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Land reform in South Africa

January 01, 1970

Land reform in South Africa is the promise of "land restitution" to empower farm workers (who now have the opportunity to become farmers) and reduce inequality. This also refers to aspects such as, property, possibly white-owned businesses.[1] Proponents argue it will allow previously unemployed people to participate in the economy and better the country's economic growth.[2] It also relates to restitution in the form of settling Land Claims of people who were forcefully removed from their homes in urban areas that were declared white, by the apartheid government's segregationist Group Areas Act:[3] such areas include Sophiatown, Fietas, Cato Manor, District Six and Greyville; as well as restitution for people forcibly evicted from rural land because of apartheid policies.

However, many South Africans and foreign commentators have also voiced alarm over failures of the redistribution policy, having failed around 50% of land reform projects.[4]

Details edit

The Land Reform Process focused on three areas: restitution, land tenure reform and land redistribution.[5][6] Restitution, the government compensating (monetary) individuals who had been forcefully removed, has been very unsuccessful, and the policy has now shifted to redistribution with secure land tenure. Land tenure reform is a system of recognizing people's right to own land and therefore control of the land.

Redistribution is the most important component of land reform in South Africa.[7] Initially, land was bought from its owners (willing seller) by the government (willing buyer) and redistributed, in order to maintain public confidence in the land market.[5]

In 2000, the South African government decided to review and change the redistribution and tenure process to a more decentralised and area based planning process. The idea is to have local integrated development plans in 47 districts. That will hopefully mean more community participation and more redistribution taking place, but there are also various concerns and challenges with this system too.[8]

They include the use of third parties, agents accredited by the state, and who are held accountable to the government. The result has been local land holding elites dominating the system in many of these areas. The government still hopes that with "improved identification and selection of beneficiaries, better planning of land and, ul-timately, greater productivity of the land ac-quired..."[7] the land reform process will begin moving faster.[8]

As of early 2006, the ANC government announced that it will start expropriating the land, but according to the country's chief land claims commissioner, Tozi Gwanya, unlike in Zimbabwe, there will be compensation to those whose land is expropriated, "but it must be a just amount, not inflated sums."[9]

In South Africa, the main model of land reforms implemented was based on the market-led agrarian reform (MLAR) approach. Within the MLAR, the strategic partnership (SP) model was implemented in seven claimant communities in Levubu in the Limpopo province. The SP model was implemented between 2005 and 2008 that ended up in a fiasco leading to creation of conflict between several interested parties.[10]

On 1 September 2010, the National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC) was launched by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform to provide and recruit rural youth specifically dependents of military veterans between the ages of 18 and 25 with skills development and to serve their communities by providing a 24-month training program at South African military bases.[11]

In 2012, Reuters wrote about a black farmer who was working on land that the government had taken from its previous white owner as part of the country's land reform. According to Reuters, the land was now owned by the government, not the black farmer. The black farmer said that because of this, he could not use the land as collateral to get a loan from a bank.[12]

On 20 December 2017, the ANC-led government announced at the 54th National Conference that it will seek to amend Section 25 of the South African Constitution regarding property rights to implement land expropriation without compensation (EWC). At the conference, a resolution was passed to grant ownership of traditional land to the respective communities, about 13% of the country, usually registered in trust like the Ingonyama Trust under the name of traditional leaders to the respective communities.[13]

In February 2018, the Parliament of South Africa passed a motion to review the property ownership clause of the constitution, to allow for the expropriation of land, in the public interest, without compensation,[14][15][16] which was widely supported within South Africa's ruling party on the grounds that the land was originally seized by whites without just compensation.[17] South African officials claim that the land reforms will be different from Zimbabwe's land reforms in that South Africa's plan is "constitutional" and "subject to laws and the constitution," unlike Zimbabwe's process, which was overseen by Robert Mugabe.[18] However, the process in Zimbabwe was also carried out by a constitutional amendment, signed into law on 12 September 2005, that nationalised farmland acquired through the "Fast Track" process and deprived original landowners of the right to challenge in court the government's decision to expropriate their land.[19]

In August 2018, the South African government began the process of taking two white-owned farmlands by filing papers seeking to acquire the farms via eminent domain for one tenth of their estimated value, which, in one case, is based on possible value when the farm is developed into an eco-estate.[20] According to a 2017 government audit, 72 percent of the nation's private farmland is owned by white people, who make up 9 percent of the population.[21]

Financial and Fiscal Commission's 2016 report edit

As of 2016, the South African government has pumped more than R60 billion into land reform projects since 1994. Despite this investment, the land reform program has not stimulated development in the targeted rural areas. A report by the South African Government's Financial and Fiscal Commission shows that land reform as a mechanism for agricultural development and job creation has failed. A survey by the commission in Limpopo province, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape found that most land reform farms show little or no agricultural activity, the land reform beneficiaries earn little to no income and most of those beneficiaries seek work on surrounding commercial farms instead of actively farming their own land. If farming is taking place on land reform farms, these farms operate below their full agricultural potential and are mainly used for subsistence agriculture. On average, crop production had decreased by 79% since conversion to land reform. In the three provinces surveyed, job losses averaged 84%, with KwaZulu-Natal suffering a 94% job hemorrhage.[22][23]

To improve the impacts of land reform, the FFC recommended reprioritizing funding to provide land beneficiaries with proper infrastructure and training, encouraging municipalities to support farmers through discounts and tariff exemptions, and consolidating grant funding for land reform into a single program run by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.[24]

2019 reform edit

In October 2019, Parliament began discussing constitutional reforms that would permit the uncompensated seizure of private land. The ANC has laid out a commitment to land redistribution in its manifesto. The exact wording on the proposal is expected in March 2020.[25] In February 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa said the government intends to accelerate land redistribution in 2020. Ramaphosa indicated that land redistribution was important for redressing the injustice of the 1913 Natives Land Act.[26]

Speaking from Addis Ababa, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo asserted on February 19, 2020, that land distribution without compensation would be disastrous for South Africa and its people.[26]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Keefer, Philip; Knack, Stephen (2002). "Polarization, Politics and Property Rights: Links Between Inequality and Growth". Public Choice. 111 (1/2): 127–154. doi:10.1023/A:1015168000336. S2CID 9467286.
  2. ^ Torstensson, Johan (May 1994). "Property Rights and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study". Kyklos. 47 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02257.x.
  3. ^ Kloppers, Hj; Pienaar, Gj (29 August 2014). "The Historical Context of Land Reform in South Africa and Early Policies". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad. 17 (2): 676. doi:10.4314/pelj.v17i2.03. hdl:10394/10934. from the original on Apr 28, 2023 – via African Journals Online.
  4. ^ E.C.S. (20 June 2013). "Seeds of change". The Economist. from the original on Oct 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  5. ^ a b Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". World Development. 27 (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID 8513670.
  6. ^ Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". Geographical Review. 98 (3): 322–338. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID 144232937.
  7. ^ a b Lahiff, Edward (July 2008). (PDF). Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies. p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 29, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Hall, Ruth (23 April 2008), "Decentralization in South Africa's Land Redistribution.", Presentation to the PLAAS regional workshop on Land Reform from Below? Decentralization of Land Reform in Southern Africa., Kopanong Conference Centre, Kempton Park, Johannesburg: Program for land and agrarian studies
  9. ^ . Mail & Guardian Online. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 31 March 2006. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  10. ^ Basu, Soutrik (2016). "Community, Conflict and Land: Exploring the Strategic Partnership Model of South African Land Restitution". Journal of International Development. 28 (5): 733–748. doi:10.1002/jid.3150.
  11. ^ . Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. Archived from the original on Sep 27, 2019.
  12. ^ S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields, Reuters, April 24, 2012,
  13. ^ Merten, Marianne (21 December 2017). "#ANCdecides2017: Land expropriation without compensation makes grand entrance". Daily Maverick. from the original on Jul 26, 2022.
  14. ^ Pather, Ra'eesa. "First step to land expropriation without compensation". The M&G Online. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  15. ^ "National Assembly gives the Constitution Review Committee mandate to review Section 25 of the Constitution" (Press release).
  16. ^ Minutes of Proceedings of National Assembly. No 3 of 2018, 2018-02-27
  17. ^ "South Africa votes to seize land from white farmers". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  18. ^ Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". The South African. from the original on Mar 27, 2019.
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  20. ^ Eybers, Johan (19 August 2018). "Dispute after state authorised expropriation of farm". City Press.
  21. ^ "South Africa begins seizing white-owned farms". The Washington Times.
  22. ^ Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). . Business Day Live. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  23. ^ Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  24. ^ https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf
  25. ^ South African land reform panel recommends seizures without pay in certain circumstances Reuters Business News, 28 July 2019, retrieved 19 Feb 2020
  26. ^ a b Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". AP.

References edit

  • Makhado, Rudzani (2012). Perspectives on South Africa's Land Reform Debate Land reform in South Africa. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3845416076.
  • Rees-Mogg, William (11 September 2006). "South Africa's bitter harvest". The Times.
  • Makhado, Rudzani Albert; Masehela, Kgabo Lawrance (2012). Perspectives on South Africa's Land Reform Debate. Lap Lambert Academic. ISBN 978-3-8454-1607-6.

External links edit

  • Promised Land: New Documentary Follows Struggles Over Land in South Africa - video report by Democracy Now!
  • Rethinking the Past and Future of Land Reform, By Tembeka Ngcukaitobi, Anastasya Eliseeva, 19 November 2019

January 01, 1970
land, reform, south, africa, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remov. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is incoherent text Please help improve this article if you can July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message Land reform in South Africa is the promise of land restitution to empower farm workers who now have the opportunity to become farmers and reduce inequality This also refers to aspects such as property possibly white owned businesses 1 Proponents argue it will allow previously unemployed people to participate in the economy and better the country s economic growth 2 It also relates to restitution in the form of settling Land Claims of people who were forcefully removed from their homes in urban areas that were declared white by the apartheid government s segregationist Group Areas Act 3 such areas include Sophiatown Fietas Cato Manor District Six and Greyville as well as restitution for people forcibly evicted from rural land because of apartheid policies However many South Africans and foreign commentators have also voiced alarm over failures of the redistribution policy having failed around 50 of land reform projects 4 Contents 1 Details 2 Financial and Fiscal Commission s 2016 report 3 2019 reform 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksDetails editThe Land Reform Process focused on three areas restitution land tenure reform and land redistribution 5 6 Restitution the government compensating monetary individuals who had been forcefully removed has been very unsuccessful and the policy has now shifted to redistribution with secure land tenure Land tenure reform is a system of recognizing people s right to own land and therefore control of the land Redistribution is the most important component of land reform in South Africa 7 Initially land was bought from its owners willing seller by the government willing buyer and redistributed in order to maintain public confidence in the land market 5 In 2000 the South African government decided to review and change the redistribution and tenure process to a more decentralised and area based planning process The idea is to have local integrated development plans in 47 districts That will hopefully mean more community participation and more redistribution taking place but there are also various concerns and challenges with this system too 8 They include the use of third parties agents accredited by the state and who are held accountable to the government The result has been local land holding elites dominating the system in many of these areas The government still hopes that with improved identification and selection of beneficiaries better planning of land and ul timately greater productivity of the land ac quired 7 the land reform process will begin moving faster 8 As of early 2006 the ANC government announced that it will start expropriating the land but according to the country s chief land claims commissioner Tozi Gwanya unlike in Zimbabwe there will be compensation to those whose land is expropriated but it must be a just amount not inflated sums 9 In South Africa the main model of land reforms implemented was based on the market led agrarian reform MLAR approach Within the MLAR the strategic partnership SP model was implemented in seven claimant communities in Levubu in the Limpopo province The SP model was implemented between 2005 and 2008 that ended up in a fiasco leading to creation of conflict between several interested parties 10 On 1 September 2010 the National Rural Youth Service Corps NARYSEC was launched by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform to provide and recruit rural youth specifically dependents of military veterans between the ages of 18 and 25 with skills development and to serve their communities by providing a 24 month training program at South African military bases 11 In 2012 Reuters wrote about a black farmer who was working on land that the government had taken from its previous white owner as part of the country s land reform According to Reuters the land was now owned by the government not the black farmer The black farmer said that because of this he could not use the land as collateral to get a loan from a bank 12 On 20 December 2017 the ANC led government announced at the 54th National Conference that it will seek to amend Section 25 of the South African Constitution regarding property rights to implement land expropriation without compensation EWC At the conference a resolution was passed to grant ownership of traditional land to the respective communities about 13 of the country usually registered in trust like the Ingonyama Trust under the name of traditional leaders to the respective communities 13 In February 2018 the Parliament of South Africa passed a motion to review the property ownership clause of the constitution to allow for the expropriation of land in the public interest without compensation 14 15 16 which was widely supported within South Africa s ruling party on the grounds that the land was originally seized by whites without just compensation 17 South African officials claim that the land reforms will be different from Zimbabwe s land reforms in that South Africa s plan is constitutional and subject to laws and the constitution unlike Zimbabwe s process which was overseen by Robert Mugabe 18 However the process in Zimbabwe was also carried out by a constitutional amendment signed into law on 12 September 2005 that nationalised farmland acquired through the Fast Track process and deprived original landowners of the right to challenge in court the government s decision to expropriate their land 19 In August 2018 the South African government began the process of taking two white owned farmlands by filing papers seeking to acquire the farms via eminent domain for one tenth of their estimated value which in one case is based on possible value when the farm is developed into an eco estate 20 According to a 2017 government audit 72 percent of the nation s private farmland is owned by white people who make up 9 percent of the population 21 Financial and Fiscal Commission s 2016 report editAs of 2016 the South African government has pumped more than R60 billion into land reform projects since 1994 Despite this investment the land reform program has not stimulated development in the targeted rural areas A report by the South African Government s Financial and Fiscal Commission shows that land reform as a mechanism for agricultural development and job creation has failed A survey by the commission in Limpopo province KwaZulu Natal and the Eastern Cape found that most land reform farms show little or no agricultural activity the land reform beneficiaries earn little to no income and most of those beneficiaries seek work on surrounding commercial farms instead of actively farming their own land If farming is taking place on land reform farms these farms operate below their full agricultural potential and are mainly used for subsistence agriculture On average crop production had decreased by 79 since conversion to land reform In the three provinces surveyed job losses averaged 84 with KwaZulu Natal suffering a 94 job hemorrhage 22 23 To improve the impacts of land reform the FFC recommended reprioritizing funding to provide land beneficiaries with proper infrastructure and training encouraging municipalities to support farmers through discounts and tariff exemptions and consolidating grant funding for land reform into a single program run by the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries 24 2019 reform editIn October 2019 Parliament began discussing constitutional reforms that would permit the uncompensated seizure of private land The ANC has laid out a commitment to land redistribution in its manifesto The exact wording on the proposal is expected in March 2020 25 In February 2020 President Cyril Ramaphosa said the government intends to accelerate land redistribution in 2020 Ramaphosa indicated that land redistribution was important for redressing the injustice of the 1913 Natives Land Act 26 Speaking from Addis Ababa U S Secretary of State Mike Pompeo asserted on February 19 2020 that land distribution without compensation would be disastrous for South Africa and its people 26 See also editLand reforms by country Agriculture in South AfricaNotes edit Keefer Philip Knack Stephen 2002 Polarization Politics and Property Rights Links Between Inequality and Growth Public Choice 111 1 2 127 154 doi 10 1023 A 1015168000336 S2CID 9467286 Torstensson Johan May 1994 Property Rights and Economic Growth An Empirical Study Kyklos 47 2 231 247 doi 10 1111 j 1467 6435 1994 tb02257 x Kloppers Hj Pienaar Gj 29 August 2014 The Historical Context of Land Reform in South Africa and Early Policies Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17 2 676 doi 10 4314 pelj v17i2 03 hdl 10394 10934 Archived from the original on Apr 28 2023 via African Journals Online E C S 20 June 2013 Seeds of change The Economist Archived from the original on Oct 2 2016 Retrieved 2016 10 01 a b Deininger Klaus April 1999 Making Negotiated Land Reform Work Initial Experience from Colombia Brazil and South Africa World Development 27 4 651 672 doi 10 1016 S0305 750X 99 00023 6 S2CID 8513670 Moseley William G Mccusker Brent 1 July 2008 Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup a Comparative Analysis of South Africa s Land Redistribution Program Geographical Review 98 3 322 338 doi 10 1111 j 1931 0846 2008 tb00304 x S2CID 144232937 a b Lahiff Edward July 2008 Land Reform in South Africa A Status Report 2008 PDF Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies p 42 Archived from the original PDF on Jan 29 2019 a b Hall Ruth 23 April 2008 Decentralization in South Africa s Land Redistribution Presentation to the PLAAS regional workshop on Land Reform from Below Decentralization of Land Reform in Southern Africa Kopanong Conference Centre Kempton Park Johannesburg Program for land and agrarian studies SA land expropriation to start soon Mail amp Guardian Online 7 February 2006 Archived from the original on 31 March 2006 Retrieved 2016 10 01 Basu Soutrik 2016 Community Conflict and Land Exploring the Strategic Partnership Model of South African Land Restitution Journal of International Development 28 5 733 748 doi 10 1002 jid 3150 NARYSEC background Department of Rural Development and Land Reform Archived from the original on Sep 27 2019 S Africa s apartheid land fix withers in fields Reuters April 24 2012 Archive Merten Marianne 21 December 2017 ANCdecides2017 Land expropriation without compensation makes grand entrance Daily Maverick Archived from the original on Jul 26 2022 Pather Ra eesa First step to land expropriation without compensation The M amp G Online Retrieved 2018 08 23 National Assembly gives the Constitution Review Committee mandate to review Section 25 of the Constitution Press release Minutes of Proceedings of National Assembly No 3 of 2018 2018 02 27 South Africa votes to seize land from white farmers The Independent Retrieved 2018 08 23 Head Tom 1 March 2018 Land expropriation Why South Africa won t become a second Zimbabwe The South African Archived from the original on Mar 27 2019 Zimbabwe s President Signs Controversial Constitutional Amendments into Law Archived from the original on 29 October 2006 Retrieved 18 January 2021 Eybers Johan 19 August 2018 Dispute after state authorised expropriation of farm City Press South Africa begins seizing white owned farms The Washington Times Dawood Ghalieb 30 September 2016 Land reform farms fail to produce Business Day Live Archived from the original on 2016 10 01 Retrieved 2016 10 01 Dawood Ghalieb 2016 National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development Policy Brief 3 Report Financial and Fiscal Commission Archived from the original on 2017 05 22 Retrieved 2018 08 23 https cisp cachefly net assets articles attachments 69841 2016 policy brief 3 national land reform programme and rural development pdf South African land reform panel recommends seizures without pay in certain circumstances Reuters Business News 28 July 2019 retrieved 19 Feb 2020 a b Elias Meseret February 19 2020 Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be disastrous AP References editMakhado Rudzani 2012 Perspectives on South Africa s Land Reform Debate Land reform in South Africa Saarbrucken LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN 978 3845416076 Rees Mogg William 11 September 2006 South Africa s bitter harvest The Times Makhado Rudzani Albert Masehela Kgabo Lawrance 2012 Perspectives on South Africa s Land Reform Debate Lap Lambert Academic ISBN 978 3 8454 1607 6 External links editPromised Land New Documentary Follows Struggles Over Land in South Africa video report by Democracy Now Rethinking the Past and Future of Land Reform By Tembeka Ngcukaitobi Anastasya Eliseeva 19 November 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land reform in South Africa amp oldid 1220491788, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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