Far-red light is a range of light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum, just before infra-red light. Usually regarded as the region between 700 and 750 nm wavelength, it is dimly visible to human eyes. It is largely reflected or transmitted by plants because of the absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll, and it is perceived by the plant photoreceptorphytochrome. However, some organisms can use it as a source of energy in photosynthesis.[1][2] Far-red light also is used for vision by certain organisms such as some species of deep-sea fishes[3][4] and mantis shrimp.
Plants perceive light through internal photoreceptors absorbing a specified wavelength signaling (photomorphogenesis) or transferring the energy to a plant process (photosynthesis).[5] In plants, the photoreceptors cryptochrome and phototropin absorb radiation in the blue spectrum (B: λ=400–500 nm) and regulate internal signaling such as hypocotyl inhibition, flowering time, and phototropism.[6] Additional receptors called phytochrome absorb radiation in the red (R: λ=660–730 nm) and far-red (FR: λ>730 nm) spectra and influence many aspects of plant development such as germination, seedling etiolation, transition to flowering, shade avoidance, and tropisms.[7] Phytochrome has the ability to interchange its conformation based on the quantity or quality of light it perceives and does so via photoconversion from phytochrome red (Pr) to phytochrome far-red (Pfr).[8] Pr is the inactive form of phytrochrome, ready to perceive red light. In a high R:FR environment, Pr changes conformation to the active form of phytochrome Pfr. Once active, Pfr translocates to the cellular nucleus, binds to phytochrome interacting factors (PIF), and targets the PIFs to the proteasome for degradation. Exposed to a low R:FR environment, Pfr absorbs FR and changes conformation back to the inactive Pr. The inactive conformation will remain in the cytosol, allowing PIFs to target their binding site on the genome and induce expression (i.e. shade avoidance through cellular elongation).[9] FR irradiation can lead to compromised plant immunity and increased pathogen susceptibility. [10]
FR has long been considered a minimal input in photosynthesis. In the early 1970’s, PhD physicist and soil crop professor Dr. Keith J. McCree lobbied for a standard definition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR: λ=400–700 nm) which did not include FR.[11] More recently, scientists have provided evidence that a broader spectrum called photo-biologically active radiation (PBAR: λ=280–800 nm) is more applicable terminology.[12] This range of wavelengths not only includes FR, but also UV-A and UV-B. The Emerson Effect established that the rate of photosynthesis in red and green algae was higher when exposed to R and FR than the sum of the two individually.[13] This research laid the ground work for the elucidation of the dual photosystems in plants. Photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) work synergistically; through photochemical processes PSII transports electrons to PSI. Any imbalance between R and FR leads to unequal excitation between PSI and PSII, thereby reducing the efficiency of photochemistry.[14][15]
^Pettai, Hugo; Oja, Vello; Freiberg, Arvi; Laisk, Agu (2005). "Photosynthetic activity of far-red light in green plants". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1708 (3): 311–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.05.005. PMID 15950173.
^Oquist, Gunnar (1969). "Adaptations in Pigment Composition and Photosynthesis by Far Red Radiation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa". Physiologia Plantarum. 22 (3): 516–528. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1969.tb07406.x.
^Douglas, R. H.; Partridge, J. C.; Dulai, K.; Hunt, D.; Mullineaux, C. W.; Tauber, A. Y.; Hynninen, P. H. (1998). "Dragon fish see using chlorophyll". Nature. 393 (6684): 423. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..423D. doi:10.1038/30871. S2CID 4416089.
^"Scientists Discover Unique Microbe In California's Largest Lake". ScienceDaily. 11 January 2005.
^Sager, J.C.; Smith, W.O.; Edwards, J.L.; Cyr, K.L. (1988). "Photosynthetic efficiency and phytochrome photoequilibria determination using spectral data". Transactions of the ASAE. 31 (6): 1882–1889. doi:10.13031/2013.30952.
^Heyes, Derren; Khara, Basile; Sakuma, Michiyo; Hardman, Samantha; O'Cualain, Ronan; Rigby, Stephen; Scrutton, Nigel (2012). "Ultrafast red light activation of Synechocystis phytochrome Cph1 triggers major structural change to for the Pfr signaling-competent state". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52418. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752418H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052418. PMC3530517. PMID 23300666.
^Frankhauser, Christian (2001). "The phytochroms, a family of red/far-red absorbing photoreceptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (15): 11453–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100006200. PMID 11279228.
^Courbier, Sarah; Grevink, Sanne; Sluijs, Emma; Bonhomme, Pierre‐Olivier; Kajala, Kaisa; Van Wees, Saskia C.M.; Pierik, Ronald (24 August 2020). "Far‐red light promotes Botrytis cinerea disease development in tomato leaves via jasmonate‐dependent modulation of soluble sugars". Plant, Cell & Environment. 43 (11): 2769–2781. doi:10.1111/pce.13870. PMC7693051. PMID 32833234.
^McCree, Keith (1972). "The action spectrum, absorbance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants". Agricultural Meteorology. 9: 191–216. doi:10.1016/0002-1571(71)90022-7.
^Dӧrr, Oliver; Zimmermann, Benno; Kӧgler, Stine; Mibus, Heiko (2019). "Influence of leaf temperature and blue light on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid and other phenolic compounds in Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.)". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 167: 103830. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103830.
^Emerson, Robert; Chalmers, Ruth; Cederstrand, Carl (1957). "Some factors influencing the long-wave limit of photosynthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 43 (1): 133–143. Bibcode:1957PNAS...43..133E. doi:10.1073/pnas.43.1.133. PMC528397. PMID 16589986.
^Zhen, S.; van Iersel, Marc W. (2017). "Far-red light is needed for efficient photochemistry and photosynthesis". Journal of Plant Physiology. 209: 115–122. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2016.12.004. PMID 28039776.
^Pocock, Tessa. "The McCree curve demystified". Biophotonics. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
General sources
Fei Gan, Shuyi Zhang, Nathan C. Rockwell, Shelley S. Martin, J. Clark Lagarias, Donald A. Bryant (12 September 2014). "Extensive remodeling of a cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus in far-red light". Science. 345 (6202): 1312–1317. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1312G. doi:10.1126/science.1256963. PMID 25214622. S2CID 206559762.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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light, range, light, extreme, visible, spectrum, just, before, infra, light, usually, regarded, region, between, wavelength, dimly, visible, human, eyes, largely, reflected, transmitted, plants, because, absorbance, spectrum, chlorophyll, perceived, plant, pho. Far red light is a range of light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum just before infra red light Usually regarded as the region between 700 and 750 nm wavelength it is dimly visible to human eyes It is largely reflected or transmitted by plants because of the absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll and it is perceived by the plant photoreceptor phytochrome However some organisms can use it as a source of energy in photosynthesis 1 2 Far red light also is used for vision by certain organisms such as some species of deep sea fishes 3 4 and mantis shrimp The visible spectrum far red is located at the far right Contents 1 In horticulture 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 General sourcesIn horticulture EditPlants perceive light through internal photoreceptors absorbing a specified wavelength signaling photomorphogenesis or transferring the energy to a plant process photosynthesis 5 In plants the photoreceptors cryptochrome and phototropin absorb radiation in the blue spectrum B l 400 500 nm and regulate internal signaling such as hypocotyl inhibition flowering time and phototropism 6 Additional receptors called phytochrome absorb radiation in the red R l 660 730 nm and far red FR l gt 730 nm spectra and influence many aspects of plant development such as germination seedling etiolation transition to flowering shade avoidance and tropisms 7 Phytochrome has the ability to interchange its conformation based on the quantity or quality of light it perceives and does so via photoconversion from phytochrome red Pr to phytochrome far red Pfr 8 Pr is the inactive form of phytrochrome ready to perceive red light In a high R FR environment Pr changes conformation to the active form of phytochrome Pfr Once active Pfr translocates to the cellular nucleus binds to phytochrome interacting factors PIF and targets the PIFs to the proteasome for degradation Exposed to a low R FR environment Pfr absorbs FR and changes conformation back to the inactive Pr The inactive conformation will remain in the cytosol allowing PIFs to target their binding site on the genome and induce expression i e shade avoidance through cellular elongation 9 FR irradiation can lead to compromised plant immunity and increased pathogen susceptibility 10 FR has long been considered a minimal input in photosynthesis In the early 1970 s PhD physicist and soil crop professor Dr Keith J McCree lobbied for a standard definition of photosynthetically active radiation PAR l 400 700 nm which did not include FR 11 More recently scientists have provided evidence that a broader spectrum called photo biologically active radiation PBAR l 280 800 nm is more applicable terminology 12 This range of wavelengths not only includes FR but also UV A and UV B The Emerson Effect established that the rate of photosynthesis in red and green algae was higher when exposed to R and FR than the sum of the two individually 13 This research laid the ground work for the elucidation of the dual photosystems in plants Photosystem I PSI and photosystem II PSII work synergistically through photochemical processes PSII transports electrons to PSI Any imbalance between R and FR leads to unequal excitation between PSI and PSII thereby reducing the efficiency of photochemistry 14 15 See also EditCrown shynessReferences EditCitations Edit Pettai Hugo Oja Vello Freiberg Arvi Laisk Agu 2005 Photosynthetic activity of far red light in green plants Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA Bioenergetics 1708 3 311 21 doi 10 1016 j bbabio 2005 05 005 PMID 15950173 Oquist Gunnar 1969 Adaptations in Pigment Composition and Photosynthesis by Far Red Radiation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Physiologia Plantarum 22 3 516 528 doi 10 1111 j 1399 3054 1969 tb07406 x Douglas R H Partridge J C Dulai K Hunt D Mullineaux C W Tauber A Y Hynninen P H 1998 Dragon fish see using chlorophyll Nature 393 6684 423 Bibcode 1998Natur 393 423D doi 10 1038 30871 S2CID 4416089 Scientists Discover Unique Microbe In California s Largest Lake ScienceDaily 11 January 2005 Sager J C Smith W O Edwards J L Cyr K L 1988 Photosynthetic efficiency and phytochrome photoequilibria determination using spectral data Transactions of the ASAE 31 6 1882 1889 doi 10 13031 2013 30952 Lin Chentao 2000 Plant blue light receptors Trends in Plant Science 5 8 337 42 doi 10 1016 S1360 1385 00 01687 3 PMID 10908878 Taiz Lincoln Zeiger Eduardo 2010 Plant Physiology 5th ed Sunderland Massachusetts Sinaur Associates Inc Heyes Derren Khara Basile Sakuma Michiyo Hardman Samantha O Cualain Ronan Rigby Stephen Scrutton Nigel 2012 Ultrafast red light activation of Synechocystis phytochrome Cph1 triggers major structural change to for the Pfr signaling competent state PLOS ONE 7 12 e52418 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 752418H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0052418 PMC 3530517 PMID 23300666 Frankhauser Christian 2001 The phytochroms a family of red far red absorbing photoreceptors The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 15 11453 6 doi 10 1074 jbc R100006200 PMID 11279228 Courbier Sarah Grevink Sanne Sluijs Emma Bonhomme Pierre Olivier Kajala Kaisa Van Wees Saskia C M Pierik Ronald 24 August 2020 Far red light promotes Botrytis cinerea disease development in tomato leaves via jasmonate dependent modulation of soluble sugars Plant Cell amp Environment 43 11 2769 2781 doi 10 1111 pce 13870 PMC 7693051 PMID 32833234 McCree Keith 1972 The action spectrum absorbance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants Agricultural Meteorology 9 191 216 doi 10 1016 0002 1571 71 90022 7 Dӧrr Oliver Zimmermann Benno Kӧgler Stine Mibus Heiko 2019 Influence of leaf temperature and blue light on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid and other phenolic compounds in Plectranthus scutellarioides L Environmental and Experimental Botany 167 103830 doi 10 1016 j envexpbot 2019 103830 Emerson Robert Chalmers Ruth Cederstrand Carl 1957 Some factors influencing the long wave limit of photosynthesis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 43 1 133 143 Bibcode 1957PNAS 43 133E doi 10 1073 pnas 43 1 133 PMC 528397 PMID 16589986 Zhen S van Iersel Marc W 2017 Far red light is needed for efficient photochemistry and photosynthesis Journal of Plant Physiology 209 115 122 doi 10 1016 j jplph 2016 12 004 PMID 28039776 Pocock Tessa The McCree curve demystified Biophotonics Retrieved 10 October 2019 General sources Edit Fei Gan Shuyi Zhang Nathan C Rockwell Shelley S Martin J Clark Lagarias Donald A Bryant 12 September 2014 Extensive remodeling of a cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus in far red light Science 345 6202 1312 1317 Bibcode 2014Sci 345 1312G doi 10 1126 science 1256963 PMID 25214622 S2CID 206559762 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link This electromagnetism related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Far red amp oldid 1053263639, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
