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Fajr-3

March 23, 2023

This article is about the multiple-launch artillery rocket. For other uses, see Fajr-3 (disambiguation).

The Fajr-3 (rarely Fadjr-3) (Persian: فجر-۳) is an Iranian heavy 240 mm intermediate-range[5] multiple-launch artillery rocket (MLRS).[4] The Fajr-3 is a license-built copy, with slight modifications, of a North Korean MLRS called the M-1985.[6] The Fajr-3 was introduced in the 1990s and has since been exported to Hamas and Hezbollah.

Fajr-3
A Fajr-3 on a Mercedes 2631 chassis in 2018, followed by its predecessor, the M-1985.
TypeRocket artillery
Place of originIran
Service history
In service1996–present
Used byIran
Wars2006 Lebanon War
Production history
ManufacturerShahid Bagheri Industrial Group[1]
Produced1990 or 1996 – ?
Specifications
Mass15,000 kg (launcher)
45 kg (HE content)
90 kg (warhead)
407 kg (rocket)
Length10 m (launcher)[2]
5,200 mm (rocket)
Width2.5 m (launcher)[2]
Height3.34 m (launcher)[2]
Diameter240mm
Caliber240 mm
Elevation0 to 57 degrees[2]
Traverse90 degrees left/100 degrees right[2]
Rate of fire4–8 seconds[2]
12 rounds in 48-96 seconds (est)[3]
Maximum firing range43 km[2]
Engine280 hp, V-8 liquid-cooled, diesel engine[4]
Maximum speed 60 km/h (road)
25 km/h (off-road)[4]

The Fajr-3 launcher fires twelve 5.2 meter long, 240 millimeter-calibre Fajr-3 artillery rockets, with a range of 43 kilometres, weighing 407 kilograms each and carrying 90-kilogram fragmentation warheads with 45 kg of high explosive (HE). Fajr means 'dawn' in Arabic.

History

 
The Fajr-3 is a copy of the North Korean M-1985 (seen here.)

During the Iran–Iraq War, around 100 North Korean M-1985 MLRS systems were exported to Iran.[7] The North Korean M-1985 was derived from Soviet Katyushas, and so the Fajr-3 is sometimes considered a Katyusha too.[8] With North Korean assistance, Iran's state-run Shahid Bagheri Industries later began to produce the system[1] under license.[9]

A minority of sources report that the Fajr-3 is built by Parchin Missile Industries.[10][11][12]

Dates for the production of the Fajr-3 are very unclear.[3] Iranian Defense Minister Akbar Torkan announced in March 1990 that mass production of the Fajr-3 had started.[13] Analysts in Abu Dhabi learned about the development less than a month later and described it as "one of the most important new weapons" entering production in Iran.[14]

 
Fajr-3 launch.

However, it was not until November 6, 1996 that Iran announced that they had actually built a Fajr-3 system.[10] The system was tested that same month[10] and entered service that year.[4] This discrepancy in start date may be the difference between first building a copy, and then an improved version of the system.[3] The development program for the Fajr-3 might have been run in conjunction with the development of the Oghab.[9]

Early versions of the Fajr-3 apparently had reduced range and it was not until December 1998 that Iran tested a rocket with the full 43 km range.[15] Fajr-3 rockets are known to have still been in production in 2006.[16]

Description

A complete Fajr-3 system is manned by a crew of five and also includes one dedicated resupply vehicle with a crane.[4]

Launcher

The Fajr-3 launcher has twelve tubes in two groups of six.[2] The Fajr-3 system was first installed on the same Japanese Izuzu chassis used by the North Korean M-1985.[3] It was later installed on Mercedes-Benz 2624 series chassis,[17] and today is uniformly used on Mercedes-Benz 2631 chassis.[3] Apart from the chassis differences, which are trivial, there are no Fajr-3 variants.[4] The launcher is unarmored and weighs 15000 kg when unloaded.[4] It can fire rockets singly or in salvo.[2]

The US Army reports that the Fajr-3 has no fire-control system,[4] while Iran's Defense Industries Organization reports that the Fajr-3 has a computer system with indigenous software that can calculate range and azimuth.[2]

The Fajr-3 launcher is 10 m long, 2.5m wide, and 3.34m tall (when traveling).[2][a] The tubes are 5.36 m long, fire for maximum range when set to 57˚, and have a maximum azimuth of 90-100 degrees.[2]

Rocket

The rocket is solid fueled and has a fragmentation high explosive warhead.[2] The rocket is 5.2 meters long, 240mm in diameter, and weighs 407 kg.[2] It has wraparound fins for stabilization in flight, which reach a diameter of 512 mm when extended.[2] The rocket also has spin-stabilization, but is not guided.[3] The rocket's double layer propulsion burns for an average time of 4 seconds, reaching a peak velocity of 930 m/s.[2]

Sources differ on whether the Fajr-3 rocket has an 85 kg[2] warhead or a 90 kg warhead.[18] The warhead contains 45 kg of HE[12] and the rest of metal pellets for fragmentation. The warhead is detonated by a nose-mounted impact fuse.[19] In 2018 Iran announced an assembly line for proximity fuses for a variety of rockets and guided missiles, including the Fajr-3.[20] One source reports that Fajr-3 rockets can likely carry (plain) high explosive, submunitions, incendiary, smoke, or chemical payloads as well.[3]

The shelf life of a Fajr-3 rocket is 15 years.[2]

Reloading

When the Fajr-3 is reloaded, the launch tubes (in two groups of six) are detached from the launcher and laid on the ground by a crane. Then, a machine called a "Loading machine" is used to mechanically press the heavy Fajr-3 rockets into their launch tubes one by one. When all the tubes are filled, the crane is used to reattach the launch tubes to the vehicle.[2] A reload is estimated to take 12-15 minutes.[4] Because of the long reload time and large size of the "Loading machine" (10.4m), the Fajr-3 MLRS is supposed to retreat after firing to safer rear battle areas to reload.[2]

Operational history

Iran

 
A Fajr-3 firing at an exercise in 2010.

Iran used the Fajr-3 in an exercise in 2010 (see right).[21] The Fajr-3 is likely to be in Iran's inventory for decades.[22] One assessment of the system's capability is that its small number of rockets, combined with the poor accuracy of MLRS systems, means that the Fajr-3 is unlikely to be tactically effective.[3]

The Fajr-3 is used in service alongside nine of the original North Korean-built M-1985 systems,[23] which are still on their original chassis.

Lebanon

Hezbollah maintains Fajr-3 rockets, as well as other unguided rocket artillery systems, to fire onto Israel in war.

Fajr-3 rockets sent to Hezbollah are subsidized by the Iranian government. They are flown into Syria, then smuggled into Lebanon by Hezbollah agents, and are believed to be stored in southern Lebanon.[8]

The date the first Fajr-3 rockets were supplied to Hezbollah is unclear; some sources report the early 2000s,[24][25] possibly 2002 specifically,[26] while other sources report the late 1990s.[27][1][28][29][b]

2006 Lebanon War

Fajr-3 MLRS were used in small numbers in the 2006 Lebanon War.[31] The Israeli Air Force identified the Fajr-3, along with other medium- and long-range artillery rockets, as their main target in the war, and attempted to destroy them in a large attack in the beginning of the war.[32] Similarly, Hezbollah viewed their Fajr-3 systems and similar rockets as their "centerpiece for operational planning" in the lead-up to the war.[32] In Hezbollah use, the Fajr-3 was also known as the "Raad-1".[33]

At least some of Hezbollah's Fajr-3 rockets survived Israel's initial wave of airstrikes, and "tens" were fired sporadically at Israel over the course of the war, mainly targeting the Israeli city of Haifa.[33] The rockets' long range meant that they were mostly deployed from north of the Litani River.[33] Hezbollah's Fajr-3 MLRS were operated in a mobile fashion, not from fixed locations, and were reportedly controlled from a Hezbollah headquarters in Tyre.[33] Hezbollah is estimated to have had 24-30 launchers at the beginning of the war; the number that survived is unknown.[34]

Iraq

A Fajr-3 rocket was fired by unidentified Iraqi insurgents on September 11, 2007, and injured an American soldier in Baghdad.[16]

Gaza

In 2009, Israel targeted Fajr-3 rockets, among other weapons, that were being smuggled to Hamas in Gaza via Sudan.[35]

 
Map with Fajr-3 operators in blue

Operators

Current operators

References

  1. ^ a b c James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (September 2003). . Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-10.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Galen Wright (March 15th 2011) Iranian Military Capability 2011 - Ground Forces
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Worldwide Equipment Guide 2015: Ground Systems" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 2015. pp. 412–413. (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  5. ^ Johnson, David E., Hard Fighting: Israel in Lebanon and Gaza. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2011. p. 51. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1085.html 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Also available in print form.
  6. ^ James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (February 2006). . Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Archived from the original on 13 August 2006.
  7. ^ (PDF). SIPRI. c. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-06-29. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  8. ^ a b Christopher Harmer (August 16, 2012). "Threat and Response: Israeli Missile Defense" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  9. ^ a b Iran's Ballistic Missile Capabilities: A Net Assessment. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (February 2006). . Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
  11. ^ "Missile Industries Group - Iran Watch". www.iranwatch.org. Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. February 3, 2010. from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  12. ^ a b James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (September 2003). . Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  13. ^ "Military Briefing on Hezbollah's Missile Capabilities: Examining the Fajr, Zelzal". Vital Perspective. 2006. from the original on 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2006-08-02.[unreliable source?]
  14. ^ Joint Publications Research Service (3 May 1990). "JPRS Report, Arms Control". Arlington, VA. from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman, with assistance from G. Ryan Faith (April 2003) The Military Balance in the Middle East: An Analytic Overview: Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, Major Arms by Country and Zone, and Qualitative Trends
  16. ^ a b Major Brian H. Cunningham (2009). Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps: Instability in the Middle East (PDF) (Thesis). USMC Command and Staff College. (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-02.
  17. ^ FADJR-3. 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 12, 2008
  18. ^ a b Fajr-3 & Fajr-5 brochure. 2008-01-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 13, 2008.
  19. ^ "Fadjr-3 Fajr-3 RAAD 240mm multiple rocket launcher system technical data sheet specifications". www.armyrecognition.com. from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  20. ^ "Iran launches production lines for missile fuses". AzerNews.az. 24 May 2016. from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  21. ^ "Test-firing of Fajr 3 and 5 rocket launchers". Mehr News. 26 April 2010. from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  22. ^ Robbin Finley, Future Ground Requirements: 2012 and Beyond (23 March 2012) http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559642.pdf 2017-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (14 February 2018). "The Military Balance 2018". The Military Balance. Routledge. 118: 334.
  24. ^ Devenny, Patrick (1 January 2006). "Hezbollah's Strategic Threat to Israel". Middle East Quarterly. from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  25. ^ Benjamin S. Lambeth, Air Operations in Israel's War Against Hezbollah: Learning from Lebanon and Getting It Right in Gaza (Project Air Force). RAND Corp. (2011). p. 94 ISBN 978-0-8330-5146-2
  26. ^ Cragin, Kim, Peter Chalk, Sara A. Daly, and Brian A. Jackson, Sharing the Dragon's Teeth: Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of New Technologies. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2007. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG485.html 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Also available in print form.
  27. ^ James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (September 2003). . Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  28. ^ Nicolas Blanford (2011) Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel. New York: Random House. p. 338
  29. ^ Gabrielsen, Iver (2014) "The evolution of Hezbollah's strategy and military performance, 1982–2006," Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25:2, 257–283, DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903636M
  30. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy (July 14, 2006) Lebanese Security and the Hezbollah. Working Draft.
  31. ^ Ove Dullum, The Rocket Artillery Reference Book. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). 30 June 2010. ISBN 978-82-464-1829-2
  32. ^ a b MAJ Brad R. Henry, "Manufacturing the Horns of Dilemma: A Theory of Operational Initiative." April 13, 2015. School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1007877.pdf 2018-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ a b c d William M. Arkin, Divining Victory: Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War (2007) ISBN 978-1585661688
  34. ^ Cordesman, A. H., Sullivan, G., & Sullivan, W. D. (2007). Lessons of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah war. Washington (D.C.): CSIS Press. ISBN 978-0892065059
  35. ^ "UAVs hit Gaza-bound weapons convoys". Jerusalem Post. March 29, 2009. from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  36. ^ Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare Fariborz Haghshenass Policy Focus #87 | September 2008 https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus87.pdf 2019-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "Estimates for Hezbollah's Arsenal". Critical Threats. from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  38. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran's Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options. October 7 2014. p. 60.
  1. ^ The older Fajr-3 launcher, on a Mercedes 2624 chassis, has slightly larger dimensions; see the brochure[18]
  2. ^ Reports that Hezbollah acquired and used Fajr-3 rockets in 1996 (e.g. [10]) are today considered wrong.[30])

March 23, 2023
fajr, this, article, about, multiple, launch, artillery, rocket, other, uses, disambiguation, rarely, fadjr, persian, فجر, iranian, heavy, intermediate, range, multiple, launch, artillery, rocket, mlrs, license, built, copy, with, slight, modifications, north,. This article is about the multiple launch artillery rocket For other uses see Fajr 3 disambiguation The Fajr 3 rarely Fadjr 3 Persian فجر ۳ is an Iranian heavy 240 mm intermediate range 5 multiple launch artillery rocket MLRS 4 The Fajr 3 is a license built copy with slight modifications of a North Korean MLRS called the M 1985 6 The Fajr 3 was introduced in the 1990s and has since been exported to Hamas and Hezbollah Fajr 3A Fajr 3 on a Mercedes 2631 chassis in 2018 followed by its predecessor the M 1985 TypeRocket artilleryPlace of originIranService historyIn service1996 presentUsed byIranWars2006 Lebanon WarProduction historyManufacturerShahid Bagheri Industrial Group 1 Produced1990 or 1996 SpecificationsMass15 000 kg launcher 45 kg HE content 90 kg warhead 407 kg rocket Length10 m launcher 2 5 200 mm rocket Width2 5 m launcher 2 Height3 34 m launcher 2 Diameter240mmCaliber240 mmElevation0 to 57 degrees 2 Traverse90 degrees left 100 degrees right 2 Rate of fire4 8 seconds 2 12 rounds in 48 96 seconds est 3 Maximum firing range43 km 2 Engine280 hp V 8 liquid cooled diesel engine 4 Maximum speed60 km h road 25 km h off road 4 The Fajr 3 launcher fires twelve 5 2 meter long 240 millimeter calibre Fajr 3 artillery rockets with a range of 43 kilometres weighing 407 kilograms each and carrying 90 kilogram fragmentation warheads with 45 kg of high explosive HE Fajr means dawn in Arabic Contents 1 History 2 Description 2 1 Launcher 2 2 Rocket 2 3 Reloading 3 Operational history 3 1 Iran 3 2 Lebanon 3 2 1 2006 Lebanon War 3 3 Iraq 3 4 Gaza 4 Operators 4 1 Current operators 5 ReferencesHistory Edit The Fajr 3 is a copy of the North Korean M 1985 seen here During the Iran Iraq War around 100 North Korean M 1985 MLRS systems were exported to Iran 7 The North Korean M 1985 was derived from Soviet Katyushas and so the Fajr 3 is sometimes considered a Katyusha too 8 With North Korean assistance Iran s state run Shahid Bagheri Industries later began to produce the system 1 under license 9 A minority of sources report that the Fajr 3 is built by Parchin Missile Industries 10 11 12 Dates for the production of the Fajr 3 are very unclear 3 Iranian Defense Minister Akbar Torkan announced in March 1990 that mass production of the Fajr 3 had started 13 Analysts in Abu Dhabi learned about the development less than a month later and described it as one of the most important new weapons entering production in Iran 14 Fajr 3 launch However it was not until November 6 1996 that Iran announced that they had actually built a Fajr 3 system 10 The system was tested that same month 10 and entered service that year 4 This discrepancy in start date may be the difference between first building a copy and then an improved version of the system 3 The development program for the Fajr 3 might have been run in conjunction with the development of the Oghab 9 Early versions of the Fajr 3 apparently had reduced range and it was not until December 1998 that Iran tested a rocket with the full 43 km range 15 Fajr 3 rockets are known to have still been in production in 2006 16 Description EditA complete Fajr 3 system is manned by a crew of five and also includes one dedicated resupply vehicle with a crane 4 Launcher Edit The Fajr 3 launcher has twelve tubes in two groups of six 2 The Fajr 3 system was first installed on the same Japanese Izuzu chassis used by the North Korean M 1985 3 It was later installed on Mercedes Benz 2624 series chassis 17 and today is uniformly used on Mercedes Benz 2631 chassis 3 Apart from the chassis differences which are trivial there are no Fajr 3 variants 4 The launcher is unarmored and weighs 15000 kg when unloaded 4 It can fire rockets singly or in salvo 2 The US Army reports that the Fajr 3 has no fire control system 4 while Iran s Defense Industries Organization reports that the Fajr 3 has a computer system with indigenous software that can calculate range and azimuth 2 The Fajr 3 launcher is 10 m long 2 5m wide and 3 34m tall when traveling 2 a The tubes are 5 36 m long fire for maximum range when set to 57 and have a maximum azimuth of 90 100 degrees 2 Rocket Edit The rocket is solid fueled and has a fragmentation high explosive warhead 2 The rocket is 5 2 meters long 240mm in diameter and weighs 407 kg 2 It has wraparound fins for stabilization in flight which reach a diameter of 512 mm when extended 2 The rocket also has spin stabilization but is not guided 3 The rocket s double layer propulsion burns for an average time of 4 seconds reaching a peak velocity of 930 m s 2 Sources differ on whether the Fajr 3 rocket has an 85 kg 2 warhead or a 90 kg warhead 18 The warhead contains 45 kg of HE 12 and the rest of metal pellets for fragmentation The warhead is detonated by a nose mounted impact fuse 19 In 2018 Iran announced an assembly line for proximity fuses for a variety of rockets and guided missiles including the Fajr 3 20 One source reports that Fajr 3 rockets can likely carry plain high explosive submunitions incendiary smoke or chemical payloads as well 3 The shelf life of a Fajr 3 rocket is 15 years 2 Reloading Edit When the Fajr 3 is reloaded the launch tubes in two groups of six are detached from the launcher and laid on the ground by a crane Then a machine called a Loading machine is used to mechanically press the heavy Fajr 3 rockets into their launch tubes one by one When all the tubes are filled the crane is used to reattach the launch tubes to the vehicle 2 A reload is estimated to take 12 15 minutes 4 Because of the long reload time and large size of the Loading machine 10 4m the Fajr 3 MLRS is supposed to retreat after firing to safer rear battle areas to reload 2 Operational history EditIran Edit A Fajr 3 firing at an exercise in 2010 Iran used the Fajr 3 in an exercise in 2010 see right 21 The Fajr 3 is likely to be in Iran s inventory for decades 22 One assessment of the system s capability is that its small number of rockets combined with the poor accuracy of MLRS systems means that the Fajr 3 is unlikely to be tactically effective 3 The Fajr 3 is used in service alongside nine of the original North Korean built M 1985 systems 23 which are still on their original chassis Lebanon Edit Hezbollah maintains Fajr 3 rockets as well as other unguided rocket artillery systems to fire onto Israel in war Fajr 3 rockets sent to Hezbollah are subsidized by the Iranian government They are flown into Syria then smuggled into Lebanon by Hezbollah agents and are believed to be stored in southern Lebanon 8 The date the first Fajr 3 rockets were supplied to Hezbollah is unclear some sources report the early 2000s 24 25 possibly 2002 specifically 26 while other sources report the late 1990s 27 1 28 29 b 2006 Lebanon War Edit Fajr 3 MLRS were used in small numbers in the 2006 Lebanon War 31 The Israeli Air Force identified the Fajr 3 along with other medium and long range artillery rockets as their main target in the war and attempted to destroy them in a large attack in the beginning of the war 32 Similarly Hezbollah viewed their Fajr 3 systems and similar rockets as their centerpiece for operational planning in the lead up to the war 32 In Hezbollah use the Fajr 3 was also known as the Raad 1 33 At least some of Hezbollah s Fajr 3 rockets survived Israel s initial wave of airstrikes and tens were fired sporadically at Israel over the course of the war mainly targeting the Israeli city of Haifa 33 The rockets long range meant that they were mostly deployed from north of the Litani River 33 Hezbollah s Fajr 3 MLRS were operated in a mobile fashion not from fixed locations and were reportedly controlled from a Hezbollah headquarters in Tyre 33 Hezbollah is estimated to have had 24 30 launchers at the beginning of the war the number that survived is unknown 34 Iraq Edit A Fajr 3 rocket was fired by unidentified Iraqi insurgents on September 11 2007 and injured an American soldier in Baghdad 16 Gaza Edit In 2009 Israel targeted Fajr 3 rockets among other weapons that were being smuggled to Hamas in Gaza via Sudan 35 Map with Fajr 3 operators in blueOperators EditCurrent operators Edit Iran sources differ one reports approximately 100 launchers 3 another approximately 10 launchers 23 Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 36 Hezbollah a few dozen launchers 37 Hamas up to fifty rockets 38 References Edit a b c James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies September 2003 Iran Missile Chronology 2000 Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI Archived from the original on 15 March 2005 Retrieved 2 July 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Defense Industries Organization 2013 Catalog Section 3 Rocket Industries Group PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 08 10 a b c d e f g h i Galen Wright March 15th 2011 Iranian Military Capability 2011 Ground Forces a b c d e f g h i Worldwide Equipment Guide 2015 Ground Systems PDF Fort Leavenworth KS United States Army Training and Doctrine Command 2015 pp 412 413 Archived PDF from the original on 2018 07 15 Retrieved 2018 07 14 Johnson David E Hard Fighting Israel in Lebanon and Gaza Santa Monica CA RAND Corporation 2011 p 51 https www rand org pubs monographs MG1085 html Archived 2018 07 15 at the Wayback Machine Also available in print form James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies February 2006 Iran Missile Capabilities Long Range Artillery Rocket Programs Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 Transfers and licensed production of major conventional weapons Exports sorted by supplier Deals with deliveries or orders made 1993 2002 PDF SIPRI c 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 2004 06 29 Retrieved 2018 12 10 a b Christopher Harmer August 16 2012 Threat and Response Israeli Missile Defense PDF Institute for the Study of War Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2016 Retrieved July 15 2018 a b Iran s Ballistic Missile Capabilities A Net Assessment The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2010 a b c d James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies February 2006 Iran Missile Chronology 1996 Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 Missile Industries Group Iran Watch www iranwatch org Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control February 3 2010 Archived from the original on December 9 2018 Retrieved December 8 2018 a b James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies September 2003 Iran Missile Chronology 1997 Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI Archived from the original on 15 March 2005 Retrieved 2 July 2019 Military Briefing on Hezbollah s Missile Capabilities Examining the Fajr Zelzal Vital Perspective 2006 Archived from the original on 2006 11 16 Retrieved 2006 08 02 unreliable source Joint Publications Research Service 3 May 1990 JPRS Report Arms Control Arlington VA Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 15 July 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Anthony H Cordesman with assistance from G Ryan Faith April 2003 The Military Balance in the Middle East An Analytic Overview Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers Major Arms by Country and Zone and Qualitative Trends a b Major Brian H Cunningham 2009 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Instability in the Middle East PDF Thesis USMC Command and Staff College Archived PDF from the original on 2017 03 02 FADJR 3 Archived 2008 05 10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 12 2008 a b Fajr 3 amp Fajr 5 brochure Archived 2008 01 14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 13 2008 Fadjr 3 Fajr 3 RAAD 240mm multiple rocket launcher system technical data sheet specifications www armyrecognition com Archived from the original on 2018 07 15 Retrieved 2018 07 14 Iran launches production lines for missile fuses AzerNews az 24 May 2016 Archived from the original on 9 December 2018 Retrieved 8 December 2018 Test firing of Fajr 3 and 5 rocket launchers Mehr News 26 April 2010 Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 Retrieved 14 July 2018 Robbin Finley Future Ground Requirements 2012 and Beyond 23 March 2012 http www dtic mil dtic tr fulltext u2 a559642 pdf Archived 2017 05 02 at the Wayback Machine a b International Institute for Strategic Studies IISS 14 February 2018 The Military Balance 2018 The Military Balance Routledge 118 334 Devenny Patrick 1 January 2006 Hezbollah s Strategic Threat to Israel Middle East Quarterly Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 8 December 2018 Benjamin S Lambeth Air Operations in Israel s War Against Hezbollah Learning from Lebanon and Getting It Right in Gaza Project Air Force RAND Corp 2011 p 94 ISBN 978 0 8330 5146 2 Cragin Kim Peter Chalk Sara A Daly and Brian A Jackson Sharing the Dragon s Teeth Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of New Technologies Santa Monica CA RAND Corporation 2007 https www rand org pubs monographs MG485 html Archived 2018 07 15 at the Wayback Machine Also available in print form James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies September 2003 Iran Missile Chronology 1999 Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI Archived from the original on 15 March 2005 Retrieved 2 July 2019 Nicolas Blanford 2011 Warriors of God Inside Hezbollah s Thirty Year Struggle Against Israel New York Random House p 338 Gabrielsen Iver 2014 The evolution of Hezbollah s strategy and military performance 1982 2006 Small Wars amp Insurgencies 25 2 257 283 DOI 10 1080 09592318 2014 903636M Anthony H Cordesman Arleigh A Burke Chair in Strategy July 14 2006 Lebanese Security and the Hezbollah Working Draft Ove Dullum The Rocket Artillery Reference Book Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI 30 June 2010 ISBN 978 82 464 1829 2 a b MAJ Brad R Henry Manufacturing the Horns of Dilemma A Theory of Operational Initiative April 13 2015 School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth Kansas http www dtic mil dtic tr fulltext u2 1007877 pdf Archived 2018 11 03 at the Wayback Machine a b c d William M Arkin Divining Victory Airpower in the 2006 Israel Hezbollah War 2007 ISBN 978 1585661688 Cordesman A H Sullivan G amp Sullivan W D 2007 Lessons of the 2006 Israeli Hezbollah war Washington D C CSIS Press ISBN 978 0892065059 UAVs hit Gaza bound weapons convoys Jerusalem Post March 29 2009 Archived from the original on December 9 2018 Retrieved December 8 2018 Iran s Asymmetric Naval Warfare Fariborz Haghshenass Policy Focus 87 September 2008 https www washingtoninstitute org uploads Documents pubs PolicyFocus87 pdf Archived 2019 04 17 at the Wayback Machine Estimates for Hezbollah s Arsenal Critical Threats Archived from the original on 2018 08 18 Retrieved 2018 07 14 Anthony H Cordesman Iran s Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options October 7 2014 p 60 The older Fajr 3 launcher on a Mercedes 2624 chassis has slightly larger dimensions see the brochure 18 Reports that Hezbollah acquired and used Fajr 3 rockets in 1996 e g 10 are today considered wrong 30 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fajr 3 amp oldid 1143376148, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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