FCRL3

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL3 gene.^[3][4][5]

FCRL3
Identifiers
Aliases	FCRL3, CD307c, FCRH3, IFGP3, IRTA3, SPAP2, Fc receptor like 3
External IDs	OMIM: 606510; HomoloGene: 76447; GeneCards: FCRL3; OMA:FCRL3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)^[1] Band 1q23.1 Start 157,674,321 bp^[1] End 157,700,769 bp^[1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in lymph node spleen appendix blood thymus bone marrow cells pancreatic epithelial cell superficial temporal artery pancreatic ductal cell tibialis anterior muscle n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function kinase binding phosphatase binding protein phosphatase binding protein tyrosine kinase binding Cellular component membrane integral component of membrane plasma membrane cell surface Biological process negative regulation of immunoglobulin production positive regulation of B cell proliferation regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway positive regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of B cell differentiation negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway regulation of B cell activation regulation of calcium ion import positive regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 115352 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000160856 n/a UniProt Q96P31 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001024667 NM_052939 NM_001320333 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_001307262 NP_443171 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 157.67 – 157.7 Mb n/a PubMed search ^[2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

This gene encodes a member of the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily and is one of several Fc receptor-like glycoproteins clustered on the long arm of chromosome 1. The encoded protein contains immunoreceptor-tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) and immunoreceptor-tyrosine inhibitory motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain and may play a role in regulation of the immune system. Mutations in this gene have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus.^[5]

Structure

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which consists of an extracellular region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmatic tail. The extracellular region consists of five immunoglobulin-like domains, which share varying degree of homology to extracellular domains of other Fc receptor-like protein family members, as well as extracellular domains of Fc receptors FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII.^[3][6][7]

The transmembrane region consists of hydrophobic residues and is uncharged.^[6][7]

The cytoplasmatic region contains two signalling motifs, a membrane-proximal  ITAM and a carboxy-proximal ITAM-like motif. The presence of both an activating and inhibitory motifs suggests potential dual-signalling properties.^[3][6][7]

Signalling

Fc receptor-like protein 3 has a role in regulation in both innate and adaptive signalling pathways in association with other signalling molecules. It contains both an activation (ITAM-like) and an inhibitory (ITIM) motif in its cytoplasmic region, pointing to its dual-regulatory potential. FCRL3 is capable of associating with intracellular signalling molecules including Syk, Zap-70, SHP-1, and SHP-2.^[6][8]

Activation properties of FCRL3 were observed in relation to TLR9-mediated signalling. FCRL3 engagement with receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) augmented TLR9-mediated blood B cell survival, proliferation and activation.  It led to improved expression of activation markers CD25, CD86 and HLA-DR on cell surface via CpG-mediated NFκB and MAPK pathways activation. Expression of CD54 and CD80 was not significantly altered by this ligation. CpG signalling could potentially enhance differentiation of B cells into Ig-secreting plasma cells. But, FCRL3 ligation with mAbs halted differentiation of antibody secreting plasma B cells by inhibiting B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) expression via Erk signalling pathway.^[7][8]

Inhibitory role of FCRL3 has been described in its negative regulation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling. Co-ligation of FCRL3 with BCR facilitates SHP-1 and SHP-2 recruitment via its intracellular ITIM motif. This leads to inhibition of Syk kinase and PLCγ2 phopshorylation, which suppresses downstream calcium signalling and apoptosis.^[6][7][8]

FCRL3 has no known ligands.^[6][7][8]

Expression

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is preferentially expressed on B cell, and is along the FCRL6 the only gene from this family which is expressed also outside B-cell lineage, as it has been detected also on NK cell and T cell subsets. The rest of the Fc receptor-like family are considered B cell markers.^[6][7][8]

It is expressed in relatively low levels on naïve B cells, germinal center B cells, memory B cells, marginal zone B cells and peripheral blood and tonsil B-cells, and at slightly higher levels on splenic naïve and memory B cells. Its expression was not detected on pro-B cells, pre-B cells and bone marrow-derived plasmatic B cells.^[7][8]

Highest levels of FCRL3 expression were detected on circulating memory B cells, as well as innate-like marginal zone B cells. Memory B cell subsets with innate-like properties have also been observed to have higher FCRL3 expression, which had a potent co-stimmulatory effect on TLR9-mediated B cell activation, as well as activation and inhibitory effect on plasma cell differentiation.^[7][8]

Outside B cell lineage, FCLR3 expression has been detected on CD56⁺ natural killer cells, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as regulatory CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ T cells. Notably, it has also been observed on a subpopulation of natural Treg (nTreg) cells with high expression levels of PD-1, which had impaired IL-2 responsiveness, and also on Helios Treg cells, where it was co-expressed with T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT).^[6][7][8]

Function

Given its dual-signalling properties, FCRL3 mediates BCR signalling as well as plasma B cell maturation and antibody production.^[7][8]

FCRL3 has been shown to interact with PTPN6.^[9]

Potential role in disease

The FCRL3 loci is associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -169 C/T located in promoter region of FCRL3 has been linked to higher susceptibility to diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune thyroid disease. This polymorphism enhanced expression levels of FCRL3 via more efficient NFκB binding and increased promoted activity.^{[6][7][8][10]}

Elevated expression levels of FCRL3 on Treg cells, cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells and γδ-T cells are associated with rheumatoid arthritis.^[7]

FCRL3 gene polymorphism is also associated with multiple sclerosis, autoimmune pancreatitis, type I diabetes and Bahcet’s disease in various populations.^[7]

Thymus derived FCRL3⁺ Treg were observed to have higher PD-1 expression and lower responsiveness to antigenic stimulation, as well as reduced suppression properties on effector T cell proliferation. FCRL3 expression on Treg cells is also associated with -169 C/T SNP in FCRL3 promoter region. Overall, FCRL3 expression on Treg cells leads to dysfunction in regulation of self-tolerance and increases susceptibility to autoimmunity.^[6][7][10]

FCRL3 is considered an autoimmunity marker.^[7][10]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160856 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3. Davis RS, Wang YH, Kubagawa H, Cooper MD (August 2001). "Identification of a family of Fc receptor homologs with preferential B cell expression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (17): 9772–7. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.9772D. doi:10.1073/pnas.171308498. PMC 55528. PMID 11493702.
4. Davis RS, Dennis G Jr, Kubagawa H, Cooper MD (May 2002). "Fc Receptor Homologs (FcRH1-5) Extend the Fc Receptor Family". The Interface Between Innate and Acquired Immunity. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 266. pp. 85–112. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04700-2_7. ISBN 978-3-642-07682-4. PMID 12014205. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
5. "Entrez Gene: FCRL3 Fc receptor-like 3".
6. Davis RS (April 2007). "Fc receptor-like molecules". Annual Review of Immunology. 25 (1): 525–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141541. PMID 17201682.
7. Rostamzadeh D, Kazemi T, Amirghofran Z, Shabani M (June 2018). "Update on Fc receptor-like (FCRL) family: new immunoregulatory players in health and diseases". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 22 (6): 487–502. doi:10.1080/14728222.2018.1472768. PMID 29737217. S2CID 13659120.
8. Li FJ, Won WJ, Becker EJ, Easlick JL, Tabengwa EM, Li R, Shakhmatov M, Honjo K, Burrows PD (2014), Daeron M, Nimmerjahn F (eds.), "Emerging Roles for the FCRL Family Members in Lymphocyte Biology and Disease", Fc Receptors, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 382, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_2, ISBN 978-3-319-07910-3, PMC 4242170, PMID 25116094
9. Xu MJ, Zhao R, Cao H, Zhao ZJ (May 2002). "SPAP2, an Ig family receptor containing both ITIMs and ITAMs". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 293 (3): 1037–46. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00332-7. PMID 12051764.
10. Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov AP (May 2007). "Is FCRL3 a new general autoimmunity gene?". Human Immunology. 68 (5): 375–83. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2007.01.013. PMID 17462505.

Further reading

• Miller I, Hatzivassiliou G, Cattoretti G, Mendelsohn C, Dalla-Favera R (April 2002). "IRTAs: a new family of immunoglobulinlike receptors differentially expressed in B cells". Blood. 99 (8): 2662–9. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.8.2662. PMID 11929751.
• Xu MJ, Zhao R, Cao H, Zhao ZJ (May 2002). "SPAP2, an Ig family receptor containing both ITIMs and ITAMs". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 293 (3): 1037–46. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00332-7. PMID 12051764.
• Kochi Y, Yamada R, Suzuki A, Harley JB, Shirasawa S, Sawada T, Bae SC, Tokuhiro S, Chang X, Sekine A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Ohnishi Y, Kaufman KM, Kang CP, Kang C, Otsubo S, Yumura W, Mimori A, Koike T, Nakamura Y, Sasazuki T, Yamamoto K (May 2005). "A functional variant in FCRL3, encoding Fc receptor-like 3, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and several autoimmunities". Nature Genetics. 37 (5): 478–85. doi:10.1038/ng1540. PMC 1362949. PMID 15838509.
• Simmonds MJ, Heward JM, Carr-Smith J, Foxall H, Franklyn JA, Gough SC (March 2006). "Contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms within FCRL3 and MAP3K7IP2 to the pathogenesis of Graves' disease". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91 (3): 1056–61. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1634. PMID 16384851. S2CID 19299748.
• Eyre S, Bowes J, Potter C, Worthington J, Barton A (2007). "Association of the FCRL3 gene with rheumatoid arthritis: a further example of population specificity?". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 8 (4): R117. doi:10.1186/ar2006. PMC 1779391. PMID 16859508.
• Umemura T, Ota M, Yoshizawa K, Katsuyama Y, Ichijo T, Tanaka E, Kawa S, Kiyosawa K (March 2007). R1 final.pdf "Lack of association between FCRL3 and FcgammaRII polymorphisms in Japanese type 1 autoimmune hepatitis" (PDF). Clinical Immunology. 122 (3): 338–42. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.012. hdl:10091/390. PMID 17020818. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)^{[permanent dead link]}
• Schäfer N, Blaumeiser B, Becker T, Freudenberg-Hua Y, Hanneken S, Eigelshoven S, Schmael C, Lambert J, De Weert J, Kruse R, Nöthen MM, Betz RC (December 2006). "Investigation of the functional variant c.-169T > C of the Fc receptor-like 3 (FCRL3) gene in alopecia areata". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 33 (6): 393–5. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2006.00633.x. PMID 17117947. S2CID 12420790.
• Newman WG, Zhang Q, Liu X, Walker E, Ternan H, Owen J, Johnson B, Greer W, Mosher DP, Maksymowych WP, Bykerk VP, Keystone EC, Amos CI, Siminovitch KA (December 2006). "Rheumatoid arthritis association with the FCRL3 -169C polymorphism is restricted to PTPN22 1858T-homozygous individuals in a Canadian population". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54 (12): 3820–7. doi:10.1002/art.22270. PMID 17133579.
• Choi CB, Kang CP, Seong SS, Bae SC, Kang C (December 2006). "The -169C/T polymorphism in FCRL3 is not associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus in a case-control study of Koreans". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54 (12): 3838–41. doi:10.1002/art.22248. hdl:10203/2091. PMID 17133581.
• Owen CJ, Kelly H, Eden JA, Merriman ME, Pearce SH, Merriman TR (March 2007). "Analysis of the Fc receptor-like-3 (FCRL3) locus in Caucasians with autoimmune disorders suggests a complex pattern of disease association". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 92 (3): 1106–11. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2183. PMID 17200162.
• Taylor AI, Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Calvert RA (April 2007). "The first avian Ig-like Fc receptor family member combines features of mammalian FcR and FCRL". Immunogenetics. 59 (4): 323–8. doi:10.1007/s00251-007-0195-9. PMID 17273841. S2CID 1971426.
• Martínez A, Núñez C, Martín MC, Mendoza JL, Taxonera C, Díaz-Rubio M, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E (April 2007). "Epistatic interaction between FCRL3 and MHC in Spanish patients with IBD". Tissue Antigens. 69 (4): 313–7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00816.x. PMID 17389014.
• Martínez A, Mas A, de Las Heras V, Bartolomé M, Arroyo R, Fernández-Arquero M, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E (September 2007). "FcRL3 and multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: role in autoimmunity?". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 189 (1–2): 132–6. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.06.018. PMID 17617473. S2CID 97180.