Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1][2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[4]
Lifecycleedit
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frogL. blythii or the fanged river frogL. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[6]L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[4] Parental care is performed by males.[3]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limnonectes.
^Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^Stuart, Bryan L.; Schoen, Sara N.; Nelson, Emma E.M.; Maher, Heather; Neang, Thy; Rowley, Jodi J.L.; Mcleod, David S. (2020-12-10). "A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia". Zootaxa. 4894 (3): 451–473. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33311078. S2CID 229178977.
^ abMcLeod, D.S.; S.J. Horner; C. Husted; A. Barley & D.T. Iskandar (2011). (PDF). Zootaxa. 2883: 52–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-03.
^ abIskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5884I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884. PMC4281041. PMID 25551466.
^ abMing, Leong Tzi (2004). (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 (2): 609–620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17.
^Rowley, J. J. L.; Altig, R. (2012). "Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 33: 145–149. doi:10.1163/156853812X626179.
^Freaky Fanged Frog Discovered in the Philippines. On: SciTechDaily; August 21, 2021
^ abR. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
^Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9
^McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, p. 201–214.
limnonectes, genus, fork, tongued, frogs, about, known, species, ones, still, being, described, occasionally, they, collectively, known, fanged, frogs, because, they, tend, have, unusually, large, teeth, which, small, absent, other, frogs, fanged, river, frog,. Limnonectes is a genus of fork tongued frogs of about 75 known species but new ones are still being described occasionally 1 2 They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth which are small or absent in other frogs Limnonectes Fanged river frog Limnonectes macrodon Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Dicroglossidae Subfamily Dicroglossinae Genus LimnonectesFitzinger 1843 Species More than 74 see text Synonyms Taylorana Dubois 1986 Contents 1 Habitat 2 Lifecycle 3 Species 4 Phylogeny 4 1 Pyron amp Wiens 2011 4 2 Aowphol et al 2015 4 3 McLeod et al 2015 5 ReferencesHabitat editThese frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia most commonly near forest streams Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony 3 Large bodied species cluster around fast rivers while smaller ones live among leaf litter or on stream banks The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog only four of which have been formally described 4 Lifecycle editTadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions Most species e g Blyth s river frog L blythii or the fanged river frog L macrodon develop normally with free swimming tadpoles that eat food 5 The tadpoles of the corrugated frog L laticeps are free swimming but endotrophic meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs 5 Before L limborgi was assumed to have direct development eggs hatching as tiny full formed frogs but more careful observations have showed it has free swimming but endotrophic larvae this probably applies to the closely related L hascheanus too 6 L larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles 4 Parental care is performed by males 3 Species editLimnonectes acanthi Taylor 1923 Busuanga wart frog Limnonectes arathooni Smith 1927 Djikoro wart frog Endangered Limnonectes asperatus Limnonectes bannaensis Ye Fei Xie amp Jiang 2007 Limnonectes beloncioi Herr Vallejos Meneses Abraham Otterholt Siler Rico amp Brown 2021 Mindoro fanged frog 7 Limnonectes blythii Blyth s river frog giant Asian river frog Limnonectes cintalubang Matsui Nishikawa amp Eto 2014 Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak Sivongxay Seateun Yodthong Rujirawan Neang Aowphol and Stuart 2018 Limnonectes conspicillatus Gunther 1872 Limnonectes dabanus Limnonectes dammermani Dammerman s wart frog Limnonectes deinodon Dehling 2014 Limnonectes diuatus eastern Mindanao frog Tagibo wart frog Limnonectes doriae Burmese wart frog Doria s frog or red stream frog Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart Schoen Nelson Maher Neang Rowley amp McLeod 2020 Limnonectes ferneri Limnonectes finchi Finch s wart frog Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes fujianensis Limnonectes grunniens Limnonectes gyldenstolpei Limnonectes hascheanus sometimes separated in Taylorana Limnonectes heinrichi Limnonectes hikidai Matsui amp Nishikawa 2014 Limnonectes ibanorum Limnonectes ingeri Limnonectes isanensis McLeod Kelly and Barley 2012 Limnonectes jarujini Matsui et al 2010 Limnonectes kadarsani Limnonectes kenepaiensis Limnonectes khammonensis Limnonectes khasianus Limnonectes kiziriani Pham Le Ngo Ziegler and Nguyen 2018 Limnonectes kohchangae Limnonectes kong Dehling and Dehling 2017 Limnonectes kuhlii Kuhl s Creek frog large headed frog Limnonectes larvaepartus Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol Rujirawan Taksintum Chuaynkern amp Stuart 2015 Limnonectes leporinus giant river frog Limnonectes leytensis small disked frog swamp frog Limnonectes limborgi Limnonectes liui Yang 1983 Limnonectes longchuanensis Suwannapoom Yuan Sullivan amp McLeod 2016 Limnonectes macrocephalus Luzon fanged frog Limnonectes macrodon Dumeril amp Bibron 1841 fanged river frog Javan giant frog Malaya wart frog stone creek frog Limnonectes macrognathus Limnonectes magnus Stejneger 1910 giant Philippine frog large swamp frog Mindanao fanged frog Limnonectes malesianus Malesian frog peat swamp frog Limnonectes mawlyndipi Limnonectes megastomias McLeod 2008 Limnonectes micrixalus Limnonectes microdiscus Limnonectes microtympanum Limnonectes mocquardi Mocquard 1890 Limnonectes modestus Limnonectes namiyei Namiye s frog Limnonectes nguyenorum Limnonectes nitidus Limnonectes palavanensis Limnonectes paramacrodon Limnonectes parvus Philippine small disked frog Limnonectes plicatellus Limnonectes poilani Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham Le Nguyen Ziegler Wu and Nguyen 2017 Limnonectes rhacoda Limnonectes savan Phimmachak Richards Sivongxay Seateun Chuaynkern Makchai Som amp Stuart 2019 Limnonectes selatan Matsui Belabut and Ahmad 2014 Limnonectes shompenorum Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui 2015 Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod Horner Husted Barley and Iskandar 2011 Limnonectes taylori Matsui et al 2010 Limnonectes timorensis Smith 1927 Limnonectes tweediei Limnonectes utara Matsui Belabut and Ahmad 2014 Limnonectes visayanus giant Visayan frog Limnonectes woodworthi Woodworth s frogPhylogeny editPyron amp Wiens 2011 edit The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron amp Wiens 2011 8 35 species are included Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana 8 Limnonectes Limnonectes microdiscus Limnonectes kadarsani Limnonectes laticeps Limnonectes limborgi Limnonectes hascheanus Limnonectes dabanus Limnonectes gyldenstolpei Limnonectes asperatus Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes fujianensis Limnonectes bannaensis Limnonectes kuhlii Limnonectes leytensis Limnonectes acanthi Limnonectes microtympanum Limnonectes arathooni Limnonectes magnus Limnonectes heinrichi Limnonectes modestus Limnonectes woodworthi Limnonectes macrocephalus Limnonectes visayanus Limnonectes leporinus Limnonectes parvus Limnonectes palavanensis Limnonectes ibanorum Limnonectes grunniens Limnonectes blythii Limnonectes poilani Limnonectes paramacrodon Limnonectes macrodon Limnonectes shompenorum Limnonectes malesianus Limnonectes ingeri Limnonectes finchi Aowphol et al 2015 edit The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol et al 2015 9 20 species are included Limnonectes Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes leporinus Limnonectes leytensis Limnonectes woodworthi Limnonectes malesianus Limnonectes poilani Limnonectes khasianus Limnonectes kadarsani Limnonectes microdiscus Limnonectes bannaensis Limnonectes fujianensis Limnonectes lauhachindai Limnonectes dabanus Limnonectes gyldenstolpei Limnonectes kohchangae Limnonectes plicatellus Limnonectes doriae Limnonectes macrognathus Limnonectes hascheanus Limnonectes limborgi McLeod et al 2015 edit Below is a phylogeny of species within the L kuhlii species complex McLeod et al 2015 10 Limnonectes longchuanensis Limnonectes hikidai and Limnonectes cintalubang 11 are also part of the L kuhlii species complex Limnonectes kuhlii Java Limnonectes sisikdagu Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes bannaensis Limnonectes namiyei Limnonectes fujianensis Limnonectes jarujini Limnonectes nguyenorum Limnonectes isanensis Limnonectes taylori Limnonectes megastomiasReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limnonectes Frost Darrel R 2014 Limnonectes Fitzinger 1843 Amphibian Species of the World an Online Reference Version 6 0 American Museum of Natural History Retrieved 26 January 2014 Stuart Bryan L Schoen Sara N Nelson Emma E M Maher Heather Neang Thy Rowley Jodi J L Mcleod David S 2020 12 10 A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex Anura Dicroglossidae from northeastern Cambodia Zootaxa 4894 3 451 473 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4894 3 11 ISSN 1175 5334 PMID 33311078 S2CID 229178977 a b McLeod D S S J Horner C Husted A Barley amp D T Iskandar 2011 Same same but different An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra Anura Dicroglossidae PDF Zootaxa 2883 52 64 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2883 1 4 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 01 03 a b Iskandar D T Evans B J McGuire J A 2014 A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles PLOS ONE 9 12 e115884 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9k5884I doi 10 1371 journal pone 0115884 PMC 4281041 PMID 25551466 a b Ming Leong Tzi 2004 Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia Amphibia Anura PDF Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 2 609 620 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 06 17 Rowley J J L Altig R 2012 Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi Anura Dicroglossidae Amphibia Reptilia 33 145 149 doi 10 1163 156853812X626179 Freaky Fanged Frog Discovered in the Philippines On SciTechDaily August 21 2021 a b R Alexander Pyron John J Wiens 2011 A large scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species and a revised classification of extant frogs salamanders and caecilians Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61 2 543 583 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 06 012 PMID 21723399 Aowphol Rujirawan Taksintum Chuaynkern and Stuart 2015 Zootaxa 3956 259 Holotype NCSM 80222 by original designation Type locality Thailand Ubon Ratchathani Province Sirindhorn District Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict 15 17 47 6 N 105 28 22 0 E 131 m elev zoobank org urn lsid zoobank org pub 270500F3 C33E 434B B5F1 1FDB7A856AD9 McLeod Kurlbaum amp Hoang 2015 More of the same a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam Anura Dicroglossidae Zootaxa No 3947 p 201 214 Matsui Nishikawa and Eto 2014 Raffles Bull Zool Singapore 62 681 Holotype KUHE 47859 by original designation Type locality Ranchan Serian Samarahan Division Sarawak East Malaysia 01 08 30 N 110 34 57 E 64 m asl http zoobank org urn lsid zoobank org pub 9C21B7C4 27AD 4103 89C0 513D2E80106C Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Limnonectes amp oldid 1191276080, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
