.[3][27] Events were then overtaken by the crisis developing in Europe; on 3 August, with war imminent, Shackleton's ship Endurance was moored at Ramsgate, awaiting instructions from the Admiralty. There, he received from the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, the one-word instruction "Proceed".[28][29] As König waited with his ship in Trieste harbour on the outbreak of war, he was ordered to abandon his expedition.[3]

First World War edit

König joined the Austrian army, fought in Galicia, and in September 1915 was captured and sent to Krasnoyarsk in Siberia as a prisoner of war.[3][30] During his long captivity, the scientific community made unavailing attempts to secure his release.[31] König finally escaped in June 1918,[32] but never returned to the Antarctic.[3] His name, however, is perpetuated in the region by the König Glacier in South Georgia, named in 1929 by a German expedition to the island.[33] Osterreich was requisitioned for use by the Austro-Hungarian Navy as a minesweeper, and served until she was sunk by a torpedo in the Adriatic Sea in 1917.[34][n 2]

Notes and references edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Available sources do not record König's date of birth, but Michael Smith, Shackleton's biographer, gives his age as 33 in 1913–14.[1]
  2. ^ Two further Antarctic expeditions were cancelled at the outbreak of war: a joint Anglo-Swedish enterprise sponsored by Louis Palander and Otto Nordenskjöld;[35] and a British expedition to King Edward VII Land in the Discovery, to be led by Joseph Foster Stackhouse.[36]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Smith 2019, p. 257.
  2. ^ Geographical Record 1913, p. 691.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rack 2014, pp. 33–34.
  4. ^ Mills 2003, pp. 228–230.
  5. ^ Lüdecke 2005, p. 283.
  6. ^ Hornik and Lüdecke 2007, p. 57.
  7. ^ Turney 2012, p. 195.
  8. ^ a b c Barr 2007, p. 454.
  9. ^ a b Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957.
  10. ^ Turney 2012, pp. 196–198.
  11. ^ Turney 2012, p. 184.
  12. ^ Lüdecke 2019.
  13. ^ Turney 2012, p. 200.
  14. ^ Turney 2012, p. 204.
  15. ^ Turney 2012, pp. 201–203.
  16. ^ Filchner and Przybyllok 1913, pp. 428–430.
  17. ^ Turney 2012, pp. 205–207.
  18. ^ a b Smith 2019, pp. 257–258.
  19. ^ Smith 2019, pp. 198–199.
  20. ^ Smith 2019, p. 248.
  21. ^ Smith 2019, p. 250.
  22. ^ Huntford 1985, p. 367.
  23. ^ Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 297.
  24. ^ Riffenburgh (Introduction 2007).
  25. ^ Riffenburgh 2005, pp. 110–116, 151–153.
  26. ^ Smith 2019, p. 258.
  27. ^ Smith 2019, pp. 267–268.
  28. ^ Mills 2003, p. 45.
  29. ^ Smith 2019, p. 269.
  30. ^ Smith 2019, p. 268.
  31. ^ Rack (The Polar Journal, 24 June 2014).
  32. ^ Rack 11 April 2018.
  33. ^ USGS Antarctica-ID 8142.
  34. ^ Bryan 2011, p. 264.
  35. ^ Rabassa & Borla 2006, pp. 158, 164.
  36. ^ Savours 2001, p. 87.

Sources edit

Books edit

  • Barr, William (2007). "German South Polar (Deutschland) Expedition 1911–1912". In Riffenburgh, Beau (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Vol. 1. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 453–455. ISBN 978-0-41597-024-2.
  • Bryan, Rorke (2011). Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House. ISBN 978-1-57409-312-4.
  • Fisher, Margery; Fisher, James (1957). Shackleton. London: J. M. Barrie. OCLC 696046516.
  • Huntford, Roland (1985). Shackleton. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-25007-0.
  • Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-422-6.
  • Rabasssa, Jorge; Borla, Maria (2006). Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-41379-4.
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2005). Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-7253-4.
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (Introduction); Shackleton, Ernest (2007). The Heart of the Antarctic and South. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-616-4.
  • Savours, Ann (2001). The Voyages of the Discovery. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-149-X.
  • Smith, Michael (2019). Shackleton: By Endurance we Conquer. London: OneWorld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-707-1.
  • Turney, Chris (2012). 1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1-84792-174-1.

Journals edit

  • Filchner, Wilhelm; Przybyllok, Erich (1913). "The German Antarctic Expedition". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. American Geographical Society. 45 (6): 423–430. doi:10.2307/200593. JSTOR 200593. S2CID 4033913.
  • "Geographical Record: Polar". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. American Geographical Society. 45 (9): 691. 1913. JSTOR 200530.
  • Lüdecke, Cornelia (2005). "Antarectic Research: No Longer a Historic Matter in the Scientific Community". Earth Sciences History. History of Earth Sciences Society. 24 (2): 281–286. JSTOR 24136948.
  • Rack, Ursula (2014). "As if the Weddell Sea were not Big Enough" (PDF). Antarctic. New Zealand Antarctic Society. 32, no. 3 (229): 33–34.
  • Rack, Ursula (24 June 2014). "Felix König and the European Science Community across enemy lines during the First World War (Abstract)". The Polar Journal. Taylor & Francis Online. 4 (1). doi:10.1080/2154896X.2014.913928. S2CID 159652885.

Conferences edit

  • Hornik, Helmut; Lüdecke, Cornelia (2–3 June 2005). Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica. 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research. Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 55–61.
  • Rack, Ursula (11 April 2018). Cold cases in Antarctic history. SPRI: Friends of Scott Polar Research Institute lecture series. University of Cambridge.

Websites edit

  • "Antarctica Detail, ID 8142". United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  • "Antarctic Explorers: Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957". South-Pole.com. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  • Lüdecke, Cornelia (2019). "Filchner, Wilhelm 1877–1875". Dictionary of Falklands Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2019.

December 20, 2023
felix, könig, born, 1880, austrian, scientist, alpinist, antarctic, explorer, member, wilhelm, filchner, second, german, antarctic, expedition, 1911, which, failed, attempt, determine, nature, link, between, weddell, ross, thereby, resolve, question, whether, . Felix Konig born c 1880 was an Austrian scientist alpinist and Antarctic explorer He was a member of Wilhelm Filchner s Second German Antarctic Expedition 1911 13 which failed in its attempt to determine the nature of the link if any between the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea and thereby resolve the question as to whether the continent was a single landmass or a group of several elements In the course of the expedition Konig along with Filchner was part of the group that disproved the existence of the land known as New South Greenland or Morrell s Land supposedly discovered in 1823 by the American sealer captain Benjamin Morrell Felix KonigOn his return to Austria Konig sought to continue Filchner s unfinished work and for this purpose organised an Austrian Antarctic Expedition which he hoped would depart in the summer of 1914 However he found that his plans conflicted with those of Ernest Shackleton who was concurrently preparing the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition on similar lines Attempts to reconcile the two ventures failed in the event Konig s expedition was abandoned in August 1914 on the outbreak of the First World War in which he served as an officer in the Austrian army He was captured and spent most of the conflict as a prisoner of war in Siberia He never returned to the Antarctic Contents 1 Personal background 2 In the Antarctic 1911 13 3 Proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition 4 First World War 5 Notes and references 5 1 Notes 5 2 Citations 5 3 Sources 5 3 1 Books 5 3 2 Journals 5 3 3 Conferences 5 3 4 WebsitesPersonal background editFelix Konig born around 1880 n 1 was a scientist and alpinist from Graz in Austria He had acquired some experience of the Arctic in Greenland 2 and in 1911 he was invited to join Wilhelm Filchner s Second German Antarctic Expedition 1911 13 3 In the Antarctic 1911 13 editMain article Second German Antarctic Expedition nbsp Wilhelm FilchnerThe main geographical objective of this expedition was to determine the relationship between the eastern and western landmasses of Antarctica were they connected by land or were there two landmasses separated by water 4 5 The expedition would involve travel over uncharted terrain in which Konig s alpine experiences might be a valuable asset 6 The expedition ship Deutschland entered the Weddell Sea in January 1912 and penetrated to 77 44 S The ship reached an inlet which Filchner named Vahsel Bay after Deutschland s captain Richard Vahsel 7 8 Here he set attempted to up his Weddell Sea base camp unfortunately on insecure ice changes in the winds and tides caused the berg to break free carrying the camp with it Most of its equipment was retrieved but after several attempts to re establish the base the ship became caught in the ice and began to drift northwards The expedition then endured a long frustrating winter trapped in the Weddell Sea ice 9 10 The question as to whether overall control of the expedition lay with Filchner or with the more experienced Vahsel he had been second officer on the Gauss Expedition of 1901 03 had not been satisfactorily resolved and created a situation of divided command 11 12 Factions formed behind these alternative leaders followed by animosities and threats of violence 8 Konig firmly aligned with Filchner alleged that he had been shot at 13 Filchner slept behind locked doors with a loaded pistol by his side for protection 14 nbsp Weddell Sea iceberg in the region of supposed New South Greenland During the course of the winter drift Konig participated with Filchner in an ice journey to investigate the location of land reportedly sighted by the American sealer Benjamin Morrell in 1823 This involved a hazardous trek over nearly 40 miles of treacherous sea ice They found no trace of the land and depth soundings confirmed that there was no land nearby 9 15 16 Deutschland finally escaped from the ice in late October 1912 and reached South Georgia on 19 December 8 Here the expedition dissolved back in Germany Filchner was largely exonerated from blame for the debacle but had lost his taste for polar exploration and decided to return to his original field of work in Central and East Asia 17 Proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition editBack in Austria and undiscouraged by Filchner s failures Konig was ready to return to the Antarctic to continue the work He began to organise the Austrian Antarctic Expedition and with the backing of the influential Count Johann Wilczek was able to buy Deutschland the name of which he changed to Osterreich His plans were supported by Filchner and among others Roald Amundsen and Otto Nordenskjold 18 Konig also obtained the blessing of the Austrian imperial family 3 nbsp Ernest ShackletonHowever Konig faced competition Since his return in from his polar near miss in 1909 19 Ernest Shackleton had been considering a further journey south In March 1912 he learned that Amundsen had reached the South Pole 20 With that goal removed the idea of a trans Antarctic crossing became his objective 21 something he had previously discussed with William Speirs Bruce leader of the erstwhile Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902 04 whose own plans to make such a crossing had been stalled by lack of finance 22 23 When in January 1913 Shackleton learned that Filchner had failed in his principal objective he felt free to develop his own scheme based on the establishment of winter quarters in Vahsel Bay 24 Meanwhile in Austria Konig formally revealed his plans to a committee meeting of the Austrian Geographical Society in January 1914 The 1914 meeting noted that Shackleton was proposing a similar plan meaning that two expeditions with broadly similar objectives would be operating in the same area of the Antarctic at the same time 3 Konig s reaction was to claim that Filchner had transferred to him his rights of priority in the Vahsel Bay area and that Shackleton should therefore go elsewhere 18 3 The former president of the Royal Geographical Society Sir Clements Markham still an influential figure concurred One has to leave the area to Konig where he has worked in former times 3 This stance was similar to what Shackleton had experienced with Captain Scott prior to the Nimrod Expedition in 1907 when Scott had claimed priority in the McMurdo Sound area of the Ross Sea and demanded that Shackleton find another base Shackleton then had reluctantly deferred to Scott only to be forced by circumstances when in the Antarctic to break his promise and establish his base within McMurdo Sound 25 Now Shackleton was determined he would not yield and informed the Royal Geographical Society I have as much right to use Vahsel Bay as Dr Konig I cannot alter plans I have long since formulated 26 As the scheduled departure dates of both expeditions approached in the summer of 1914 attempts were made to get the two ventures to either combine or at least cooperate Filchner invited Shackleton to Berlin to discuss the situation but Shackleton was too distracted by last minute preparations for his expedition and could not find the time He suggested that Konig should come to London 3 27 Events were then overtaken by the crisis developing in Europe on 3 August with war imminent Shackleton s ship Endurance was moored at Ramsgate awaiting instructions from the Admiralty There he received from the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill the one word instruction Proceed 28 29 As Konig waited with his ship in Trieste harbour on the outbreak of war he was ordered to abandon his expedition 3 First World War editKonig joined the Austrian army fought in Galicia and in September 1915 was captured and sent to Krasnoyarsk in Siberia as a prisoner of war 3 30 During his long captivity the scientific community made unavailing attempts to secure his release 31 Konig finally escaped in June 1918 32 but never returned to the Antarctic 3 His name however is perpetuated in the region by the Konig Glacier in South Georgia named in 1929 by a German expedition to the island 33 Osterreich was requisitioned for use by the Austro Hungarian Navy as a minesweeper and served until she was sunk by a torpedo in the Adriatic Sea in 1917 34 n 2 Notes and references editNotes edit Available sources do not record Konig s date of birth but Michael Smith Shackleton s biographer gives his age as 33 in 1913 14 1 Two further Antarctic expeditions were cancelled at the outbreak of war a joint Anglo Swedish enterprise sponsored by Louis Palander and Otto Nordenskjold 35 and a British expedition to King Edward VII Land in the Discovery to be led by Joseph Foster Stackhouse 36 Citations edit Smith 2019 p 257 Geographical Record 1913 p 691 a b c d e f g h i Rack 2014 pp 33 34 Mills 2003 pp 228 230 Ludecke 2005 p 283 Hornik and Ludecke 2007 p 57 Turney 2012 p 195 a b c Barr 2007 p 454 a b Wilhelm Filchner 1877 1957 Turney 2012 pp 196 198 Turney 2012 p 184 Ludecke 2019 Turney 2012 p 200 Turney 2012 p 204 Turney 2012 pp 201 203 Filchner and Przybyllok 1913 pp 428 430 Turney 2012 pp 205 207 a b Smith 2019 pp 257 258 Smith 2019 pp 198 199 Smith 2019 p 248 Smith 2019 p 250 Huntford 1985 p 367 Fisher amp Fisher 1957 p 297 Riffenburgh Introduction 2007 Riffenburgh 2005 pp 110 116 151 153 Smith 2019 p 258 Smith 2019 pp 267 268 Mills 2003 p 45 Smith 2019 p 269 Smith 2019 p 268 Rack The Polar Journal 24 June 2014 Rack 11 April 2018 USGS Antarctica ID 8142 Bryan 2011 p 264 Rabassa amp Borla 2006 pp 158 164 Savours 2001 p 87 Sources edit Books edit Barr William 2007 German South Polar Deutschland Expedition 1911 1912 In Riffenburgh Beau ed Encyclopedia of the Antarctic Vol 1 New York and Abingdon Routledge pp 453 455 ISBN 978 0 41597 024 2 Bryan Rorke 2011 Ordeal by Ice Ships of the Antarctic Dobbs Ferry NY Sheridan House ISBN 978 1 57409 312 4 Fisher Margery Fisher James 1957 Shackleton London J M Barrie OCLC 696046516 Huntford Roland 1985 Shackleton London Hodder and Stoughton ISBN 0 340 25007 0 Mills William James 2003 Exploring Polar Frontiers A Historical Encyclopedia Santa Barbara CA Denver CO Oxford England ABC CLIO ISBN 1 57607 422 6 Rabasssa Jorge Borla Maria 2006 Antarctic Peninsula amp Tierra del Fuego 100 years of Swedish Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world London Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 415 41379 4 Riffenburgh Beau 2005 Nimrod Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907 09 British Antarctic Expedition London Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 7475 7253 4 Riffenburgh Beau Introduction Shackleton Ernest 2007 The Heart of the AntarcticandSouth Ware Hertfordshire Wordsworth Editions ISBN 978 1 84022 616 4 Savours Ann 2001 The Voyages of the Discovery London Chatham Publishing ISBN 1 86176 149 X Smith Michael 2019 Shackleton By Endurance we Conquer London OneWorld Publications ISBN 978 1 78074 707 1 Turney Chris 2012 1912 The Year the World Discovered Antarctica London The Bodley Head ISBN 978 1 84792 174 1 Journals edit Filchner Wilhelm Przybyllok Erich 1913 The German Antarctic Expedition Bulletin of the American Geographical Society American Geographical Society 45 6 423 430 doi 10 2307 200593 JSTOR 200593 S2CID 4033913 Geographical Record Polar Bulletin of the American Geographical Society American Geographical Society 45 9 691 1913 JSTOR 200530 Ludecke Cornelia 2005 Antarectic Research No Longer a Historic Matter in the Scientific Community Earth Sciences History History of Earth Sciences Society 24 2 281 286 JSTOR 24136948 Rack Ursula 2014 As if the Weddell Sea were not Big Enough PDF Antarctic New Zealand Antarctic Society 32 no 3 229 33 34 Rack Ursula 24 June 2014 Felix Konig and the European Science Community across enemy lines during the First World War Abstract The Polar Journal Taylor amp Francis Online 4 1 doi 10 1080 2154896X 2014 913928 S2CID 159652885 Conferences edit Hornik Helmut Ludecke Cornelia 2 3 June 2005 Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities pp 55 61 Rack Ursula 11 April 2018 Cold cases in Antarctic history SPRI Friends of Scott Polar Research Institute lecture series University of Cambridge Websites edit Antarctica Detail ID 8142 United States Geological Survey USGS Retrieved 10 September 2019 Antarctic Explorers Wilhelm Filchner 1877 1957 South Pole com Retrieved 9 September 2019 Ludecke Cornelia 2019 Filchner Wilhelm 1877 1875 Dictionary of Falklands Biography Retrieved 9 September 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Felix Konig amp oldid 1143152166, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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